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Shawa M, Paudel A, Chambaro H, Kamboyi H, Nakazwe R, Alutuli L, Zorigt T, Sinyawa T, Samutela M, Chizimu J, Simbotwe M, Hayashida K, Nao N, Kajihara M, Furuta Y, Suzuki Y, Sawa H, Hang’ombe B, Higashi H. Trends, patterns and relationship of antimicrobial use and resistance in bacterial isolates tested between 2015-2020 in a national referral hospital of Zambia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302053. [PMID: 38625961 PMCID: PMC11020921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria underscores the need to strengthen AMR surveillance and promote data-based prescribing. To evaluate trends and associations between antimicrobial usage (AMU) and AMR, we explored a dataset of 34,672 bacterial isolates collected between 2015 and 2020 from clinical samples at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia. The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli (4,986/34,672; 14.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (3,941/34,672; 11.4%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3,796/34,672; 10.9%). Of the 16 drugs (eight classes) tested, only amikacin and imipenem showed good (> 50%) antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and K. pneumoniae, while nitrofurantoin was effective only in E. coli. Furthermore, 38.8% (1,934/4,980) of E. coli and 52.4% (2,079/3,791) of K. pneumoniae isolates displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns on antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Among S. aureus isolates, 44.6% (973/2,181) were classified as methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Notably, all the MRSA exhibited MDR patterns. The annual hospital AMR rates varied over time, while there was a weak positive relationship (r = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.11-0.60) between the monthly use of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and 3GC resistance among Enterobacterales. Overall, the results revealed high AMR rates that fluctuated over time, with a weak positive relationship between 3GC use and resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the association between AMU and AMR in Zambia. Our results highlight the need to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programs and optimize AMU in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- GenEndeavor LLC, Hayward, CA, United States of America
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Harvey Kamboyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ruth Nakazwe
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Luke Alutuli
- Department of Pharmacy, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tuvshinzaya Zorigt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taona Sinyawa
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mulemba Samutela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joseph Chizimu
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Manyando Simbotwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bernard Hang’ombe
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Yamba K, Chizimu JY, Mudenda S, Lukwesa C, Chanda R, Nakazwe R, Simunyola B, Shawa M, Kalungia AC, Chanda D, Mateele T, Thapa J, Kapolowe K, Mazaba ML, Mpundu M, Masaninga F, Azam K, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Bakyaita NN, Wesangula E, Matu M, Chilengi R. Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory-based Surveillance Capacity of Hospitals in Zambia: Findings and Implications for System Strengthening. J Hosp Infect 2024:S0195-6701(24)00114-2. [PMID: 38621513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) laboratory-based surveillance (LBS) is of utmost importance in a country like Zambia which bears a significant proportion of the world's communicable disease burden. This study assessed the capacity of laboratories in selected hospitals to conduct AMR surveillance in Zambia. METHODS This cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted among eight (8) purposively selected hospitals in Zambia between August 2023 and December 2023. Data were collected using the self-scoring Laboratory Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance Testing Capacity (LAARC) tool. FINDINGS Of the assessed facilities, none had full capacity to conduct AMR surveillance with varying capacities ranging from moderate [63% (5/8)] to low [38% (3/8)]. Some of the barriers of AMR-LBS were the lack of electronic laboratory information system (LIS) [63% (5/8)] and the lack of locally generated antibiograms [75% (6/8)]. Quality control for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), pathogen identification and media preparation had the lowest overall score among all the facilities with a score of 14%, 20% and 44% respectively. The highest overall scores were in specimen processing (79%), data management (78%), specimen collection, transport, and management (71%) and safety (70%). Most facilities had standard operating procedures (SOPs) in place but lacked specimen-specific SOPs. CONCLUSION The absence of laboratories with full capacity to conduct AMR surveillance hinders efforts to combat AMR and further complicates the treatment outcomes of infectious diseases. Establishing and strengthening LBS systems are essential in quantifying the burden of AMR and supporting the development of local antibiograms and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaunda Yamba
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee Unit, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joseph Yamweka Chizimu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee Unit, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chileshe Lukwesa
- Department of Health, Lusaka District Health Office, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Raphael Chanda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Nakazwe
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Duncan Chanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tebuho Mateele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kenneth Kapolowe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mazyanga Lucy Mazaba
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee Unit, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mirfin Mpundu
- Action on Antibiotic Resistance (ReAct) Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fred Masaninga
- Department of Health, World Health Organization, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Khalide Azam
- Strengthening Pandemic Preparedness, Eastern and Southern Africa Health Community, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Division of Research Support, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Division of Research Support, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | | | - Evelyn Wesangula
- Strengthening Pandemic Preparedness, Eastern and Southern Africa Health Community, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Martin Matu
- Strengthening Pandemic Preparedness, Eastern and Southern Africa Health Community, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee Unit, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
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Chileshe C, Shawa M, Phiri N, Ndebe J, Khumalo CS, Nakajima C, Kajihara M, Higashi H, Sawa H, Suzuki Y, Muleya W, Hang'ombe BM. Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Diseased Broiler Chickens in Lusaka District, Zambia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:259. [PMID: 38534694 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry products in Zambia form an integral part of the human diet in many households, as they are cheap and easy to produce. The burden of poultry diseases has, however, remained a major challenge. Growing consumer demand for poultry products in Zambia has resulted in non-prudent antimicrobial use on farms, intending to prevent and treat poultry diseases for growth optimisation and maximising profits. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the different types of bacteria causing diseases in chickens in Lusaka and to detect the extended-spectrum lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes. We collected 215 samples from 91 diseased chickens at three post-mortem facilities and screened them for Gram-negative bacteria. Of these samples, 103 tested positive for various clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae, including Enterobacter (43/103, 41.7%), Escherichia coli (20/103, 19.4%), Salmonella (10/103, 9.7%), and Shigella (8/103, 7.8%). Other isolated bacteria included Yersinia, Morganella, Proteus, and Klebsiella, which accounted for 21.4%. E. coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The results revealed that E. coli, Enterobacter, and Shigella were highly resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while Salmonella showed complete susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. The observed resistance patterns correlated with antimicrobial usage estimated from sales data from a large-scale wholesale and retail company. Six (6/14, 42.9%) E. coli isolates tested positive for blaCTX-M, whilst eight (8/14, 57.1%) Enterobacter samples tested positive for blaTEM. Interestingly, four (4/6, 66.7%) of the E. coli isolates carrying blaCTX-M-positive strains were also positive for blaTEM. Sanger sequencing of the PCR products revealed that five (5/6, 83.3%) of the abovementioned isolates possessed the blaCTX-M-15 allele. The results suggest the presence of potentially pathogenic ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry, threatening public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikwanda Chileshe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Nelson Phiri
- Department of Medicine Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Cynthia Sipho Khumalo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Ndebe J, Harima H, Chambaro HM, Sasaki M, Yamagishi J, Kalonda A, Shawa M, Qiu Y, Kajihara M, Takada A, Sawa H, Saasa N, Simulundu E. Prevalence and Genomic Characterization of Rotavirus A from Domestic Pigs in Zambia: Evidence for Possible Porcine-Human Interspecies Transmission. Pathogens 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 37887715 PMCID: PMC10609906 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea globally in animals and young children under 5 years old. Here, molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine rotavirus in smallholder and commercial pig farms in the Lusaka Province of Zambia were conducted. Screening of 148 stool samples by RT-PCR targeting the VP6 gene revealed a prevalence of 22.9% (34/148). Further testing of VP6-positive samples with VP7-specific primers produced 12 positives, which were then Sanger-sequenced. BLASTn of the VP7 positives showed sequence similarity to porcine and human rotavirus strains with identities ranging from 87.5% to 97.1%. By next-generation sequencing, the full-length genetic constellation of the representative strains RVA/pig-wt/ZMB/LSK0137 and RVA/pig-wt/ZMB/LSK0147 were determined. Genotyping of these strains revealed a known Wa-like genetic backbone, and their genetic constellations were G4-P[6]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G9-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two viruses might have their ancestral origin from pigs, though some of their gene segments were related to human strains. The study shows evidence of reassortment and possible interspecies transmission between pigs and humans in Zambia. Therefore, the "One Health" surveillance approach for rotavirus A in animals and humans is recommended to inform the design of effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Hayato Harima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Herman Moses Chambaro
- Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Annie Kalonda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.)
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, Toyama 1-23-1, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.)
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University, Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia
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Mwasinga W, Shawa M, Katemangwe P, Chambaro H, Mpundu P, M’kandawire E, Mumba C, Munyeme M. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Raw Cow Milk in Namwala District, Zambia: Public Health Implications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1421. [PMID: 37760717 PMCID: PMC10525391 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a major foodborne disease-causing pathogen found in raw cow milk, has even far more reaching public health ramifications as it encodes for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to identify multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli from raw cow's milk and evaluate their antimicrobial-resistant profiles. In total, 418 pooled raw cow milk samples were collected from milk collection centers and analysed using standard culture methods to isolate E. coli. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) was conducted using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and PCR was used to identify cefotaxime (CTX) resistant genes. Overall isolation of E. coli was 51.2% (214/418) with MDR observed in 21% (45/214) of isolates across different antibiotic combinations. Resistance was observed towards ampicillin (107/214, 50%), tetracycline (86/214, 40.1%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (61/214, 28.5%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (CTX) (50/214, 23.4%). Notably, 15% (32/214) resistance to CTX was observed, while 12.6% (27/214) exhibited resistance to imipenem. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected in CTX-resistant isolates. The findings of MDR E. coli that harbour blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes in raw cow's milk indicate serious public health risks for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wizaso Mwasinga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | - Patrick Katemangwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka P.O. Box 33980, Zambia;
| | - Prudence Mpundu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka P.O. Box 33991, Zambia;
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Chisoni Mumba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
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6
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Chizimu JY, Solo ES, Bwalya P, Kapalamula TF, Mwale KK, Squarre D, Shawa M, Lungu P, Barnes DA, Yamba K, Mufune T, Chambaro H, Kamboyi H, Munyeme M, Hang'ombe BM, Kapata N, Mukonka V, Chilengi R, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Genomic Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Resistant to Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in Lusaka, Zambia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1126. [PMID: 37508222 PMCID: PMC10376136 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB) is a threat to TB control programs in developing countries such as Zambia. Studies in Zambia have applied molecular techniques to understand drug-resistance-associated mutations, circulating lineages and transmission patterns of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, none has reported genotypes and mutations associated with pre-XDR TB. This study characterized 63 drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains from the University Teaching Hospital between 2018 and 2019 using targeted gene sequencing and conveniently selected 50 strains for whole genome sequencing. Sixty strains had resistance mutations associated to MDR, one polyresistant, and two rifampicin resistant. Among MDR strains, seven percent (4/60) had mutations associated with pre-XDR-TB. While four, one and nine strains had mutations associated with ethionamide, para-amino-salicylic acid and streptomycin resistances, respectively. All 50 strains belonged to lineage 4 with the predominant sub-lineage 4.3.4.2.1 (38%). Three of four pre-XDR strains belonged to sub-lineage 4.3.4.2.1. Sub-lineage 4.3.4.2.1 strains were less clustered when compared to sub-lineages L4.9.1 and L4.3.4.1 based on single nucleotide polymorphism differences. The finding that resistances to second-line drugs have emerged among MDR-TB is a threat to TB control. Hence, the study recommends a strengthened routine drug susceptibility testing for second-line TB drugs to stop the progression of pre-XDR to XDR-TB and improve patient treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yamweka Chizimu
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | | | - Precious Bwalya
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- University Teaching Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi
| | | | - David Squarre
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Patrick Lungu
- National TB Control Program, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - David Atomanyi Barnes
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- University Teaching Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Tiza Mufune
- Provincial Health Office, Central Province, Ministry of Health, Kabwe 10101, Zambia
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Harvey Kamboyi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Victor Mukonka
- School of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
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7
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Kapalamula TF, Kawonga F, Shawa M, Chizimu J, Thapa J, Nyenje ME, Mkakosya RS, Hayashida K, Gordon S, Nakajima C, Munyeme M, Hang'ombe BM, Suzuki Y. Prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle, Malawi. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13647. [PMID: 36865451 PMCID: PMC9970890 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease with significant socioeconomic, animal, and public health impacts. However, the prevalence of bTB remains largely unclear in Malawi due to a paucity of information. Additionally, the existence of multiple risk factors is postulated to enhance bTB transmission in animals. A cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of bTB, animal characteristics and identify associated risk factors was conducted from slaughtered cattle at three major regional abattoirs (southern, central and northern regions) in Malawi. Out of a total of 1547 cattle examined, 154 (9.95%) had bTB-like lesions in various visceral organs and lymph nodes; one sample per animal was collected, processed, and cultured in the in the BACTEC Mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 system. From the 154 cattle that showed tuberculous like lesions, only 112 were positive on MGIT and 87 were confirmed to have M. bovis based on multiplex PCR. Cattle from the southern region (odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.03-3.85) and central region (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.16-3.56) were more likely presented with bTB-like lesions at slaughter than from the northern region. The risk of having bTB-like lesions was higher in females (OR = 1.51, CI: 1.00-2.29), older cattle (OR = 2.17, CI: 1.34-3.37), and crossbreeds (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) than in males, younger animals, and Malawi Zebu breed, respectively. The high prevalence of bTB is of critical concern and necessitates active surveillance and strengthening of the current control strategies under a One Health (OH) approach at the animal-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Francis Kawonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joseph Chizimu
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mirriam Ethel Nyenje
- Community Health Sciences Unit, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo, Japan,Corresponding author. Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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8
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Kainga H, Phonera MC, Chatanga E, Kallu SA, Mpundu P, Samutela M, Chambaro HM, Kajihara M, Shempela DM, Sikalima J, Muleya W, Shawa M, Chulu J, Njunga G, Simuunza M, Takada A, Sawa H, Simulundu E, Saasa N. Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Rift Valley Fever in Livestock from Three Ecological Zones of Malawi. Pathogens 2022; 11:1349. [PMID: 36422600 PMCID: PMC9698272 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Rift Valley fever (RVF) is poorly understood in Malawi. Here, a cross-sectional study was conducted (March-June 2020) to investigate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of RVF virus (RVFV) in cattle, goats, and sheep in three ecological zones of Malawi. A total of 1523 serum samples were tested for anti-RVFV IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was used to assess potential RVF risk factors. The overall seroprevalence was 17.14% (261/1523; 95% CI = 15.33-19.11) for individual livestock and 33.24% (120/361; 95% CI = 28.18-38.11) for the livestock herd. Seroprevalence was significantly high in sheep (25.68%, 95% CI = 19.31-33.26) compared with cattle (21.35%, 95% CI = 18.74-24.22) and goats (7.72%, 95% CI = 5.72-10.34), (p = 0.047). At the individual livestock level, the risk was elevated in female livestock (OR: 1.74, 95% CI = 1.08-12.82) (p = 0.016), while at the herd level, areas receiving approximately 1001-1500 mm of rainfall (OR: 2.47, 95% CI = 1.14-5.37) (p = 0.022), areas of rainfall amount greater than approximately 1600 mm (OR: 2.239, 95% CI = 1.07-8.82) (p = 0.023), and mixed species herds (OR: 10.410, 95% CI = 3.04-35.59) (p = 0.001), were significant risk factors. The detection of IgM antibodies confirmed active circulation of RVFV in Malawi. Therefore, monitoring of RVF in animals, humans, and vectors using a "One Health" approach, along with community sensitization among the high-risk populations, could help mitigate the threat posed by this zoonotic disease in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henson Kainga
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Marvin Collen Phonera
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi
| | - Elisha Chatanga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi
| | - Simegnew Adugna Kallu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
| | - Prudence Mpundu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka 33991, Zambia
| | - Mulemba Samutela
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Herman Moses Chambaro
- Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | | | - Jay Sikalima
- Churches Health Association of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Julius Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi
| | - Gilson Njunga
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Japan Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Japan Global Virus Network, Baltimore, ML 21201, USA
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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9
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Shawa M, Furuta Y, Paudel A, Kabunda O, Mulenga E, Mubanga M, Kamboyi H, Zorigt T, Chambaro H, Simbotwe M, Hang'ombe B, Higashi H. Clonal relationship between multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST69 from poultry and humans in Lusaka, Zambia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 368:6507559. [PMID: 35030252 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in food animals such as chickens is an emerging public health concern in Zambia. Additionally, the country's high demand for poultry products necessitates further investigation into the link between poultry and human MDR E. coli. Twenty cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates collected from poultry in Lusaka, Zambia, were screened for multidrug resistance and sequenced on MiSeq and MinION platforms. Genomes were assembled de novo and compared to 36 previously reported cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates from inpatients at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. All (20/20, 100%) poultry isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and doxycycline. Phylogenetic analysis and hierarchical clustering showed a high degree of genetic relatedness between E. coli O17:H18-ST69 from poultry and humans. The E. coli O17:H18-ST69 clone accounted for 4/20 (20%) poultry- and 9/36 (25%) human-associated isolates that shared two plasmids harboring 14 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. However, comparison analysis showed that the isolates also had other AMR plasmids distinct for each niche. Our results suggested clonal transmission of MDR E. coli between poultry and humans, with the potential acquisition of niche-specific AMR plasmids. Thus, the control of MDR E. coli requires a One Health approach involving both human and animal health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - O'Brian Kabunda
- Bacteriology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Evans Mulenga
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maron Mubanga
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Harvey Kamboyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tuvshinzaya Zorigt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manyando Simbotwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard Hang'ombe
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Zorigt T, Ito S, Isoda N, Furuta Y, Shawa M, Norov N, Lkham B, Enkhtuya J, Higashi H. Risk factors and spatio-temporal patterns of livestock anthrax in Khuvsgul Province, Mongolia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260299. [PMID: 34797889 PMCID: PMC8604359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Anthrax has long been a public health and socio-economic issue in Mongolia. Presently, there is no spatial information on carcass burial sites as a potential hazard of future anthrax outbreaks and possible risk factors associated with anthrax occurrences in Mongolia. Here, we analyze retrospective data (1986-2015) on the disposal sites of livestock carcasses to describe historical spatio-temporal patterns of livestock anthrax in Khuvsgul Province, which showed the highest anthrax incidence rate in Mongolia. From the results of spatial mean and standard deviational ellipse analyses, we found that the anthrax spatial distribution in livestock did not change over the study period, indicating a localized source of exposure. The multi-distance spatial cluster analysis showed that carcass sites distributed in the study area are clustered. Using kernel density estimation analysis on carcass sites, we identified two anthrax hotspots in low-lying areas around the south and north regions. Notably, this study disclosed a new hotspot in the northern part that emerged in the last decade of the 30-year study period. The highest proportion of cases was recorded in cattle, whose prevalence per area was highest in six districts (i.e., Murun, Chandmani-Undur, Khatgal, Ikh-Uul, Tosontsengel, and Tsagaan-Uul), suggesting that vaccination should prioritize cattle in these districts. Furthermore, size of outbreaks was influenced by the annual summer mean air temperature of Khuvsgul Province, probably by affecting the permafrost freeze-thawing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuvshinzaya Zorigt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natsagdorj Norov
- Division of Quality Management and Coordination, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baasansuren Lkham
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Jargalsaikhan Enkhtuya
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Chambaro HM, Sasaki M, Muleya W, Kajihara M, Shawa M, Mwape KE, Harima H, Qiu Y, Hall WW, Fandamu P, Squarre D, Simulundu E, Sawa H, Orba Y. Hepatitis E virus infection in pigs: a first report from Zambia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2169-2172. [PMID: 34736356 PMCID: PMC8635572 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2002669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While evidence suggests presence of HEV infection in humans in Zambia, currently, there is no information on its occurrence in domestic pigs. Here, we investigated the presence of HEV antibodies and genome in domestic pigs in Zambia. Sera (n = 484) from domestic pigs were screened for antibodies against HEV by ELISA while genome detection in fecal (n = 25) and liver (n = 100) samples from slaughter pigs was conducted using nested RT–PCR assay. Overall, seroprevalence was 47.7% (231/484) while zoonotic genotype 3 HEV RNA was detected in 16.0% (20/125) of slaughtered pigs. This is the first report to highlight occurrence of HEV infection in domestic pigs in Zambia. This finding suggests possible contamination of the pork supply chain. Moreover, there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission of HEV to abattoir workers, pig farmers and handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman M Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Virology Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kabemba E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hayato Harima
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - William W Hall
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Fandamu
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David Squarre
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Conservation Science, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Zorigt T, Furuta Y, Simbotwe M, Ochi A, Tsujinouchi M, Shawa M, Shimizu T, Isoda N, Enkhtuya J, Higashi H. Development of ELISA based on Bacillus anthracis capsule biosynthesis protein CapA for naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258317. [PMID: 34634075 PMCID: PMC8504768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Detecting naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax sublethal exposure in animals is essential for anthrax surveillance and effective control measures. Serological assays based on protective antigen (PA) of B. anthracis are mainly used for anthrax surveillance and vaccine evaluation. Although the assay is reliable, it is challenging to distinguish the naturally acquired antibodies from vaccine-induced immunity in animals because PA is cross-reactive to both antibodies. Although additional data on the vaccination history of animals could bypass this problem, such data are not readily accessible in many cases. In this study, we established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to antibodies against capsule biosynthesis protein CapA antigen of B. anthracis, which is non-cross-reactive to vaccine-induced antibodies in horses. Using in silico analyses, we screened coding sequences encoded on pXO2 plasmid, which is absent in the veterinary vaccine strain Sterne 34F2 but present in virulent strains of B. anthracis. Among the 8 selected antigen candidates, capsule biosynthesis protein CapA (GBAA_RS28240) and peptide ABC transporter substrate-binding protein (GBAA_RS28340) were detected by antibodies in infected horse sera. Of these, CapA has not yet been identified as immunoreactive in other studies to the best of our knowledge. Considering the protein solubility and specificity of B. anthracis, we prepared the C-terminus region of CapA, named CapA322, and developed CapA322-ELISA based on a horse model. Comparative analysis of the CapA322-ELISA and PAD1-ELISA (ELISA uses domain one of the PA) showed that CapA322-ELISA could detect anti-CapA antibodies in sera from infected horses but was non-reactive to sera from vaccinated horses. The CapA322-ELISA could contribute to the anthrax surveillance in endemic areas, and two immunoreactive proteins identified in this study could be additives to the improvement of current or future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuvshinzaya Zorigt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manyando Simbotwe
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ochi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mai Tsujinouchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control (Former Research Center for Zoonosis Control), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shawa M, Furuta Y, Mulenga G, Mubanga M, Mulenga E, Zorigt T, Kaile C, Simbotwe M, Paudel A, Hang'ombe B, Higashi H. Novel chromosomal insertions of ISEcp1-bla CTX-M-15 and diverse antimicrobial resistance genes in Zambian clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:79. [PMID: 33971966 PMCID: PMC8111917 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has undergone dramatic changes, with CTX-M-type enzymes prevailing over other types. blaCTX-M genes, encoding CTX-M-type ESBLs, are usually found on plasmids, but chromosomal location is becoming common. Given that blaCTX-M-harboring strains often exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR), it is important to investigate the association between chromosomally integrated blaCTX-M and the presence of additional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and to identify other relevant genetic elements. Methods A total of 46 clinical isolates of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (1 Enterobacter cloacae, 9 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 36 Escherichia coli) from Zambia were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using MiSeq and MinION. By reconstructing nearly complete genomes, blaCTX-M genes were categorized as either chromosomal or plasmid-borne. Results WGS-based genotyping identified 58 AMR genes, including four blaCTX-M alleles (i.e., blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, and blaCTX-M-55). Hierarchical clustering using selected phenotypic and genotypic characteristics suggested clonal dissemination of blaCTX-M genes. Out of 45 blaCTX-M gene-carrying strains, 7 harbored the gene in their chromosome. In one E. cloacae and three E. coli strains, chromosomal blaCTX-M-15 was located on insertions longer than 10 kb. These insertions were bounded by ISEcp1 at one end, exhibited a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology with previously reported plasmids, and carried multiple AMR genes that corresponded with phenotypic AMR profiles. Conclusion Our study revealed the co-occurrence of ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-15 and multiple AMR genes on chromosomal insertions in E. cloacae and E. coli, suggesting that ISEcp1 may be responsible for the transposition of diverse AMR genes from plasmids to chromosomes. Stable retention of such insertions in chromosomes may facilitate the successful propagation of MDR clones among these Enterobacteriaceae species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-00941-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gillan Mulenga
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maron Mubanga
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Evans Mulenga
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tuvshinzaya Zorigt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Christone Kaile
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Manyando Simbotwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bernard Hang'ombe
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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14
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Chambaro HM, Sasaki M, Sinkala Y, Gonzalez G, Squarre D, Fandamu P, Lubaba C, Mataa L, Shawa M, Mwape KE, Gabriël S, Chembensofu M, Carr MJ, Hall WW, Qiu Y, Kajihara M, Takada A, Orba Y, Simulundu E, Sawa H. Evidence for exposure of asymptomatic domestic pigs to African swine fever virus during an inter-epidemic period in Zambia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2741-2752. [PMID: 32434281 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes persistent outbreaks in endemic and non-endemic regions in Zambia. However, the epidemiology of the disease is poorly understood, particularly during the inter-epidemic periods. We conducted surveillance for ASF in asymptomatic domestic pigs and soft ticks in selected Zambian provinces. While serum samples (n = 1,134) were collected from crossbred pigs from all study sites between 2014 and 2017, whole blood (n = 300) was collected from both crossbred and indigenous pigs in Eastern Province (EP) in 2017. Soft ticks were collected from Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in Southern Province (SP) in 2019. Sera were screened for antibodies against ASF by ELISA while genome detection in whole blood and soft ticks was conducted by PCR. Ticks were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Seroprevalence was highest in EP (50.9%, 95% CI [47.0-54.9]) compared to significantly lower rates in SP (2.9%, 95% CI [1.6-5.1]). No antibodies to ASFV were detected in Lusaka Province. In EP, the prevalence of ASFV genome was 11.7% (35/300), significantly higher (OR = 6.2, 95% CI [2.4-16.6]) in indigenous pigs compared to crossbred pigs. The pooled prevalence of ASFV genome in ticks was 11.0%, 95% CI [8.5-13.9]. Free-range husbandry system was the only factor that was significantly associated with seropositive (p < .0001, OR = 39.3) and PCR-positive results (p < .001, OR = 5.7). Phylogenetically, based on the p72 gene, ASFV from Ornithodoros moubata ticks detected in this study belonged to genotype I, but they separated into two distinct clusters. Besides confirming ASF endemicity in EP and the presence of ASFV-infected ticks in SP, these results provide evidence for exposure of domestic pigs to ASFV in non-endemic regions during the inter-epidemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman M Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.,Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yona Sinkala
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David Squarre
- Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lusaka, Zambia.,Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Paul Fandamu
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kabemba E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mwelwa Chembensofu
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - William W Hall
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
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