Distribution, screening and biochemical characterization of indigenous microalgae for bio-mass and bio-energy production potential from three districts of Pakistan

Abstract Trend of biofuel production from microalgal triacylglycerols is enhancing, because this substrate is a good sustainable and advantageous alternative to oil and gas fuel. In the present study, indigenous micro algal isolates were screened from water (n=30) and soil (n=30) samples collected from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate their biofuel production potential. The samples were inoculated on BG – 11 agar medium plates by incubating at room temperature of 25°C providing 1000 lux for 16h light cycle followed by 8h of dark cycle for 15 d. Water samples were found to be rich in microalgae and 65.33% microalgae (49 isolates) were isolated from Faisalabad district. On the basis of microscopic morphology microalgal isolates (n=180) were selected and subjected to lipid detection by Nile red staining assay. Nile red positive isolates (n=23) were processed for biochemical (lipid, protein and carbohydrates) characterization. AIN63 isolate showed higher lipids (17.4%) content as detected by micro vanillin assay. Algal isolate AIN128 showed best protein contents (42.91%) detected by Bradford assay and AIN172 isolate showed higher carbohydrate contents (73.83%) as detected by anthrone assay. The selected algal isolates were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for confirmation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid analysis. These indigenous algae have the potential for in-vitro biofuel production from agricultural waste.

A detailed multi-omics analysis of GNB2 gene in human cancers

Abstract The Guanine-nucleotide binding protein 2 (GNB2) encodes for β2 subunit (Gβ2) of the G-protein complex. Keeping in view the increased demand of reliable biomarkers in cancer, the current study was planned to extensively explored GNB2 expression variation and its roles in different cancers using online available databases and diverse methodology. In view of our results, the GNB2 was notably up-regulated relative to corresponding controls in twenty three cancer types. As well, the elevated expression of GNB2 was found to be associated with the reduced overall survival (OS) of the Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC) and Rectum Adenocarcinoma (READ) only out of all analyzed cancer types. This implies GNB2 plays vital role in the tumorigenesis of LIHC and READ. Several additional analysis also explored six critical pathways and few important correlations related to GNB2 expression and different other parameters such as promoter methylation, tumor purity, CD8+ T immune cells infiltration, and genetic alteration, and chemotherapeutic drugs. In conclusion, GNB2 gene has been identified in this study as a shared potential biomarker (diagnostic and prognostic) of LIHC and READ.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni Nanoparticles via the Microemulsion Technique and Its Applications for Energy Storage Devices

Herein, a unique synthetic approach called microemulsion is used to create nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs). SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD techniques were employed for the investigation of morphology and structures of the synthesized material. Electrons from electroactive components are transferred to external circuits by Ni-NPs' superior electrical conductivity and interconnected nanostructures, which also provide a large number of channels for ion diffusion and additional active sites. The experimental findings showed that as a positive electrode for supercapacitors (SC), Ni-NPs had an outstanding ability to store charge, with a dominant capacitive charge storage of 72.4% when measured at 10 mV/s. Furthermore, at 1 A/g, Ni-NP electrodes exhibit a maximum capacitance of 730 F/g. Further, the Ni-NP electrode retains 92.4% of its capacitance even for 5000 cycles, highlighting possible applications for it in the developing field of renewable energy. The current study provides a new method for producing high-rate next-generation electrodes for supercapacitors.

Acinetobacter baumannii: An overview of emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen

The emergence of infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, a multidrug-resistant bacterium, has been a concern worldwide. This bacterium is an important hospitalacquired pathogen that causes several diseases including ventilator-associated pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and meningitis. This study aimed to determine antibioticresistant mechanisms in the pathogenesis of A. baumannii and the alternative treatment strategies against it. The combined actions of outer membrane protein A, formation of a biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces, phospholipases C and D, metal homeostatic system, lipopolysaccharides, and verotoxins are relevant for virulence and pathogenesis. A. baumannii resists the broad-spectrum antibiotics by its mechanisms of resistance, such as β-lactamases, efflux pump, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, permeability changes, and alternation of targets. In an attempt to overcome the resistance mechanisms, plant-derived compounds and a combination of the antibiotics and the plant phytocompounds have been focused. Nanoparticles synthesised with the plant extract have been studied extensively. Furthermore, we projected modern methods, including multi-omics analysis, to study insight into mechanisms of actions of antibiotics. The information suggested that the potential antibiotic mechanisms of A. baumannii could lead to an alternative treatment against A. baumannii infections.

Removal of sulfur dioxide by carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine, using indigenously developed pilot scale setup

In order to provide protection against extremely toxic gases, activated carbon (AC) adsorption has long been regarded to be a useful technology in terms of gas removal. AC without chemical impregnation has been considerably less effective than impregnated ACs. AC in present use was modified with an organic amine, i.e., triethylenediamine (TEDA) to enhance the physical and chemical properties of AC in order to remove specific poisonous gases. With the rising concern on environmental pollution, there has been an increased curiosity in ACs as the means for eliminating pollutants from environment. Purpose of this study was to assess the TEDA impregnated AC in terms of adsorption capability for simulant gas like SO₂. Analysis was done in a properly designed setup. By using the scheme reported here, significant adsorption of toxic gas was obtained. Maximum removal capability observed by AC-4 for SO₂ gas was 374 mg/g-C and its breakthrough time was 264 min. Breakthrough time and adsorption capacity of AC-4 was found to be 25 times and 10 times greater as compared to raw AC. Different characterization techniques were also used to study impregnated AC. It was found that chemical adsorption was the crucial means by which TEDA-impregnated AC removed the simulant gas. Langmuir model was best to represent equilibrium, and adsorption kinetics follow second-order model. The process was endothermic, favorable, and spontaneous.

Impregnation on activated carbon for removal of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and radioactive content

Nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare (NBC) agents cause an inevitable threat to defense forces and civilians. Exposure to these toxic agents causes a lot of damage to lives. One can avoid the damage of these toxic agents by taking appropriate preventive measures. Respiratory protection is obviously necessary when military personnel or civilians get bounded by such type of noxious situation as contaminant-free air is then required for breathing and it can only be provided by means of a proper gas mask and relevant canister. In purification of contaminated atmospheres, activated carbon has so far met with outstanding success. It removes toxic chemicals either by chemical or physical adsorption from the contaminated air. When any toxic chemicals get adsorbed on the modified impregnated carbon's surface, they usually adsorb there by means of chemical reactions. Destruction of adsorbed toxic substances is expected by such a reactive carbon. In this perspective, an attempt has been made to review the literature from past decades on the removal of toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and radioactive content from air stream in case of any nuclear, biological, and chemical attack by selectively modifying or impregnating the activated carbon surface. This review also covers some important adsorption properties of materials being used in gas mask filters for effective removal of chemicals from airstream. The probable removal mechanisms of various chemical warfare agents and radioactive content have also been reviewed.

Evaluation of serum procalcitonin level as a biomarker for disease severity in COVID-19 patients

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected millions of individuals around the globe. Forecasting the COVID-19 severity is essential, and various biomarkers could be used to evaluate it. The current study was therefore aimed to evaluate the serum pro-calcitonin (PCT) level as a biomarker for bacterial co-infection and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. A total of 430 COVID-19 positive individuals were examined, in which 332 (77.2%) were male individuals while 98 (22.8%) were female individuals. Among the examined samples, 281 were classified as moderate (PCT value 0.07 ± 0.06 ng/mL), 95 were severe (PCT value 0.5 ± 0.4 ng/mL), and 54 were classified as critical (PCT value > 1 ng/mL) individuals. The increase in the total serum level of PCT was observed with the severity of the disease (p < 0.05). The statistical analysis represented no association of PCT value with gender (p 0.9650) while revealed a significant association (p < 0.001) with the age and PCT value in COVID-19 patients. It can be concluded that the serial PCT measurement could determine the prognosis of the disease and the presence of bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 patients. Further exploration of the topic is needed to evaluate the effect of different therapies on the PCT level and to prescribe specific treatment options for coinfection.

Synthesis, In vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential and Molecular Docking Studies of 2-Amino-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives

BACKGROUND

In the recent past, we have synthesized and reported different derivatives of oxadiazoles as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors, keeping in mind, the pharmacological aspects of oxadiazole moiety and in continuation of our ongoing research on the chemistry and bioactivity of new heterocyclic compounds.

METHODS

1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives (1-14) have been synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-, 13C-NMR and HREI-MS.

RESULTS

The synthetic derivatives were screened for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. All compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging between 0.80 ± 0.1 to 45.1 ± 1.7 μM in comparison with the standard acarbose having IC50 value 38.45 ± 0.80 μM.

CONCLUSION

Thirteen compounds 1-6 and 8-14 showed potential inhibitory activity as compared to the standard acarbose having IC50 value 38.45 ± 0.80 μM, however, only one compound 7 (IC50 = 45.1 ± 1.7 μM) was found to be less active. Compound 14 (IC50 = 0.80 ± 0.1 μM) showed promising inhibitory activity among all synthetic derivatives. Molecular docking studies were also conducted for the active compounds to understand the ligand-enzyme binding interactions.

55 Donor age has the least influence on recovery, quality, and in vitro developmental competence of ovum pickup–based Holstein Friesian oocytes under subtropical conditions

The use of oocytes obtained from younger donors for invitro fertilization followed by embryo transfer represents an opportunity to accelerate genetic gain by reducing generation interval. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of age of donor on the follicular population, recovery, quality and invitro developmental competence of ovum pickup based Holstein Friesian oocytes under subtropical conditions. A total of eight (n=8) Holstein Friesian (with proper oestrus cyclicity) were selected for the study and divided into 2 groups based on animal age: (1) heifers (n=4), 1.5 to 2 years of age, and (2) adults (n=4), 5 to 6 years of age. The study was conducted near Lahore (31°33′ N, 74°19′ E), Punjab, Pakistan, from November 2019 to February 2020. The animals were wave synchronized using the physiological method of wave synchronization. After 4 days of second dominant follicle puncture, the first ovum pickup was carried out and a total of nine (n=9) OPU sessions were held for each group. The COCs from the follicles were aspirated using a transvaginal ultrasound–guided needle. Following searching and grading, COCs of grade A, B and C were processed for IVM in 100-µL droplets of BO-IVM under mineral oil at 37°C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity for 24h. The frozen semen of a high-pedigree bull was thawed at 37°C and observed for post-thaw sperm motility. The semen samples of the same bull having motility &gt;50% were processed using the sperm swim-up method throughout the study. The IVF was carried out by placing the COCs and required amount of sperm in 100-µL droplets of BO-IVF at similar conditions for a maximum of 18h. The presumptive zygotes were denuded by gentle pipetting and cultured for a period of 7 days after placing in 100-µL drops of BO-IVC at 37°C, 5% CO2, 5% O2, and maximum humidity. The presumptive zygotes were observed for cleavage rate and blastocyst rate on Days 2 and 7 following COCs-sperm co-incubation. Data on the follicular population, oocytes recovered, and viable oocytes were analysed by the PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.), and proportional data were analysed by the Chi-squared method using SAS 9.1. COCs of grade AB (35.2 vs. 25.4%) were higher (P&gt;0.05) in the adult group than in the heifer group, respectively. Similarly, COCs with grade CD (57.5 vs. 71.9%) were lower (P&lt;0.05) in the adult group compared with the heifer group, respectively. However, the total follicles (6.55±0.42 vs. 6.39±0.39), number of COCs recovered (3.33±0.32 vs. 3.17±0.41), viable oocytes (3.08±0.29 vs. 3.08±0.39), cleavage rate (60.3 vs. 68.7%), and blastocyst rate (38.7 vs. 48.8%) did not differ (P&gt;0.05) between the groups. To conclude, donor age up to third lactation, under subtropical conditions, does not affect invitro embryo production in Holstein Friesian undergoing repeated OPU.

54 Effect of clinical endometritis on the follicle growth dynamics, oocyte recovery, oocyte quality, and invitro developmental competence of oocytes using ovum pickup in Sahiwal cattle

Sahiwal cattle is the premium quality milk breed of cattle in Pakistan. Uterine infections often lead to culling of valuable animals from a herd, resulting in genetic drain. The genetic potential of problematic females could be reaped by invitro embryo production. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of clinical endometritis on follicle growth dynamics, recovery, quality, and invitro developmental competence of oocytes using ovum pickup (OPU) in Sahiwal cattle. The animals, 5–7 years of age, third or fourth parity, and 160 to 170 days in milk (DIM), were inspected for any discharge at the vulva or inside the vagina. Then, B-mode ultrasonography was performed to measure the diameter of cervix and to examine the uterus for the presence of pus. The animals (n=12) were divided into 2 groups: (1) healthy (n=6), and (2) clinical endometritis (n=6), based on the presence or absence of pus at the vulva or in the vagina. The first OPU was performed after 7 days of dominant follicle puncture and subsequently repeated OPUs (54 and 50), after every 7 days over 9 OPU sessions, were performed in the healthy group and clinical endometritis group, respectively. Follicles were aspirated using transvaginal ultrasound–guided needle. Viable COCs were considered for further processing only and were placed in the 100-µL droplets of BO-IVM medium and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity for 24h. Nuclear maturation was estimated by staining the oocytes with Hoechst 33342. Frozen semen from the same Sahiwal bull was thawed and processed for IVF throughout the study. Sperm were prepared using swim-up protocol. Sperm and COCs were co-incubated in 100-µL droplets of BO-IVF for 18h. Finally, presumptive zygotes were cultured in 100-µL drops of BO-IVC medium at 37°C, 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 95% humidity for a period of 7 days. Cleavage rate and blastocyst rate were recorded on Day 2 and 7 following IVF, respectively. The data were analysed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). The results revealed that the number of medium-sized follicle (1.32±0.11 vs. 0.56±0.11) and total follicles (9.14±0.70 vs. 6.58±0.72) were higher (P&lt;0.05) in the healthy group than in the clinical endometritis group, respectively. Similarly, the number of oocytes recovered (5.05±0.39 vs. 2.78±0.41), viable oocytes (2.87±0.25 vs. 1.46±0.26), COCs with grade AB, having minimum of 2 cumulus cell layers and homogeneous cytoplasm, (33 vs. 20%) and nuclear maturation (68 vs. 55%) were also higher (P&lt;0.05) in the healthy group than in the clinical endometritis group, respectively. However, cleavage rate (55 vs. 46%) and blastocyst rate (29 vs. 26%) did not differ (P&gt;0.05) between the groups. In conclusion, clinical endometritis has a negative effect on follicle growth dynamics, oocyte recovery, oocyte quality, and nuclear maturation; however, the developmental competence of COCs is not compromised by it.

Clinical manifestations and outcomes of COVID-19 in the paediatric population: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has affected hundreds of thousands of people. We aim to report the distribution of cases, prevalence, and clinical, radiological, and laboratory signs and outcomes of COVID-19 in paediatric patients. Moreover, we intend to evaluate neonatal clinical outcomes. Hence, our age range of interest is 0 to 19 years.

METHODS

A systematic literature review was conducted using the Medline database to identify papers published between 1 December 2019 and 9 April 2020 on COVID-19.

RESULTS

The search identified 27 relevant scientific papers and letters. The review showed that the prevalence of COVID-19 in the paediatric population accounts for a small percentage of patients, whose clinical signs and symptoms are often milder than those of adults. Despite better prognosis and low mortality in children, the disease can progress to severe pneumonia in some cases, especially in the presence of co-morbidities. Children are likely to become a hidden source of infection because of their atypical presentation, and they may play a role in community transmission, leading to unfavourable outcomes. There is little evidence about intrauterine vertical transmission. As no vaccine or specific antiviral is currently available, management plans include supportive treatment.

CONCLUSION

As compared with that in adults, the presentation of COVID-19 in children is mild and has a better prognosis. Sufficient evidence regarding the probability of intrauterine vertical transmission could not be found, and further studies need to be conducted to establish this relationship.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated hematological alterations in small ruminants of D.G. Khan district of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and hematological effects of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goat in district Dera Ghazi Khan. Blood samples (n=204) were collected comprise goats (n=101) and sheep (n=103) alongwith age, gender and breeds of animals. Samples were collected randomly from 25 flocks of 7 different union council Viz. Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani and Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif at least 4 animals from each flock. All ruminants divide into three groups based on age, breed and gender. The prevalence was detected through two different kits Viz. LAT and ELISA kit. The overall prevalence suspected in goats through LAT and ELISA kit was (35.64%), (32.67%) and in sheep was (25.24%), (23.30%) respectively. The Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on goats in age groups and non-significant all other groups of goats and sheep. Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on all hematological parameters like Hemoglobin, total leukocyte cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, except monocytes. In conclusion of the current study, toxoplasmosis is prevalent among ruminants, reveals the possibility of transmission to humans on the use of host animals as protein source.

Structural, magnetic, optical properties and cation distribution of nanosized Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4TmxFe2-xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) spinel ferrites synthesized by ultrasound irradiation

In this study, Tm³⁺ ion substituted NiCuZn nanospinel ferrites, Ni_0.3Cu_0.3Zn_0.4Tm_xFe_2-xO₄ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10), have been synthesized sonochemically. The structural, spectroscopic, morphological, optic and magnetic investigation of the samples were done by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), UV-Vis diffused reflectance (%DR) spectrophotometry, transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM and SEM) along with EDX, Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), respectively. The purity of prepared products were confirmed via XRD, FT-IR, EDX and elemental mapping analyses. The analyses of magnetization versus M(H) (applied magnetic field) were performed at 300 and 10 K. The following magnetic parameters like M_s (saturation magnetization), SQR = M_r/M_s (squareness ratio), n_B(magnetic moment), H_c (coercivity) and M_r (remanence) have been discussed. M(H) loops revealed superparamagnetic property at RT and soft ferromagnetic nature at 10 K. It is showed that the Tm³⁺ substitutions significantly affect the magnetizations data. A decreasing trend in the M_s, H_c, M_r, and n_B values was detected with Tm³⁺ substitution.

Comparison of the effects of gamma or sonochemical irradiation of carbon nanotubes and the influence on the mechanical and dielectric properties of chitosan nanocomposites

Chitosan-carbon nanotube (Chi-CNT) composite materials have been prepared with CNTs that were surface treated using either dilute acid combined with 20 kHz ultrasound or gamma-irradiation in air. The mechanical and dielectric properties have been measured and compared. Both modification methods gave nanocomposites with much improved tensile properties over native chitosan. The sonochemically treated samples were stronger with higher tensile strength but at the expense of lower elasticity and extensibility than found when γ-irradiation was used. Impedance spectra showed differences in the polymer chain transitions and in the conduction mechanisms within the nanocomposites. The results correlated well with previous work suggesting that the two modification techniques result in CNT surfaces with higher polarity. This enhances interfacial interactions with the chitosan matrix although the extent of functionalisation was greater in the sonochemical case. This work demonstrates that sonochemical modification under mild conditions is a useful method for modifying CNTs for inclusion in nanocomposite materials. However, the resulting material properties depend on the level of treatment so that the sonochemical conditions need to be carefully evaluated and controlled if the effects are to be optimised.

Exploration of catalytic and cytotoxicity activities of CaxMgxNi1-2xFe2O4 nanoparticles

The Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ (x ≤ 0.05) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized hydrothermally. The XRD analyses confirmed the purity of all products and their spherical morphology and compositions were explained by SEM, TEM, EDX and Elemental mapping analyses. Results confirmed the composition of Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄. The surface area of them was determined by BET analysis. Results indicated that when x is increased surface area of Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ is decreased as compare with x = 0.0, however, at high composition (x = 0.05), surface area is increased. Catalytic activity of Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ (x ≤ 0.05) NPs was studied for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol as a model compound. Reaction was monitored by UV-spectrophotometer at room temperature and at different times. Among different compositions of Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄, it was noticed that x = 0.04 exhibited more activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and x = 0.03 was observed least active. Results suggested that Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ could be useful material for catalytic applications. Cytotoxicity activity of Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ (x ≤ 0.05) NPs against HCT116 (Human colon cancer cell line) cell line and MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line) was evaluated by using MTT assay. It was observed that Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ (x ≤ 0.05) NPs exhibited less cytotoxicity. Due to less cytotoxicity, Ca_xMg_xNi_1-2xFe₂O₄ may also be useful in the field of biomedical applications.

Synthesis, SAR elucidations and molecular docking study of newly designed isatin based oxadiazole analogs as potent inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase

Thymidine phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvage pathway that is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and gliostatin. It is enormously up regulated in a variety of solid tumors. Furthermore, surpassing of TP level protects tumor cells from apoptosis and helps cell survival. Thus TP is identified as a prime target for developing novel anticancer therapies. A new class of exceptionally potent isatin based oxadiazole (1-30) has been synthesized and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential. All analogs showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibition when compared with standard 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC₅₀ = 38.68 ± 1.12 µM). Molecular docking study was performed in order to determine the binding interaction of these newly synthesized compounds, which revealed that these synthesized compounds established stronger hydrogen bonding network with active site of residues as compare to the standard compound 7DX.

Sonochemical modification of carbon nanotubes for enhanced nanocomposite performance

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been treated using 20kHz ultrasound in combination with dilute nitric and sulfuric acids at much lower concentrations than previously reported. The measurements revealed an optimum set of sonication conditions (in this case 30min at 12Wcm^-2) exists to overcome aggregation of the nanotubes and to allow efficient dispersion in ethanol or in chitosan. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy suggested the removal of amorphous material and reduction of the CNT diameter as well as modifications to their defect structures. The surface oxidation was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. At longer times or higher ultrasound intensities, degradation such as nanotube shortening and additional defect generation in the graphitic network occurred and the benefits of using ultrasound decreased. The modified CNTs were used as fillers for chitosan films and gave a tenfold increase in tensile strength and integrity of the films. The methodology was combined with sonochemical generation of gold or iron oxide nanoparticles to produce a range of functional membranes for catalytic reductive hydrogenation or dye degradation under conditions that are more environmentally benign than those previously used. Our results further add to the usefulness of sonochemistry as a valuable tool in preparative materials chemistry but also illustrate the crucial importance of careful control over the experimental conditions if optimum results are to be obtained.

Computational fluid dynamic simulations for dispersion of nanoparticles in a magnetohydrodynamic liquid: a Galerkin finite element method

This investigation studies the effects of the thermo-physical properties of four types of nano-metallic particles on the thermo-physical properties of radiative fluid in the presence of buoyant forces and Joule heating (ohmic dissipation). The Galerkin finite element algorithm is used to perform computations and simulated results are displayed in order to analyze the behavior of velocity and temperature of copper, silver, titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide-nanofluids. All the simulations are performed with η_max = 6 computational tolerance 10⁻⁶ for 200 elemental discretizations. Due to the dispersion of nano-sized particles in the base fluid, an increase in the thermal conduction is noticed. This study also predicts future improvements in the thermal systems. Due to magnetic field and fluid flow interaction, the electrical energy converts into heat. This is undesirable in many thermal systems. Therefore, control of Joule heating in the design of thermos systems is necessary. However, this dissipation of heat may be desirable in some biological fluid flows. An increase in energy losses is noted as magnetic intensity is increased.

This investigation studies the effects of the thermo-physical properties of four types of nano-metallic particles on the thermo-physical properties of radiative fluid in the presence of buoyant forces and Joule heating (ohmic dissipation).

Synthesis and in vitro acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of hydrazide based Schiff bases

To discover multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, a series of hydrazide based Schiff bases were designed and synthesized based on multitarget-directed strategy. We have synthesized twenty-eight analogs of hydrazide based Schiff bases, characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and evaluated in vitro for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. All compounds showed varied degree of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition when compared with standard Eserine. Among the series, compounds 10, 3 and 24 having IC50 values 4.12±0.01, 8.12±0.01 and 8.41±0.06μM respectively showed potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition when compared with Eserine (IC50=0.85±0.0001μM). Three compounds 13, 24 and 3 having IC50 values 6.51±0.01, 9.22±0.07 and 37.82±0.14μM respectively showed potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by comparing with eserine (IC50=0.04±0.0001μM). The remaining compounds also exhibited moderate to weak inhibitory potential. Structure activity relationship has been established. Through molecular docking studies the binding interaction was confirmed.

In situ formation of copper nanoparticles in a p(NIPAM-VAA-AAm) terpolymer microgel that retains the swelling behavior of microgels

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are formed inside a microgel assembly by an in situ reduction method, confirmed by changes observed in the absorption spectra of CuNPs at different pH values. The presence of CuNPs has been also confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The terpolymer microgel p(N-isopropylacrylamide-vinyl acetic acid-acrylamide) (p[NIPAM-VAA-AAm]), which is reported for the first time, was synthesized by free radical emulsion polymerization of a temperature-sensitive NIPAM monomer, pH sensitive VAA monomer and a hydrophilic AAm monomer. The effect of temperature below and above the pKa of VAA and the effect of pH at 20°C in the absence and presence of CuNPs on the hydrodynamic radius of microgel was studied. Size of microgel particles is a function of temperature due to the presence of NIPAM, and a function of pH due to the presence of VAA. The presence of CuNPs has little or no effect on the size of microgels by varying pH, which allows these gels to retain their properties with added benefits of CuNPs for possible drug delivery applications.

Eco-friendly synthesis and catalytic application of chitosan/gold/carbon nanotube nanocomposite films

Novel eco-friendly chitosan nanocomposite membranes containing gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized to produce reusable catalytic membranes.

Selection, characterisation and evaluation of potential probiotic Lactobacillus spp. isolated from poultry droppings

Aim of the present study was to characterise and evaluate probiotic potential of lactobacilli isolated from indigenous poultry. Lactobacilli were isolated from poultry droppings and identified by genus specific polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Isolates were characterised in vitro by their ability to tolerate low pH and bile salts, phytase activity, antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility profile, and autoaggregation and coaggregation with poultry gut pathogens. In vivo evaluation of selected isolates was done by their effect on the body weight gain and immune response of broiler chicks. Total of 90, one-day old chicks, were randomly divided in 9 groups and given selected lactobacilli alone and in combinations (10⁸ cfu/bird, daily) from day 7 to day 35. Body weight gain and humoral immune response to New Castle Disease Virus (NDV) vaccine were determined weekly. Three lactobacilli isolates (SMP52, SMP64 and SMP70) were selected as potentially probiotic bacteria on the basis of in vitro characterisation and identified as Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus casei and L. crispatus, respectively. Chicks supplemented with 'SMP52', 'SMP64', 'SMP70' and 'SMP64+SMP70' and a commercial probiotic product (Protexin) showed significantly higher mean weight gain per bird (1,584±35.2, 1,629±30.6, 1,668±34.7, 1,619±29.5 and 1,576±31.7 g/bird, respectively) as compared to negative control group (1,394±26.7 g/bird), on day 35. SMP 70 also showed significantly higher geometric mean titre against NDV vaccine at day 21 as compared to negative control. It is concluded that L. crispatus SMP52, L. casei SMP64 and L. crispatus SMP70 are potential probiotic candidates which alone or in different combinations may increase body weight of broilers.

Amelioration of ovalbumin induced allergic symptoms in Balb/c mice by potentially probiotic strains of lactobacilli

To evaluate the antiallergic effect of newly characterised probiotic strains, Lactobacillus fermentum NWS29, Lactobacillus casei NWP08 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NWP13, mice were divided into six experimental groups: control, ovalbumin (OVA), NWS29, NWP08, NWP13 and L. rhamnosus GG (LGG). Mice were immunised and probiotics were administered via oral gavage followed by challenge with OVA. After last challenge with OVA, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), recruitment of inflammatory cells in airways and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum were determined by Giemsa, haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and ELISA, respectively. Relative mRNA expression of interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in lung and spleen tissue was determined by real time RT-PCR. OVA-specific IgE levels, recruitment of eosinophils and mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines were remarkably increased in OVA-exposed mice compared with the control group. Administration of NWS29 and NWP13 suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration in airways and BALF, and level of OVA-specific IgE in serum of OVA-exposed mice. Furthermore, NWS29 and NWP13 also abrogated the mRNA expression of 1L-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TGF-β in mice immunised and exposed to OVA. Our findings suggest that NWS29 and NWP13 might be good candidates for the prevention of allergic airway inflammation.

Chitosan/CNTs green nanocomposite membrane: synthesis, swelling and polyaromatic hydrocarbons removal

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were irradiated in air at 100 kGy under gamma radiations. The Raman spectroscopy of γ-treated CNTs showed distinctive changes in the absorption bands. The CNTs were mixed with blend of chitosan (Cs)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and crosslinked with silane. The chemical reactions between the components affected the position and intensities of the infrared bands. Scanning electron micrograph of Cs/CNTs nanocomposite membrane showed the homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in the polymer matrix. The addition of CNTs lowered its swelling in water. Naphthalene (NAPH) was selected as a model compound and its removal was studied using HPLC technique. This membrane showed fast uptake of NAPH and 87% was removed from water within 30 min. The NAPH loaded membrane showed strong chemical interactions and cannot be desorbed. The fast uptake of PAHs and the green nature of this membrane made them suitable candidates for clean-up purposes.

Antenatal hemorrhage of a cervical lymphatic malformation presenting as a draining neck mass: An unusual presentation

Lymphatic malformations in the neck can present as large fetal neck masses causing airway obstructions with potential perinatal demise and can pose a therapeutic challenge. We present a rare case of prenatally diagnosed large fetal neck mass with features of lymphatic malformation with intralesional hemorrhage of uncertain origin. Postnatal evaluation showed a complex cystic-solid lesion eroding through the skin with an open wound that made it clinically hard to differentiate from a teratoma. Given that malignancy could not be completely ruled out, surgery was favored. Final pathology showed a complex lymphatic malformation with intralesional hemorrhage, despite having no associated capillary, venous or arterial malformations.