1
|
Hussin A, Nathan S, Shahidan MA, Nor Rahim MY, Zainun MY, Khairuddin NAN, Ibrahim N. Identification and mechanism determination of the efflux pump subunit amrB gene mutations linked to gentamicin susceptibility in clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei from Malaysian Borneo. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:12. [PMID: 38381232 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is typically resistant to gentamicin but rare susceptible strains have been isolated in certain regions, such as Thailand and Sarawak, Malaysia. Recently, several amino acid substitutions have been reported in the amrB gene (a subunit of the amrAB-oprA efflux pump gene) that confer gentamicin susceptibility. However, information regarding the mechanism of the substitutions conferring the susceptibility is lacking. To understand the mechanism of amino acid substitution that confers susceptibility, this study identifies the corresponding mutations in clinical gentamicin-susceptible B. pseudomallei isolates from the Malaysian Borneo (n = 46; Sarawak: 5; Sabah: 41). Three phenotypically confirmed gentamicin-susceptible (GENs) strains from Sarawak, Malaysia, were screened for mutations in the amrB gene using gene sequences of gentamicin-resistant (GENr) strains (QEH 56, QEH 57, QEH20, and QEH26) and publicly available sequences (AF072887.1 and BX571965.1) as the comparator. The effect of missense mutations on the stability of the AmrB protein was determined by calculating the average energy change value (ΔΔG). Mutagenesis analysis identified a polymorphism-associated mutation, g.1056 T > G, a possible susceptible-associated in-frame deletion, Delta V412, and a previously confirmed susceptible-associated amino acid substitution, T368R, in each of the three GENs isolates. The contribution of Delta V412 needs further confirmation by experimental mutagenesis analysis. The mechanism by which T368R confers susceptibility, as elucidated by in silico mutagenesis analysis using AmrB-modeled protein structures, is proposed to be due to the location of T368R in a highly conserved region, rather than destabilization of the AmrB protein structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainulkhir Hussin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shahidan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Nor Rahim
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Yusof Zainun
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Nazlina Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hussin A, Nor Rahim MY, Dalusim F, Shahidan MA, Nathan S, Ibrahim N. Improving the clinical recognition, prognosis, and treatment of melioidosis through epidemiology and clinical findings: The Sabah perspective. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011696. [PMID: 37844130 PMCID: PMC10602235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melioidosis is a deadly endemic disease in northern Australia and Southeast Asia, including Sabah, Malaysia, which is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. It contributes to high fatality rates, mainly due to misdiagnosis leading to the wrong treatment being administered to the patients. Local epidemiology and data on clinical features could assist clinicians during diagnosis and treatment. However, these details are still scarce, particularly in Sabah. METHODS A retrospective study of 246 culture-confirmed melioidosis cases in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia was performed between 2016 and 2018. The epidemiological data and clinical and laboratory findings were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The annual incidence of culture-confirmed melioidosis cases was estimated to be 4.97 per 100,000 people. The mean age of the patients was 50±15 years. Males and members of the Kadazan-Dusun ethnic group accounted for the majority of the melioidosis cases. The odds ratio analysis indicated that bacteraemic melioidosis in this region was significantly associated with fever (76%), and patients having at least one underlying illness (43%), including diabetes mellitus (32%). Sixty-eight patients (28%) succumbed to melioidosis. Contrary to what is known regarding factors that promote bacteraemic melioidosis, neither patients with fever nor patients with at least one comorbid disease, including diabetes mellitus, were significantly associated with death from melioidosis. There was no statistically significant difference between patients without comorbidities (24, 27%) and those with at least one comorbid disease (26, 25%), including diabetes mellitus (18, 23%). The odds ratios indicate that melioidosis mortality in this region is related to patients showing respiratory organ-associated symptoms (29%), bacteraemia (30%), and septic shock (47%). Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates in this study were highly susceptible to ceftazidime (100%), imipenem (100%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (98%). CONCLUSIONS Information obtained from this study can be used by clinicians to recognise individuals with the highest risk of acquiring melioidosis, estimate an accurate prognosis, and provide effective treatment for melioidosis patients to reduce death from melioidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainulkhir Hussin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Nor Rahim
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Frederick Dalusim
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shahidan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazlina Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zainal Ariffin SH, Lim KW, Megat Abdul Wahab R, Zainal Ariffin Z, Rus Din RD, Shahidan MA, Johari AN, Zainol Abidin IZ. Gene expression profiles for in vitro human stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and osteoclasts: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14174. [PMID: 36275474 PMCID: PMC9583853 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There have been promising results published regarding the potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. However, the vast variety of choices of techniques and the lack of a standard approach to analyse human osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation may reduce the utility of stem cells as a tool in medical applications. Therefore, this review aims to systematically evaluate the findings based on stem cell differentiation to define a standard gene expression profile approach. Methods This review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of the study was conducted by retrieving articles from the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science to identify articles focussed on gene expression and approaches for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Results Six articles were included in this review; there were original articles of in vitro human stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and osteoclasts that involved gene expression profiling. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was the most used technique for gene expression to detect differentiated human osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A total of 16 genes were found to be related to differentiating osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Conclusion Qualitative information of gene expression provided by qPCR could become a standard technique to analyse the differentiation of human stem cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts rather than evaluating relative gene expression. RUNX2 and CTSK could be applied to detect osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively, while RANKL could be applied to detect both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This review provides future researchers with a central source of relevant information on the vast variety of gene expression approaches in analysing the differentiation of human osteoblast and osteoclast cells. In addition, these findings should enable researchers to conduct accurately and efficiently studies involving isolated human stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ker Wei Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab
- Centre of Family Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaidah Zainal Ariffin
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rus Dina Rus Din
- Forensic Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shahidan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Nabilah Johari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pilus NSM, Muhamad A, Shahidan MA, Yusof NYM. Potential of Epidermal Growth Factor-like Peptide from the Sea Cucumber Stichopus horrens to Increase the Growth of Human Cells: In Silico Molecular Docking Approach. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100596. [PMID: 36286420 PMCID: PMC9605497 DOI: 10.3390/md20100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea cucumber is prominent as a traditional remedy among Asians for wound healing due to its high capacity for regeneration after expulsion of its internal organs. A short peptide consisting of 45 amino acids from transcriptome data of Stichopus horrens (Sh-EGFl-1) shows a convincing capability to promote the growth of human melanoma cells. Molecular docking of Sh-EGFl-1 peptide with human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR) exhibited a favorable intermolecular interaction, where most of the Sh-EGFl-1 residues interacted with calcium binding-like domains. A superimposed image of the docked structure against a human EGF–EGFR crystal model also gave an acceptable root mean square deviation (RMSD) value of less than 1.5 Å. Human cell growth was significantly improved by Sh-EGFl-1 peptide at a lower concentration in a cell proliferation assay. Gene expression profiling of the cells indicated that Sh-EGFl-1 has activates hEGFR through five epidermal growth factor signaling pathways; phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma), Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and Ras homologous (Rho) pathways. All these pathways triggered cells’ proliferation, differentiation, survival and re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Overall, this marine-derived, bioactive peptide has the capability to promote proliferation and could be further explored as a cell-growth-promoting agent for biomedical and bioprocessing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shazwani Mohd Pilus
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.S.M.P.); (N.Y.M.Y.)
| | - Azira Muhamad
- Department of Structural Biology and Functional Omics, Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute (MGVI), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shahidan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.S.M.P.); (N.Y.M.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hussin A, Yusof R, Nor Rahim MY, Dalusim F, Othman NI, Ibrahim N, Shahidan MA. True-positive reflex threshold value for HCV antibody screening test. J Infect Dev Ctries 2022; 16:522-527. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of a signal-to-cut-off ratio has been recommended by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention to determine the need for further validation using a supplemental test. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal true-positive signal-to-cut-off ratio for the ABBOTT ARCHITECT i2000SR immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, USA), using the Serodia® HCV particle agglutination (HCV-PA) assay (Fujirebio Inc, Tokyo, Japan) as the reference test for anti-HCV screening.
Methodology: We analysed a total of 13,240 specimens using the ARCHITECT i2000SR immunoassay and subsequently subjected all the reactive specimens with a signal-to-cut-off ratio ≥ 1.00 (n = 267) to the Serodia® HCV-PA reference assay. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out and performance characteristics for each signal-to-cut-off ratio were determined. The selected signal-to-cut-off ratio value was then assessed using a line immunoassay (LIA) test.
Results: ROC curve analysis determined that the optimal signal-to-cut-off ratio was 5.05, which gave the highest Youden’s Index (J) value of 0.89, with a sensitivity of 93.1% (88.9-97.2), a specificity of 96.0% (92.4-99.4), a positive predictive value of 96.4% (93.3-99.5), and a negative predictive value of 92.2% (87.5-96.8). Validation of the optimal S/Co value using the LIA test yielded an accuracy of 91.8%, with sensitivity and specificity values of 92.0% and 91.7%, respectively.
Conclusions: The optimal signal-to-cut-off ratio value for the ARCHITECT i2000SR immunoassay, which was determined using HCV-PA assay as the reference test and validated using a HCV-LIA assay, showed high sensitivity and specificity, and may be used in routine anti-HCV screening.
Collapse
|
6
|
Khairol Mokhtar NHI, Hussin A, Hamid AA, Zainal Ariffin SH, Shahidan MA. Systematic Optimisation of Microtiter Plate Lectin Assay to Improve Sialic Acid Linkage Detection. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1507-1517. [PMID: 34342257 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210802122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to develop a high-throughput lectin assay with minimized background signals to investigate the interactions of lectins and sialic acid glycans, focusing on prostate-specific antigen (PSA). BACKGROUND High background signals resulting from nonspecific binding are a significant concern for microtiter plate-based enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assays (ELLSAs), as they can mask specific binding signals and cause false-positive results. METHODS In this study, we constructed an ELLSA based on different washing step parameters, including the number of washing cycles, NaCl and Tween-20 concentrations, and the type of blocking agent and evaluated the effects on both specific and nonspecific binding signals. Furthermore, we performed a PSA binding assay using the optimized ELLSA. RESULTS The optimal washing parameters based on the highest specific binding signal proposed four cycles of washing steps using a washing buffer containing a high salt concentration (0.5 M NaCl) and mild detergent (0.05% Tween-20). The utilization of the optimized washing parameters in this assay was shown to be sufficient to obtain the optimal binding signals without the use of any blocking agent. Binding assays performed using the optimized ELLSA revealed that the glycan of the PSA sample used in this study mainly consists of terminal α2,6-linked sialic acid, as strongly recognized by Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) with a KD value of 12.38 nM. CONCLUSION The ELLSA reported in this study provides a simple yet sensitive assay for sialic acid linkage recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hanina Izzati Khairol Mokhtar
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Ainulkhir Hussin
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Malaysia
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shahidan
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdul Wahab RM, Abu Kasim N, Senafi S, Jemain AA, Zainol Abidin IZ, Shahidan MA, Zainal Ariffin SH. Enzyme activity profiles and ELISA analysis of biomarkers from human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement using self-ligating brackets. Oral Health Dent Manag 2014; 13:194-199. [PMID: 24984622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Profiles of orthodontic tooth movement biomarkers, i.e., Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), using Self-ligating Brackets (SLBs) and possible relationships among their activities and total enzymes produced were determined. METHODS Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) were collected from 19 subjects (n=19) before and during orthodontic treatment (5 weeks). The subjects were bonded with SLBs with 100 g or 150 g of orthodontic force. Enzyme assays, ELISA and tooth movement measurements were performed. RESULTS A statistical analysis (paired t-test) showed that compared to baseline values, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the saliva levels of AST at week 5, the levels of TRAP at week 2, and the levels of ALP at weeks 1 to 5. In the GCF, LDH showed significant differences (p<0.05) at weeks 2, 3 and 4 (100 g) and at weeks 1, 2 and 3 (150 g). AST showed significant differences (p<0.05) at weeks 4 and 5 (100 g) and at weeks 3 and 4 (150 g), while TRAP exhibited a significant difference at week 5 (100 g). Pearson's correlation test revealed a weak correlation between enzyme activities and total enzymes. The use of 100 g compared to 150 g of force for tooth movement was not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Therefore, 100 g is recommended as a better force for patient comfort. AST, TRAP and ALP in the saliva and LDH, AST and TRAP in the GCF are potential biomarkers in orthodontic tooth movement using SLB systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Department of Orthodontics, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tel: +603-92897756; Fax: +603-92897794; E-mail: /
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khairunnuur FA, Zulkhairi A, Azrina A, Moklas MM, Khairullizam S, Zamree MS, Shahidan MA. Nutritional Composition, in vitro Antioxidant Activity and Artemia salina L. Lethality of Pulp and Seed of Tamarindus indica L. Extracts. Malays J Nutr 2009; 15:65-75. [PMID: 22691806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and medium lethal concentration (LC50 value) of Tamarindus indica L. pulp and seed extracts in vitro. The extraction was set at 40◦C, 60◦C and 100◦C for 12 hours, 6 hours and 15 minutes respectively to determine the optimum extraction parameter whereas the anti-oxidant activity of the extracts was measured using iron (III) reduction (FRAP) assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was estimated as gallic acid equivalent by Folin-Ciocalteau method. Toxicity potential of the extract was assessed in vitro by Artemia salina lethality test both in seed and pulp samples. The results showed that tamarind seed contained a higher percentage of carbohydrate, protein, fat and energy (15%, 82%, 95% and 33.13% respectively) than the pulp. On the other hand, the pulp demonstrated a high moisture (51.1%) and ash (34.84%) content than the seed. For the mineral analysis, tamarind seed contained higher Ca and C (1.0% and 50.73% respectively) than the pulp (0.27% and 40.40% respectively). No heavy metals were detected in both samples. Seed extracted at 60◦C/6 hours and 100◦C/15 minutes showed the highest TPC value and were significantly different (p<0.05) than the seed extracted at 40◦C/12 hours. Anti-oxidant activity is positively correlated to the TPC value of the extracts (R=0.991). The pulp and seed extracted at 100◦C/15 minutes showed the highest FRAP value among its groups (216.17 ± 14.06 μmol (Fe)/g and 659.74 ± 16.40 μmol (Fe)/g respectively). This study indicates that tamarind pulp and seed extracts possess beneficial antioxidant properties and the optimum extraction parameter is 100◦C for 15 minutes. In Artemia salina lethality test, tamarind pulp caused significant mortality of the crustacean larvae with LC50 in the range of 26-28 μL/mL. Tamarind seed were not toxic to Artemia salina since the LC50 of the extracts was higher than 1000 μL/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Khairunnuur
- Department of Human Anatomy, Division of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|