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Cansız D, Ünal İ, Gani Sürmen M, Sürmen S, Sezer Z, Beler M, Güzel E, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Gentisic acid exerts neuroprotective effects in neurotoxin-induced Parkinson's disease model in zebrafish: Cross-talk between pathways related with neurodegeneration in the gut-brain axis. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148952. [PMID: 38643930 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Given that global prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is expected to rise over the next few decades, understanding the mechanisms and causes of PD is critical. With emphasis on gut-brain axis, we sought to assess the impact of gentisic acid (GA), a diphenolic compound generated from benzoic acid, in rotenone (Rot) induced PD model in zebrafish. For thirty days, adult zebrafish were exposed to GA and rotenone. Tox-Track program was used to analyze locomotor behaviors in the control, GA, Rot, and Rot + GA groups. LC-MS/MS was performed in brain and intestinal tissues. Proteome Discoverer 2.4 was used to analyze raw files, peptide lists were searched against Danio rerio proteins. Protein interactions or annotations were obtained from STRING database. Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) staining was performed immunohistochemically in the brain. PD-related gene expressions were determined by RT-PCR. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase were measured spectrophotometrically. Improved locomotor behaviors were observed by GA treatment in Rot group as evidenced by increased average speed, exploration rate, and total distance. 5214 proteins were identified in intestinal tissues, 4114 proteins were identified in brain by LC-MS/MS. Rotenone exposure altered protein expressions related to oxidative phosphorylation in brain and intestines. Protein expressions involved in ferroptis and actin cytoskeleton changed in brain and intestines. Altered protein expressions were improved by GA. GA ameliorated Th-immunoreactivity in brain, improved park2, park7, pink1, and lrrk2 expressions. Our results show that GA may be a candidate agent to be evaluated for its potential protective effect for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Cansız
- Department Medipol University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Sezer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Merih Beler
- Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Güzel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Marmara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ünal İ, Cansız D, Sürmen MG, Sürmen S, Sezer Z, Beler M, Üstündağ ÜV, Güzel E, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Identification of molecular network of gut-brain axis associated with neuroprotective effects of PPARδ-ligand erucic acid in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model in zebrafish. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:585-606. [PMID: 36564343 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease (PD) may lead to motor symptoms and PD pathogenesis. Recently, the neuroprotective potential of different PPARδ-agonists has been shown. We aimed to reveal the effects of erucic acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-ligand in rotenone-induced PD model in zebrafish, focusing on the gut-brain axis. Adult zebrafish were exposed to rotenone and erucic acid for 30 days. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed. Raw files were analysed by Proteome Discoverer 2.4 software; peptide lists were searched against Danio rerio proteins. STRING database was used for protein annotations or interactions. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (No), alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase and the expressions of PD-related genes were determined. Immunohistochemical tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining was performed. LC-MS/MS analyses allowed identification of over 2000 proteins in each sample. The 2502 and 2707 proteins overlapped for intestine and brain. The 196 and 243 significantly dysregulated proteins in the brain and intestines were found in rotenone groups. Erucic acid treatment corrected the changes in the expression of proteins associated with cytoskeletal organisation, transport and localisation and improved locomotor activity, expressions of TH, PD-related genes (lrrk2, park2, park7, pink1) and oxidant-damage in brain and intestines in the rotenone group as evidenced by decreased LPO, No and increased GST. Our results showed beneficial effects of erucic acid as a PPARδ-ligand in neurotoxin-induced PD model in zebrafish. We believe that our study will shed light on the mechanism of the effects of PPARδ agonists and ω9-fatty acids in the gut-brain axis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Ünal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Sezer
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merih Beler
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Veli Üstündağ
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Güzel
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sürmen MG, Sürmen S, Cansız D, Ünal İ, Üstündağ ÜV, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Quantitative phosphoproteomics to resolve the cellular responses to octanoic acid in rotenone exposed zebrafish. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13923. [PMID: 34494670 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a potentially beneficial metabolic state for health especially in neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT) have specific metabolic properties and they are described as ketogenic even without restriction of carbohydrate. Octanoic acid (C8) is the main MCT showing this effect. Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is used to induce experimental PD model. Rotenone inhibits mitochondrial respiratory complex 1 (MRC1) and causes reactive oxygen species formation. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomic methods enable discovering specific signaling events in special molecular pathways through identification and quantification of phosphoproteins. Signaling networks involved in rotenone-mediated biological processes and beneficial effects of MCTs on neurodegenerative diseases are not well understood. We aimed to gain comprehensive molecular perspective on the global phosphoproteome differences in rotenone-exposed zebrafish treated with octanoic acid. Raw files obtained from MS analysis were processed and searched against the Danio rerio protein database using SEQUEST-HT algorithm to identify and quantify phosphopeptides with 2,569 unique phosphoproteins and 4,161 unique phosphopeptides corresponding to 2005 proteins. Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) family members were significantly lower in rotenone group. Phosphoproteins involved in ion binding (calcium, magnesium, zinc ion), oxygen binding, microtubule binding, ATP- and GTP-binding were among differentially expressed 347 proteins in rotenone group and they were reversed after octanoic acid treatments. Phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites were identified for future exploration of signaling pathways involved in rotenone toxicity. We believe our findings might help in the formulation of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PD using ketogenic formulations involving MCTs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ketosis is a potentially beneficial metabolic state for health especially in neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT) (C6-C12) have specific metabolic properties making them described as ketogenic even without restriction of carbohydrate. Octanoic acid (caprylic acid, C8) is the main MCT showing this effect. Our findings might help in the formulation of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease using ketogenic formulations involving Medium-chain-triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University-Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Veli Üstündağ
- Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Department Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ata Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Understanding the cellular processes is central to comprehend disease conditions and is also true for cancer research. Proteomic studies provide significant insight into cancer mechanisms and aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Phosphoproteome is one of the most studied complements of the whole proteome given its importance in the understanding of cellular processes such as signaling and regulations. Over the last decade, several new methods have been developed for phosphoproteome analysis. A significant amount of these efforts pertains to cancer research. The current use of powerful analytical instruments in phosphoproteomic approaches has paved the way for deeper and sensitive investigations. However, these methods and techniques need further improvements to deal with challenges posed by the complexity of samples and scarcity of phosphoproteins in the whole proteome, throughput and reproducibility. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the variety of steps used in phosphoproteomic methods applied in cancer research including the enrichment and fractionation strategies. This will allow researchers to evaluate and choose a better combination of steps for their phosphoproteome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arslan Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Nesrin Emekli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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