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Chen X, Kempf DJ, Sham HL, Green BE, Molla A, Korneyeva M, Vasavanonda S, Wideburg NE, Saldivar A, Marsh KC, McDonald E, Norbeck DW. Potent piperazine hydroxyethylamine HIV protease inhibitors containing novel P3 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3531-6. [PMID: 9934466 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The 2-isopropyl thiazolyl group is a highly optimized P3 ligand for C2 symmetry-based HIV protease inhibitors, as exemplified in the drug ritonavir. Here we report that incorporation of this P3 ligand into a piperazine hydroxyethylamine series also yielded novel, highly potent inhibitors. In tissue culture assays, the presence of human serum was less deleterious to the activity of these inhibitors than to that of ritonavir. Furthermore, potent activity against ritonavir resistant HIV was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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2
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Kempf DJ, Sham HL, Marsh KC, Flentge CA, Betebenner D, Green BE, McDonald E, Vasavanonda S, Saldivar A, Wideburg NE, Kati WM, Ruiz L, Zhao C, Fino L, Patterson J, Molla A, Plattner JJ, Norbeck DW. Discovery of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of HIV protease with high oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy. J Med Chem 1998; 41:602-17. [PMID: 9484509 DOI: 10.1021/jm970636+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity studies leading to the potent and clinically efficacious HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir are described. Beginning with the moderately potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor A-80987, systematic investigation of peripheral (P3 and P2') heterocyclic groups designed to decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism provided analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in rats. Replacement of pyridyl groups with thiazoles provided increased chemical stability toward oxidation while maintaining sufficient aqueous solubility for oral absorption. Optimization of hydrophobic interactions with the HIV protease active site produced ritonavir, with excellent in vitro potency (EC50 = 0.02 microM) and high and sustained plasma concentrations after oral administration in four species. Details of the discovery and preclinical development of ritonavir are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kempf
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratory, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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3
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Kempf DJ, Sham HL, Marsh KC, Flentge CA, Betebenner D, Green BE, McDonald E, Vasavanonda S, Saldivar A, Wideburg NE, Kati WM, Ruiz L, Zhao C, Fino L, Patterson J, Molla A, Plattner JJ, Norbeck DW. Discovery of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of HIV protease with high oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy. J Med Chem 1998. [PMID: 9484509 DOI: 10.1021/jm970636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity studies leading to the potent and clinically efficacious HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir are described. Beginning with the moderately potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor A-80987, systematic investigation of peripheral (P3 and P2') heterocyclic groups designed to decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism provided analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in rats. Replacement of pyridyl groups with thiazoles provided increased chemical stability toward oxidation while maintaining sufficient aqueous solubility for oral absorption. Optimization of hydrophobic interactions with the HIV protease active site produced ritonavir, with excellent in vitro potency (EC50 = 0.02 microM) and high and sustained plasma concentrations after oral administration in four species. Details of the discovery and preclinical development of ritonavir are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kempf
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratory, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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Sham HL, Zhao C, Marsh KC, Betebenner DA, Lin S, Rosenbrook W, Herrin T, Li L, Madigan D, Vasavanonda S, Molla A, Saldivar A, McDonald E, Wideburg NE, Kempf D, Norbeck DW, Plattner JJ. Novel azacyclic ureas that are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 225:436-40. [PMID: 8753780 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel, azacyclic ureas which are highly potent inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 4.1 to < 0.5 nM) were synthesized. Aqueous solubilities of this series of compounds were improved by incorporating polar functional groups at the P1' P2 and P2' positions. These compounds also possess good anti-viral activity by inhibition of the cytopathic effect of HIV-13B in MT-4 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Sham
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500, USA
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Sham HL, Zhao C, Stewart KD, Betebenner DA, Lin S, Park CH, Kong XP, Rosenbrook W, Herrin T, Madigan D, Vasavanonda S, Lyons N, Molla A, Saldivar A, Marsh KC, McDonald E, Wideburg NE, Denissen JF, Robins T, Kempf DJ, Plattner JJ, Norbeck DW. A novel, picomolar inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. J Med Chem 1996; 39:392-7. [PMID: 8558507 DOI: 10.1021/jm9507183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and molecular modeling studies of a novel series of azacyclic ureas, which are inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease that incorporate different ligands for the S1', S2, and S2' substrate-binding sites of HIV-1 protease are described. The synthesis of this series is highly flexible in the sense that the P1', P2, and P2' residues of the inhibitors can be changed independently. Molecular modeling studies on the phenyl ring of the P2 and P2' ligand suggested incorporation of hydrogen-bonding donor/acceptor groups at the 3' and 4-positions of the phenyl ring should increase binding potency. This led to the discovery of compound 7f (A-98881), which possesses high potency in the HIV-1 protease inhibition assay and the in vitro MT-4 cell culture assay (Ki = approximately 5 pM and EC50 = 0.002 microM). This compares well with the symmetrical cyclic urea 1 pioneered at DuPont Merck.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Sham
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500
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Kempf DJ, Marsh KC, Fino LC, Bryant P, Craig-Kennard A, Sham HL, Zhao C, Vasavanonda S, Kohlbrenner WE, Wideburg NE. Design of orally bioavailable, symmetry-based inhibitors of HIV protease. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:847-58. [PMID: 7712122 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel inhibitors of HIV-1 protease with excellent oral bioavailability is described. Differential acylation of the two amino groups of symmetry-based diamine core groups 2-5 led to unsymmetrically substituted inhibitors 17-43, many of which inhibited HIV protease at subnanomolar concentrations. Anti-HIV activity in vitro was observed at 0.1-1 microM. A systematic evaluation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of these inhibitors in rats identified the influence of aqueous solubility, molecular size and hydrogen-bonding functionality. Compound 30 (A-80987) was selected for further evaluation based on a favorable Cmax/ ED50 ratio (> 20) and half-life (> 2 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kempf
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
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Ho DD, Toyoshima T, Mo H, Kempf DJ, Norbeck D, Chen CM, Wideburg NE, Burt SK, Erickson JW, Singh MK. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to a C2-symmetric protease inhibitor. J Virol 1994; 68:2016-20. [PMID: 8107264 PMCID: PMC236669 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.2016-2020.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease represent a promising class of antiviral drugs for the treatment of AIDS, and several are now in clinical trials. Here, we report the in vitro selection of viral variants with decreased sensitivity to a C2-symmetric protease inhibitor (A-77003). We show that a single amino acid substitution (Arg to Gln or Lys) at position 8 of the protease results in a substantial decrease in the inhibitory activity of the drug on the enzyme and a comparable increase in viral resistance. These findings, when analyzed by using the three-dimensional structure of the protease-drug complex, provide a strategic guide for the future development of inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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Kempf DJ, Codacovi L, Wang XC, Kohlbrenner WE, Wideburg NE, Saldivar A, Vasavanonda S, Marsh KC, Bryant P, Sham HL. Symmetry-based inhibitors of HIV protease. Structure-activity studies of acylated 2,4-diamino-1,5-diphenyl-3-hydroxypentane and 2,5-diamino-1,6-diphenylhexane-3,4-diol. J Med Chem 1993; 36:320-30. [PMID: 8426362 DOI: 10.1021/jm00055a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships in two series of novel, symmetry-based inhibitors of HIV protease, the enzyme responsible for maturation of the human immunodeficiency virus, are described. Beginning with lead compounds 3-6, the effect of adding polar, heterocyclic end groups to one or both ends of the symmetric or pseudosymmetric inhibitors was probed. Aqueous solubility was enhanced > 1000-fold while maintaining potent inhibition of purified HIV-1 protease and anti-HIV activity in vitro. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicated a substantial difference in the absorption properties of mono-ol-based and diol-based inhibitors. The oral bioavailability of inhibitor 19 in rats was 19%; however, the Cmax obtained failed to exceed the anti-HIV EC50 in vitro. Substantial plasma levels of potent inhibitors of the diol class were not obtained after oral administration in rats; however, the optimal combination of aqueous solubility and in vitro antiviral activity of several inhibitors support their potential use in intravenous therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kempf
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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Sham HL, Betebenner DA, Wideburg NE, Saldivar AC, Kohlbrenner WE, Vasavanonda S, Kempf DJ, Norbeck DW, Zhao C, Clement JJ. Potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors with antiviral activities in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:914-9. [PMID: 2025263 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91652-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel difluoroketones with low molecular weight (less than 600 m.u.) and which are potent inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 1.0 to 21 nM) were synthesized. These compounds also exhibited antiviral activity by inhibition of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1(3)B in MT-4 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Sham
- Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Illinois 60064-3500
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Kempf DJ, Norbeck DW, Codacovi L, Wang XC, Kohlbrenner WE, Wideburg NE, Paul DA, Knigge MF, Vasavanonda S, Craig-Kennard A. Structure-based, C2 symmetric inhibitors of HIV protease. J Med Chem 1990; 33:2687-9. [PMID: 2213822 DOI: 10.1021/jm00172a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Kempf
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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McAlpine JB, Sinclair AC, Egan RS, De Vault RL, Stanaseszek RS, Cirovic M, Mueller SL, Goodley PC, Mauritz RJ, Wideburg NE, Mitscher LA, Shirahata K, Matsushima H, Sato S, Iida T. A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. IV. The structure of seldomycin factor 5. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1977; 30:39-49. [PMID: 838631 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.30.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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