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Das V, Zhang F, Bower AJ, Li J, Liu T, Aguilera N, Alvisio B, Liu Z, Hammer DX, Tam J. Revealing speckle obscured living human retinal cells with artificial intelligence assisted adaptive optics optical coherence tomography. Commun Med (Lond) 2024; 4:68. [PMID: 38600290 PMCID: PMC11006674 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo imaging of the human retina using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) has transformed medical imaging by enabling visualization of 3D retinal structures at cellular-scale resolution, including the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are essential for maintaining visual function. However, because noise inherent to the imaging process (e.g., speckle) makes it difficult to visualize RPE cells from a single volume acquisition, a large number of 3D volumes are typically averaged to improve contrast, substantially increasing the acquisition duration and reducing the overall imaging throughput. METHODS Here, we introduce parallel discriminator generative adversarial network (P-GAN), an artificial intelligence (AI) method designed to recover speckle-obscured cellular features from a single AO-OCT volume, circumventing the need for acquiring a large number of volumes for averaging. The combination of two parallel discriminators in P-GAN provides additional feedback to the generator to more faithfully recover both local and global cellular structures. Imaging data from 8 eyes of 7 participants were used in this study. RESULTS We show that P-GAN not only improves RPE cell contrast by 3.5-fold, but also improves the end-to-end time required to visualize RPE cells by 99-fold, thereby enabling large-scale imaging of cells in the living human eye. RPE cell spacing measured across a large set of AI recovered images from 3 participants were in agreement with expected normative ranges. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the potential of AI assisted imaging in overcoming a key limitation of RPE imaging and making it more accessible in a routine clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Das
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Furu Zhang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew J Bower
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bruno Alvisio
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Daniel X Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Guedes LM, Aguilera N, Gavilán E, Péndola JA, Villagrán NE. Vascular implications of Dasineura sp. galls' establishment on Peumus boldus stems. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2023; 25:965-972. [PMID: 37432095 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Some chewing larvae are capable of inducing galls in the host vascular cylinder, e.g. Dasineura sp. (Cecidomyiidae) on Peumus boldus stems. Due to the medicinal and economic importance of P. boldus, the anatomical and functional implications of establishment of Dasineura sp. on P. boldus stems were investigated. We asked if establishment of Dasineura sp. in P. boldus stems induces abnormalities at the cellular and organizational level of the vascular system that increase during gall development in favour of the hydric status of the gall. Anatomical alterations induced in the stems during gall development were determined. Cytohistometric analyses in mature galls were compared to non-galled stems, and water potential and leaf area of non-galled stems were compared with galled stems. Dasineura sp. establishes in the vascular cambium, leading to delignification and rupture of xylem cells, inhibiting formation of phloem and perivascular sclerenchyma. Gall diameter increases together with larval feeding activity, producing a large larval chamber and numerous layers of nutritive tissue, vascular parenchyma, and sclerenchyma. These anatomical alterations do not affect the leaf area of galled stems but favour increased water flow towards these stems. The anatomical alterations induced by Dasineura sp. in P. boldus stems guarantee water and nutrient supply to the gall and larva. After the inducer exits stems, some host branches no longer have vascular connections with the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Guedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N Aguilera
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - E Gavilán
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J A Péndola
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N E Villagrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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3
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Li J, Aguilera N, Liu T, Bower AJ, Giannini JP, Cukras C, Keenan TDL, Chew E, Brooks BP, Zein WM, Huryn LA, Hufnagel RB, Tam J. Structural integrity of retinal pigment epithelial cells in eyes with age-related scattered hypofluorescent spots on late phase indocyanine green angiography (ASHS-LIA). Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:377-378. [PMID: 36115884 PMCID: PMC9873905 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Bower
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John P Giannini
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Cukras
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiarnan D L Keenan
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wadih M Zein
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Liu T, Aguilera N, Bower AJ, Li J, Ullah E, Dubra A, Cukras C, Brooks BP, Jeffrey BG, Hufnagel RB, Huryn LA, Zein WM, Tam J. Photoreceptor and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Relationships in Eyes With Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Revealed by Multimodal Adaptive Optics Imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:27. [PMID: 35900727 PMCID: PMC9344216 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.8.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the structure of cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) arising from various genetic etiologies. Methods Multimodal adaptive optics (AO) imaging was performed in 11 patients with VMD using a custom-assembled instrument. Non-confocal split detection and AO-enhanced indocyanine green were used to visualize the cone photoreceptor and RPE mosaics, respectively. Cone and RPE densities were measured and compared across BEST1-, PRPH2-, IMPG1-, and IMPG2-related VMD. Results Within macular lesions associated with VMD, both cone and RPE densities were reduced below normal, to 37% of normal cone density (eccentricity 0.2 mm) and to 8.4% of normal RPE density (eccentricity 0.5 mm). Outside of lesions, cone and RPE densities were slightly reduced (both to 92% of normal values), but with high degree of variability in the individual measurements. Comparison of juxtalesional cone and RPE measurements (<1 mm from the lesion edge) revealed significant differences in RPE density across the four genes (P < 0.05). Overall, cones were affected to a greater extent than RPE in patients with IMPG1 and IMPG2 pathogenic variants, but RPE was affected more than cones in BEST1 and PRPH2 VMD. This trend was observed even in contralateral eyes from a subset of five patients who presented with macular lesions in only one eye. Conclusions Assessment of cones and RPE in retinal locations outside of the macular lesions reveals a pattern of cone and RPE disruption that appears to be gene dependent in VMD. These findings provide insight into the cellular pathogenesis of disease in VMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9864-3896
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0863-596X
| | - Andrew J Bower
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-5950
| | - Joanne Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2845-2490
| | - Ehsan Ullah
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-6608
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-9020
| | - Catherine Cukras
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brian P Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-7551
| | - Brett G Jeffrey
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-0644
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-3545
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-9419
| | - Wadih M Zein
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3771-6120
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-0567
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5
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Liu J, Aguilera N, Liu T, Tam J. Automated Iterative Label Transfer Improves Segmentation of Noisy Cells in Adaptive Optics Retinal Images. Deep Gener Model Data Augment Label Imperfections (2021) 2021; 13003:201-208. [PMID: 35464297 PMCID: PMC9033000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88210-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High quality data labeling is essential for improving the accuracy of deep learning applications in medical imaging. However, noisy images are not only under-represented in training datasets, but also, labeling of noisy data is low quality. Unfortunately, noisy images with poor quality labels are exacerbated by traditional data augmentation strategies. Real world images contain noise and can lead to unexpected drops in algorithm performance. In this paper, we present a non-traditional, purposeful data augmentation method to specifically transfer high quality automated labels into noisy image regions for incorporation into the training dataset. The overall approach is based on the use of paired images of the same cells in which variable image noise results in cell segmentation failures. Iteratively updating the cell segmentation model with accurate labels of noisy image areas resulted in an improvement in Dice coefficient from 77% to 86%. This was achieved by adding only 3.4% more cells to the training dataset, showing that local label transfer through graph matching is an effective augmentation strategy to improve segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Liu J, Shen C, Aguilera N, Cukras C, Hufnagel RB, Zein WM, Liu T, Tam J. Active Cell Appearance Model Induced Generative Adversarial Networks for Annotation-Efficient Cell Segmentation and Identification on Adaptive Optics Retinal Images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2021; 40:2820-2831. [PMID: 33507868 PMCID: PMC8548993 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3055483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Data annotation is a fundamental precursor for establishing large training sets to effectively apply deep learning methods to medical image analysis. For cell segmentation, obtaining high quality annotations is an expensive process that usually requires manual grading by experts. This work introduces an approach to efficiently generate annotated images, called "A-GANs", created by combining an active cell appearance model (ACAM) with conditional generative adversarial networks (C-GANs). ACAM is a statistical model that captures a realistic range of cell characteristics and is used to ensure that the image statistics of generated cells are guided by real data. C-GANs utilize cell contours generated by ACAM to produce cells that match input contours. By pairing ACAM-generated contours with A-GANs-based generated images, high quality annotated images can be efficiently generated. Experimental results on adaptive optics (AO) retinal images showed that A-GANs robustly synthesize realistic, artificial images whose cell distributions are exquisitely specified by ACAM. The cell segmentation performance using as few as 64 manually-annotated real AO images combined with 248 artificially-generated images from A-GANs was similar to the case of using 248 manually-annotated real images alone (Dice coefficients of 88% for both). Finally, application to rare diseases in which images exhibit never-seen characteristics demonstrated improvements in cell segmentation without the need for incorporating manual annotations from these new retinal images. Overall, A-GANs introduce a methodology for generating high quality annotated data that statistically captures the characteristics of any desired dataset and can be used to more efficiently train deep-learning-based medical image analysis applications.
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7
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Lu R, Aguilera N, Liu T, Liu J, Giannini JP, Li J, Bower AJ, Dubra A, Tam J. In-vivo sub-diffraction adaptive optics imaging of photoreceptors in the human eye with annular pupil illumination and sub-Airy detection. Optica 2021; 8:333-343. [PMID: 34504903 PMCID: PMC8425240 DOI: 10.1364/optica.414206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) allows non-invasive visualization of the living human eye at the microscopic scale; but even with correction of the ocular wavefront aberrations over a large pupil, the smallest cells in the photoreceptor mosaic cannot always be resolved. Here, we synergistically combine annular pupil illumination with sub-Airy disk confocal detection to demonstrate a 33% improvement in transverse resolution (from 2.36 to 1.58 μm) and a 13% axial resolution enhancement (from 37 to 32 μm), an important step towards the study of the complete photoreceptor mosaic in heath and disease. Interestingly, annular pupil illumination also enhanced the visualization of the photoreceptor mosaic in non-confocal detection schemes such as split detection AOSLO, providing a strategy for enhanced multimodal imaging of the cone and rod photoreceptor mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongwen Lu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jianfei Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John P. Giannini
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew J. Bower
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bower AJ, Liu T, Aguilera N, Li J, Liu J, Lu R, Giannini JP, Huryn LA, Dubra A, Liu Z, Hammer DX, Tam J. Integrating adaptive optics-SLO and OCT for multimodal visualization of the human retinal pigment epithelial mosaic. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:1449-1466. [PMID: 33796365 PMCID: PMC7984802 DOI: 10.1364/boe.413438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells has been demonstrated through multiple adaptive optics (AO)-based modalities. However, whether consistent and complete information regarding the cellular structure of the RPE mosaic is obtained across these modalities remains uncertain due to limited comparisons performed in the same eye. Here, an imaging platform combining multimodal AO-scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) with AO-optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) is developed to make a side-by-side comparison of the same RPE cells imaged across four modalities: AO-darkfield, AO-enhanced indocyanine green (AO-ICG), AO-infrared autofluorescence (AO-IRAF), and AO-OCT. Co-registered images were acquired in five subjects, including one patient with choroideremia. Multimodal imaging provided multiple perspectives of the RPE mosaic that were used to explore variations in RPE cell contrast in a subject-, location-, and even cell-dependent manner. Estimated cell-to-cell spacing and density were found to be consistent both across modalities and with normative data. Multimodal images from a patient with choroideremia illustrate the benefit of using multiple modalities to infer the cellular structure of the RPE mosaic in an affected eye, in which disruptions to the RPE mosaic may locally alter the signal strength, visibility of individual RPE cells, or even source of contrast in unpredictable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Bower
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jianfei Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rongwen Lu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P. Giannini
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laryssa A. Huryn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Liu J, Han YJ, Liu T, Aguilera N, Tam J. Spatially Aware Dense-LinkNet Based Regression Improves Fluorescent Cell Detection in Adaptive Optics Ophthalmic Images. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2020; 24:3520-3528. [PMID: 32750947 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play an important role in nourishing retinal neurosensory photoreceptor cells, and numerous blinding diseases are associated with RPE defects. Their fluorescence signature can now be visualized in the living human eye using adaptive optics (AO) imaging combined with indocyanine green (ICG), which motivates us to develop an automated RPE detection method to improve the quantitative evaluation of RPE status in patients. This paper proposes a spatially-aware, Dense-LinkNet-based regression approach to improve the detection of in vivo fluorescent cell patterns, achieving precision, recall, and F1-Score of 93.6 ± 4.3%, 81.4 ± 9.5%, and 86.7 ± 5.7%, respectively. These results demonstrate the utility of incorporating spatial inputs into a deep learning-based regression framework for cell detection.
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Liu J, Shen C, Liu T, Aguilera N, Tam J. Deriving Visual Cues from Deep Learning to Achieve Subpixel Cell Segmentation in Adaptive Optics Retinal Images. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11855:86-94. [PMID: 31701095 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32956-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Direct visualization of photoreceptor cells, specialized neurons in the eye that sense light, can be achieved using adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging. Evaluating photoreceptor cell morphology in retinal diseases is important for monitoring the onset and progression of blindness, but segmentation of these cells is a critical first step. Most segmentation approaches focus on cell region extraction, without directly considering cell boundary localization. This makes it difficult to track cells that have ambiguous boundaries, which result from low image contrast, anisotropic cell regions, or densely-packed cells whose boundaries appear to touch each other. These are all characteristics of the AO images that we consider here. To address these challenges, we develop an AOSeg-Net method that uses a multi-channel U-Net to predict the spatial probabilities of the cell boundary and obtain cell centroid and region distribution information as a means for facilitating cell segmentation. Five-color theorem guarantees the separation of any touching cells. Finally, a region-based level set algorithm that combines all of these visual cues is used to achieve subpixel cell segmentation. Five-fold cross-validation on 428 high resolution retinal images from 23 human subjects showed that AOSegNet substantially outperformed the only other existing approach with Dice coefficients [%] of 84.7 and 78.4, respectively, and average symmetric contour distances [μm] of 0.59 and 0.80, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Liu J, Shen C, Liu T, Aguilera N, Tam J. Active Appearance Model Induced Generative Adversarial Network for Controlled Data Augmentation. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 2019; 11764:201-208. [PMID: 31696163 PMCID: PMC6834374 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32239-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Data augmentation is an important strategy for enlarging training datasets in deep learning-based medical image analysis. This is because large, annotated medical datasets are not only difficult and costly to generate, but also quickly become obsolete due to rapid advances in imaging technology. Image-to-image conditional generative adversarial networks (C-GAN) provide a potential solution for data augmentation. However, annotations used as inputs to C-GAN are typically based only on shape information, which can result in undesirable intensity distributions in the resulting artificially-created images. In this paper, we introduce an active cell appearance model (ACAM) that can measure statistical distributions of shape and intensity and use this ACAM model to guide C-GAN to generate more realistic images, which we call A-GAN. A-GAN provides an effective means for conveying anisotropic intensity information to C-GAN. A-GAN incorporates a statistical model (ACAM) to determine how transformations are applied for data augmentation. Traditional approaches for data augmentation that are based on arbitrary transformations might lead to unrealistic shape variations in an augmented dataset that are not representative of real data. A-GAN is designed to ameliorate this. To validate the effectiveness of using A-GAN for data augmentation, we assessed its performance on cell analysis in adaptive optics retinal imaging, which is a rapidly-changing medical imaging modality. Compared to C-GAN, A-GAN achieved stability in fewer iterations. The cell detection and segmentation accuracy when assisted by A-GAN augmentation was higher than that achieved with C-GAN. These findings demonstrate the potential for A-GAN to substantially improve existing data augmentation methods in medical image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Aguilera
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Guedes LM, Aguilera N, Ferreira BG, Becerra J, Hernández V, Isaias RMS. Anatomical and phenological implications of the relationship between Schinus polygama (Cav.) (Cabrera) and the galling insect Calophya rubra (Blanchard). Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20:507-515. [PMID: 29350452 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of galling insects could be determined by synchronisation with host plant phenology and climate conditions, ensuring suitable oviposition sites for gall induction and food resources for their survival. The anatomical, histochemical and phenological synchronisation strategies between Calophya rubra (Blanchard) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) and its host, the evergreen plant Schinus polygama (Cav.) (Cabrera) (Anacardiaceae), in the Mediterranean climate of southern Chile was evaluated and compared to that of the congeneric C. cf. duvauae (Scott) from Brazil and closely related host plant S. engleri in a subtropical climate. Anatomical, histometric, histochemical and vegetative phenology studies of the stem and galls were conducted from June 2015 to December 2016. Based on the anatomical, histometric and histochemical analysis, the conical stem gall traits imply gains over the non-galled stem toward the galling insect survival, but the maintenance of phellem, secretory ducts and pith indicate conservative developmental traits that cannot be manipulated by C. rubra. Our results indicate that the conditions of the Mediterranean climate zone limit C. rubra immature activity during unfavourable periods, probably determining a diapause period and a univoltine life cycle, which are peculiarities of the S. polygama- C. rubra system. The synchronisation between development and seasonality confers peculiarities to the S. polygama- C. rubra system in the Mediterranean climate zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Guedes
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N Aguilera
- Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - B G Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J Becerra
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - V Hernández
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - R M S Isaias
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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King S, Sood S, Tennapel M, Badkul R, Aguilera N, Wang F, Chen A. Evaluation of Gross Tumor Volume Changes Prior to the First Delivered Fraction in Primary and Metastatic Lung Tumors Treated By Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: Does Time from Simulation to Start Matter? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sood S, McClinton C, Badkul R, Aguilera N, Wang F, Chen A. Brachial Plexopathy after Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Apical Lung Cancer: Dosimetric Analysis and Preliminary Clinical Outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Doke K, Chen A, King S, Aguilera N, Lominska C. Differences in the Temporal Patterns of Volumetric Regression and Recovery for Spared and In-Field Submandibular Glands Among Patients Treated By Radiation for Oropharynx Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Richard S, Aguilera N, Thévenet M, Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Flamant F. Neuronal expression of a thyroid hormone receptor α mutation alters mouse behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2016; 321:18-27. [PMID: 28011173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, alterations in thyroid hormone signalling are associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but the neural mechanisms underlying such association are poorly understood. The present study investigates the involvement of neuronal thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in anxiety, using mouse genetics and Cre/loxP technology to specifically alter TRα signalling in neurons. We evaluated the behaviour of mice expressing a dominant negative, neuron-specific mutation of TRα (TRαAMI/Cre3 mice), using the elevated-plus maze, light-dark box and open-field tests. In a first experiment, mice were housed individually, and the behaviour of TRαAMI/Cre3 mice differed significantly from that of control littermates in these 3 tests, suggesting heightened anxiety. In a second experiment, designed to evaluate the robustness of the results with the same 3 tests, mice were housed in groups. In these conditions, the behaviour of TRαAMI/Cre3 mice differed from that of control littermates only in the light-dark box. Thus, TRαAMI/Cre3 mice appear to be more likely to develop anxiety under stressful housing conditions than control mice. These results suggest that in adult mice, thyroid hormone signalling in neurons, via TRα, is involved in the control of anxiety behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard
- IGFL, INRA, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 69 007 France.
| | - N Aguilera
- PBES, SFR Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMS3444, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, France
| | | | - O Dkhissi-Benyahya
- INSERM U846, Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, University of Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France.
| | - F Flamant
- IGFL, INRA, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 69 007 France.
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17
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Badkul R, Doke K, Pokhrel D, Aguilera N, Lominska C. SU-F-T-254: Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) Analysis of Breath Hold Vs Free Breathing Techniques for Esophageal Tumors. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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Gagnon AL, Daniel S, Greer K, Patterson JW, Tchernev G, Chokoeva AA, Wollina U, Lotti T, Fioranelli M, Roccia MG, Guarneri C, Aguilera N. Langerhans cell sarcoma: an unusual microscopic presentation. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2016; 30:39-43. [PMID: 27373133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A 70-year-old Caucasian male presented to our clinic for a pruritic eruption progressing over several months. He complained of fatigue with a 20-pound weight loss over the past year. On presentation, the patient had browny-yellow to violaceous, purpuric, macular and papular lesions on the legs, arms, lower abdomen and back. Initial biopsy showed an angiocentric infiltrate with a suggestion of intraluminal proliferation; CD31 and Fli-1 positivity suggested either reactive angioendotheliomatosis or an unusual intravascular histiocytosis. Further excisional biopsies demonstrated perivascular collections of cells with ample cytoplasm, prominent nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic activity. The nuclei demonstrated nuclear folding, grooves and indentations. The atypical cells were S100, CD1a and CD56 positive with immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) was made. LCS is a rare, aggressive malignancy that can involve multiple organs including the skin, lymph nodes, lung, bone marrow, spleen, heart, and brain. The skin and lymph nodes are commonly involved, and the cutaneous presentation varies greatly. Immunohistochemistry characteristically shows CD1a and S100 positivity. CD56 expression is uncommon and often portends a poor prognosis. There is no established treatment of LCS due to its rarity. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been used with varied outcomes. Our patient was treated with prednisone with improvement of cutaneous disease. He did not develop systemic involvement, but died 1.5 years later from complications associated with heart failure. Langerhans cell sarcoma should be considered when faced with an unusual angiocentric infiltrate in which initial immunohistochemical staining results may be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Gagnon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - S Daniel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - K Greer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - J W Patterson
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - G Tchernev
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR-Sofia), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A A Chokoeva
- Onkoderma- Policlinic for Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Medical Faculty, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - U Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome G. Marconi Rome, Italy
| | - M Fioranelli
- History Department, G. Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Roccia
- University B.I.S. Group of Institutions, Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India
| | - C Guarneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Dermatology University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - N Aguilera
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Cathro HP, Bullock GC, Bonatti H, Meriden Z, Cook S, Aguilera N. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders are not associated with IgG4 sclerosing disease. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:897-903. [PMID: 25298125 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the majority of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) cases are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 20-42% of cases are EBV negative (EBV-N). The antigenic stimulus that drives EBV-N PTLD is unknown, but is likely heterogeneous. A common feature of PTLD, regardless of EBV status, is an abnormal polytypic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Immunglobulin-G4 (IgG4) syndrome is also characterized by a polytypic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with a predominance of IgG4-positive (IgG4-P) plasma cells. METHODS We investigated the possibility of an association between EBV-N PTLD and IgG4 syndrome. Of 33 evaluated PTLD cases, 9 (27%) were EBV-N. EBV-N PTLD cases showed longer transplantation-to-diagnosis times than EBV-positive cases. RESULTS A single patient had a preceding benign duodenal biopsy with focally prominent IgG4-P plasma cells; however, no clinical data supported IgG4 syndrome, precluding an association between IgG4 syndrome and subsequent EBV-N PTLD in this patient. CONCLUSION As none of 29 evaluable cases of PTLD (including all 9 EBV-N cases) were associated with an increase in IgG4-P plasma cells, IgG4 syndrome does not appear to play a role in the etiology of EBV-N PTLD. The significance of these findings and the current understanding of the etiology of EBV-N PTLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Cathro
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants with typical club root symptoms were detected on two farms in the La Araucanía region (37°35' to 39°37' S), southern Chile. In 2010, affected plants were found in large areas throughout three fields on a single farm and disease incidence ranged from 30 to 100%. In 2013, plants with club root were found in one field on a different farm. Disease incidence in the affected areas was 30%. In both cases, affected plants showed root swellings or distortions, but no aerial symptoms were evident. Cross-sections from symptomatic roots were observed under light and fluorescent microscope and compared to healthy roots. The presence of plasmodia with resting spores in the root tissue pointed to Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin as the causal agent. Pathogenicity was evaluated in the greenhouse. Inoculum was prepared by grinding 10 g of fresh galled roots in sterile water. The macerated tissue was filtered through sterile cheesecloth and the spore suspensions were adjusted to 1 × 107 spores/ml. Seeds of oilseed rape cv. Imminent were germinated and 5-day-old seedlings were transplanted in 250-ml pots (4 seedlings per pot). The soil surrounding the base of each seedling was inoculated with 1 ml of spore suspension. One pot received no inoculum and was used as a control. Pots were watered regularly. After 45 days, the inoculated plants showed root swelling similar to that observed in the field, whereas no symptoms were observed on the roots of the control plants. Specific PCR detection for P. brassicae was performed with pairs of primers TC1F/TC1R and TC2F/TC2R, according to the protocol described by Cao et al. (1). Total DNA was obtained from old galled roots collected in the field and galled roots from plants of the pathogenicity test, using the E.Z.N.A HP Plant DNA mini kit (Omega Biotek). Amplicon sizes of 548 and 519 bp, respectively, were obtained for each primer set, which is consistent with that reported by Cao et al. (1). Seed contamination with P. brassicae in the same seed lot used to sow the commercial field of 2013 was evaluated using the PCR method described above. Washing protocols to collect resting spores from seed was based on Rennie et al. (2). Total DNA was extracted from the resting spores pellet that had been ground in liquid nitrogen, using E.Z.N.A HP Plant DNA mini kit. PCR was performed on undiluted and diluted (1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, and 1/10000) DNA. Total DNA from a plant with gall roots where plasmodia were observed and a plant with healthy roots were used as positive and negative control, respectively. A 548-bp amplicon was amplified in the 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions with the TC1F/TC1R primers only indicating that the pathogen may have been present in the seed lot. In Chile, club root symptoms on B. napus were described in 2008 (3), though no indication of location or incidence was given. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of club root disease in an oilseed rape field. This finding could prelude new cases and possibly an outbreak of club root disease on oilseed rape, jeopardizing this important crop of southern Chile. Oilseed rape production in Chile relies on imported seed of hybrids and parental materials. Although seed contamination with P. brassicae is thought to play a minor role in the epidemiology of the disease, we cannot ignore the possibility that the occurrence of this disease in 2013 may have been associated with the use of contaminated seed. References: (1) T. Cao et al. Plant Dis. 91:80, 2007. (2) D. C. Rennie et al. Plant Pathol. 60:811, 2011. (3) Rina Acuña P. Compendio de Fitopatógenos de Cultivos Agrícolas en Chile. Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile, 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Mera
- INIA-Carillanca, Temuco, Chile
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21
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Valeri AP, Pérez-Blas M, Gutiérrez A, López-Santalla M, Aguilera N, Rodríguez-Juan C, Sala-Silveira L, Martín J, Lasa I, Mugüerza JM, López A, García-Sancho L, Granell J, Martín-Villa JM. Intrinsic defects explain altered proliferative responses of T lymphocytes and HVS-derived T-cell lines in gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:708-14. [PMID: 12830324 PMCID: PMC11032921 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Accepted: 04/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have taken advantage of a recently described technique of transformation and immortalization of T lymphocytes using the lymphotropic Herpesvirus saimiri, to achieve long-lasting T-cell lines from gastric cancer patients and healthy volunteers. Blood samples were drawn and T lymphocytes were transformed. Once sustained growth was observed, lines were subjected to phenotypic and functional analyses, and the results compared with freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytofluorometric analysis revealed that CD3 and CD45 were found at lower proportion in primary cells from patients than from control individuals (54% vs 75%, p<0.001, 90% vs 96%, p<0.05, respectively), and in HVS-derived T-cell lines (90% vs 98%, p<0.05, 97% vs 100%, p<0.05, respectively). Proliferative analyses showed that primary isolated cells were unable to respond adequately to CD3-, CD2-, and PHA-mediated stimulation, as compared to controls. Similarly, T-cell lines from patients proliferated to a lesser extent when CD3- and CD2-mediated stimuli were considered, especially when simultaneous stimulation via CD3 and CD2 molecules was carried out (47,824 counts per minute [cpm] vs 121,478 cpm, p<0.05). Altogether these results show that the defects reported in T cells from patients with cancer are not exclusively due to tumour-derived factors, since the alterations persist in long-lasting, HVS-transformed, T-cell lines, suggesting that this model seems a suitable one to disclose them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Valeri
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Pérez-Blas
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - M. López-Santalla
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Aguilera
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Rodríguez-Juan
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Sala-Silveira
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Martín
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - I. Lasa
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - J. M. Mugüerza
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - A. López
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - L. García-Sancho
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - J. Granell
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - J. M. Martín-Villa
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pabellón 5, 4ª planta, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Rodriguez-Juan C, Pérez-Blas M, Valeri AP, Aguilera N, Arnaiz-Villena A, Pacheco-Castro A, Martin-Villa JM. Cell surface phenotype and cytokine secretion in Caco-2 cell cultures: increased RANTES production and IL-2 transcription upon stimulation with IL-1beta. Tissue Cell 2001; 33:570-9. [PMID: 11827101 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2001.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 is a colonic tumour cell line which, when cultured, spontaneously exhibits enterocyte-like characteristics. Given the difficulties in maintaining long-lasting cultures of enterocytes, this cell line may be a suitable in vitro model to carry out experiments trying to delineate the involvement of enterocytes in local immune responses, and their role in pathology. It seems then reasonable to obtain a detailed immune analysis of Caco-2, and compare it with available data on enterocytes. Cytofluorometry revealed several leukocyte markers on Caco-2, present also on human enterocytes. These markers include surface proteases (CD10, CD13 and CD26), antigen-presenting cell markers (CD13, CD14, CD35 and CD63), integrins (CD18 and CD61), epithelial/endothelial markers (CD21, CD31, CD47 and CD59) and finally, CD25 and CD28. In contrast to enterocytes, HLA-class 11 molecules are not found on Caco-2, whether resting or gamma-IFN-stimulated. Moreover, culture experiments with allogeneic lymphocytes revealed that Caco-2 cells were unable to induce their proliferation. Cytokine analysis showed an increased RANTES synthesis and IL-2 transcription upon stimulation with IL-1beta. Finally, amongst RANTES receptors, CCR1 is found on Caco-2 cells, whereas CCR3 and CCR5 are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodriguez-Juan
- Inmunologia, Fac Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Molinari A, Oliva A, Aguilera N, Miguel del Corral JM, Castro MA, Gordaliza M, García-Grávalos MD, San Feliciano A. New antineoplastic prenylhydroquinones. Synthesis and evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1027-32. [PMID: 10882014 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several prenylhydroquinones have been prepared through Diels-Alder condensation, further functionalized or degraded chemically and then evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against some neoplastic cultured cell lines. A number of them have shown IC50 values under the microM level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molinari
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
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Abstract
Prototypical respiratory-facial-postural actions ('emotional effector patterns') related to six basic emotions had been extracted from an ensemble of physiological reactions present in subjects reliving intense emotional situations (Bloch & Santibañez, 1972). Subjects reproducing these actions could evoke the corresponding subjective experience, which suggested their use as an experimental model for generating controlled emotional states. The aim of the present study was to quantify the respiratory parameters which characterize the emotions of joy-laughter, sadness-crying, fear-anxiety, anger, erotic love and tenderness. Respiratory movements and facial/postural expressions were recorded from 36 young actors who had learned in previous workshops to express these emotions by reproducing the corresponding prototypical actions. A qualitative analysis of the recordings showed that as the emotional reproduction went along, both breathing and expression evolved from an initial 'robot-like' phase to a more natural stage in which spontaneous vocalizations and gestures appeared. This suggested a partial activation of the emotional network. The quantitative analysis of the respiratory movements for the fundamental cycles showed that for anger, erotic love and tenderness significant changes in amplitude, rate and duration of the 'expiratory pause' were the major elements of differentiation, while for sadness, joy and fear inspiratory over expiratory time ratios were the elements of differentiation. These last three emotions were further characterized by small amplitude/high rate saccadic respiratory movements superposed to different phases of the fundamental cycles. It is concluded that quantitatively well differentiated sets of respiratory changes characterize each of six basic emotions. The bottom-up experimental model for generating such emotions based on the joint activation of the respiratory-facial-postural systems and its relation to corresponding 'real-life' emotions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bloch
- Département de Neurochimie-Anatomie, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France
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de la Parra G, Aguilera N, Lolas F. [Electropositive slow potentials and Eysenck's extraversion dimension: the psychophysiology of cortical excitation-inhibition]. Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat 1983; 29:128-37. [PMID: 6666633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Lolas F, Aguilera N. Extraversion and inhibition: a slow-potential study. Biol Psychiatry 1982; 17:963-9. [PMID: 7138994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This report presents data showing that extroverts (Eysenck Personality Inventory) develop larger positive vertex slow potentials than introverts under extinction conditions ("no go" instruction in a fixed foreperiod reaction time task). The effect was clearer in subjects with low neuroticism (N) scores than in those with a middle N level. Since independent evidence indicates that cortical positivity is associated with inhibitory phenomena, results are interpreted as lending support to the notion that extroverts may develop more inhibitory potential than introverts under certain conditions.
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Abstract
An electrophysiological study has been made of the extensor digitorum brevis, thenar and hypothenar muscles in 25 patients with chronic and acute polymyositis. It was found a reduction of the number of functioning motor units in some patients with chronic polymyositis and only in one of those affected by acute polymyositis and only in one of those affected by acute polymyositis. The sizes of the surviving units suggested that the results could be explained in terms of a primary muscle involvement mainly in acute polymyositis, while in chronic polymyositis a combination of primary and neurogenic involvement of muscle fibers might take place.
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Abstract
Forty-six patients have been studied after upper motor neurone lesions of cerebrovascular origin. The numbers of functioning motor units in extensor digitorum brevis muscles were reduced to approximately half between the second and sixth months after a hemiplegic episode. The surviving motor units tended to have slow twitches and appeared to increase their sizes after the lesions had been present for about 20 months. The findings are explained on the basis of transsynaptic changes in alpha-motoneurones after degeneration of corticospinal fibres.
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31
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Sica RE, Aguilera N, Herskovits E. Impaired potentiation of H-reflexes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Medicina (B Aires) 1972; 32:588-95. [PMID: 4663253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Aguilera N, Belmont RD. [Electrophysiological study of the facial nerve in otologic lesions]. Prensa Med Argent 1972; 59:568-71. [PMID: 5050452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sica RE, Aguilera N. Electrophysiological studies in hipokalemic periodic paralysis. Medicina (B Aires) 1972; 32:93-9. [PMID: 5038950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Sica RE, Aguilera N. Golgi tendon organs' activity in Parkinson's resting tremor. Medicina (B Aires) 1971; 31:422-4. [PMID: 5162337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Sica RE, Aguilera N, Poch G. [Electrophysiological study of inflammatory muscular disorders]. Medicina (B Aires) 1971; 31:272-80. [PMID: 5166943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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