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Adrian J, Sawyer C, Bakeman R, Haist F, Akshoomoff N. Longitudinal Structural and Diffusion-Weighted Neuroimaging of Young Children Born Preterm. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 141:34-41. [PMID: 36773405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born preterm are at risk for diffuse injury to subcortical gray and white matter. METHODS We used a longitudinal cohort study to examine the development of subcortical gray matter and white matter volumes, and diffusivity measures of white matter tracts following preterm birth. Our participants were 47 children born preterm (24 to 32 weeks gestational age) and 28 children born at term. None of the children born preterm had significant neonatal brain injury. Children received structural and diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans at ages five, six, and seven years. We examined volumes of amygdala, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellar white matter, intracranial space, and ventricles, and volumes, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity of anterior thalamic radiation, cingulum, corticospinal tract, corpus callosum, inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, temporal and parietal superior longitudinal fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. RESULTS Children born preterm had smaller volumes of thalamus, brainstem, cerebellar white matter, cingulum, corticospinal tract, inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and temporal superior longitudinal fasciculus, whereas their ventricles were larger compared with term-born controls. We found no significant effect of preterm birth on diffusivity measures. Despite developmental changes and growth, group differences were present and similarly strong at all three ages. CONCLUSION Even in the absence of significant neonatal brain injury, preterm birth has a persistent impact on early brain development. The lack of a significant term status by age interaction suggests a delayed developmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Adrian
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Carolyn Sawyer
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Roger Bakeman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Frank Haist
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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2
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Boutelle KN, Rhee KE, Manzano MA, Bernard RS, Strong DR, Eichen DM, Anderson CCA, Marcus BH, Akshoomoff N, Crow SJ. Design of the FRESH-DOSE study: A randomized controlled noninferiority trial evaluating a guided self-help family-based treatment program for children with overweight or obesity. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 124:106996. [PMID: 36343880 PMCID: PMC9968239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity affect 45% of children and increases the risk for several negative health sequelae. Family-Based Behavioral Treatment (FBT) is the most efficacious treatment for child weight management and consists of nutrition and physical activity education, behavior change skills and parenting skills training. FBT is time and staff intensive and can include 20, 60-min separate groups for parents and children, as well as 20-min behavior coaching sessions to help problem solve barriers to implementing the skills learned and individualize the program. Guided self-help (GSH) therapies involve providing families a manual to review independently and brief coaching sessions by an interventionist to facilitate adherence. We developed a GSH version of FBT (gshFBT) which provides a manual to both parents and children and includes 14, 20-min coaching sessions over 6-months. The current study randomized 150 children (mean age = 10.1 years (SD = 1.38); mean BMI% = 97.3% (SD = 2.84); mean BMIz = 2.09 (SD = 0.40); 49% female; 43% Hispanic) and one of their parents (mean age = 41.8 years (SD = 6.52); mean BMI = 32.0 (SD = 7.24); 87.3% female; 43% Hispanic) to either a group-based FBT program or a gshFBT program. Assessments are conducted at baseline, post-treatment (6 months), 6-month follow-up (12 months) and 12-month follow-up (18 months). Primary outcomes are child weight change (BMIz) and cost effectiveness. Recruitment occurred between May 2017 and October 2021 and follow-up assessments are underway. Given the public health concern for children with obesity and the low level of access to FBT, gshFBT could prove extremely useful to provide intervention to a greater proportion of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Kyung E Rhee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael A Manzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court Suite 102, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Rebecca S Bernard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David R Strong
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dawn M Eichen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cheryl C A Anderson
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bess H Marcus
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, box G-S121-3, Providence, RI 02912-G, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, F282/2A West 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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3
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Montag AC, Jones KL, Del Campo M, Akshoomoff N, Coles CD, Kable JA, Hernandez JG, Chambers CD. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and access to regional center services in San Diego County. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1857-1864. [PMID: 36059261 PMCID: PMC9588685 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are developmental disabilities that are estimated to occur in 2-5% of elementary school children and that negatively impact a child's ability to function without support. Timely diagnosis-informed interventions are crucial to optimizing the developmental trajectory of children with FASD. The true prevalence of FASD among children receiving services for developmental disabilities is unknown. METHODS An FASD prevalence study was carried out between 2011 and 2014 among a sample of 5- to 7-year-old children who were receiving services provided by the California State Regional Center for Developmental Disabilities in San Diego County. Children whose parent or caregiver consented were evaluated using the Collaboration on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence study assessment protocol and classification criteria. RESULTS Among 216 eligible caregiver-child dyads, 44 completed assessments that were sufficient to obtain a classification for FASD, including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, or no fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Fifteen children were classified as meeting the criteria for an FASD. A minimum FASD prevalence rate of 69.4 per 1000 (6.9%) among all eligible children was estimated. None of the children classified as FASD were receiving services because of an FASD diagnosis, and none had previously been diagnosed with FASD. Autism was the most common qualifying diagnosis for which children classified as FASD were receiving services. CONCLUSIONS The 6.9% prevalence estimate among Regional Center clients was higher than the prevalence estimate of 2.3% in the same community among 5- to 7-year-old children in the general population, though the estimate was based on only 20% of eligible dyads. All children in the sample were receiving Regional Center services for another diagnosis. Barriers to eligibility for services for children with FASD may lead to less than optimum care for these children. Study findings support the facilitation of access to developmental services for children with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C Montag
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire D Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie A Kable
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Christina D Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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4
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Hagler DJ, Thompson WK, Chen CH, Reuter C, Akshoomoff N, Brown TT. Do aggregate, multimodal structural neuroimaging measures replicate regional developmental differences observed in highly cited cellular histological studies? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 54:101086. [PMID: 35220023 PMCID: PMC8889098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influential investigations of postmortem human brain tissue showed regional differences in tissue properties at early phases of development, such as between prefrontal and primary sensory cortical regions. Large-scale neuroimaging studies enable characterization of age-related trajectories with much denser sampling of cortical regions, assessment ages, and demographic variables than postmortem tissue analyses, but no single imaging measure perfectly captures what is measured with histology. Using publicly available data from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) study, including 951 participants with ages ranging from 3 to 21 years, we characterized cortical regional variability in developmental trajectories of multimodal brain imaging measures. Multivariate analyses integrated morphometric and microstructural cortical surface measures. To replicate foundational histological work showing delayed synapse elimination in middle frontal gyrus relative to primary sensory areas, we tested whether developmental trajectories differ between prefrontal and visual or auditory cortex. We extended this to a whole-cortex analysis of interregional differences, producing cortical parcellations with maximally different developmental trajectories. Consistent with the general conclusions of postmortem analyses, our imaging results suggest that prefrontal regions show a protracted period of greater developmental change; however, they also illustrate the challenges of drawing conclusions about the relative maturational phases of different brain regions. Multimodal, multivariate, nonlinear modeling, integrating morphometric and microstructural measures. Tested regional developmental differences previously found in highly influential cellular histological studies. Produced cortical parcellations with maximally different, multimodal, developmental trajectories. Findings converge with evidence from histological studies showing delayed prefrontal cortical development. Interregional differences vary by measure and illustrate complexities of defining which regions mature first.
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5
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Farmer CA, Kaat AJ, Thurm A, Anselm I, Akshoomoff N, Bennett A, Berry L, Bruchey A, Barshop BA, Berry-Kravis E, Bianconi S, Cecil KM, Davis RJ, Ficicioglu C, Porter FD, Wainer A, Goin-Kochel RP, Leonczyk C, Guthrie W, Koeberl D, Love-Nichols J, Mamak E, Mercimek-Andrews S, Thomas RP, Spiridigliozzi GA, Sullivan N, Sutton VR, Udhnani MD, Waisbren SE, Miller JS. Person Ability Scores as an Alternative to Norm-Referenced Scores as Outcome Measures in Studies of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 2020; 125:475-480. [PMID: 33211814 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-125.6.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although norm-referenced scores are essential to the identification of disability, they possess several features which affect their sensitivity to change. Norm-referenced scores often decrease over time among people with neurodevelopmental disorders who exhibit slower-than-average increases in ability. Further, the reliability of norm-referenced scores is lower at the tails of the distribution, resulting in floor effects and increased measurement error for people with neurodevelopmental disorders. In contrast, the person ability scores generated during the process of constructing a standardized test with item response theory are designed to assess change. We illustrate these limitations of norm-referenced scores, and relative advantages of ability scores, using data from studies of autism spectrum disorder and creatine transporter deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey Thurm
- Audrey Thurm, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Irina Anselm
- Irina Anselm, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simona Bianconi
- Simona Bianconi, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | | | | | - Can Ficicioglu
- Can Ficicioglu, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Forbes D. Porter, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva Mamak
- Eva Mamak, The Hospital for Sick Children
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Sullivan
- Nancy Sullivan, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | - Susan E Waisbren
- Susan E. Waisbren, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard University
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6
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Adrian JA, Bakeman R, Akshoomoff N, Haist F. Cognitive functions mediate the effect of preterm birth on mathematics skills in young children. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 26:834-856. [PMID: 32396760 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1761313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Children born preterm are at risk for cognitive deficits and lower academic achievement. Notably, mathematics achievement is generally most affected. Here, we investigated the cognitive functions mediating early mathematics skills and how these are impacted by preterm birth. Healthy children born preterm (gestational age at birth < 33 weeks; n = 51) and children born full term (n = 27) were tested at ages 5, 6, and 7 years with a comprehensive battery of tests. We categorized items of the TEMA-3: Test for Early Mathematics Abilities Third Edition into number skills and arithmetic skills. Using multiple mediation models, we assessed how the effect of preterm birth on mathematics skills is mediated by spatial working memory, inhibitory control, visual-motor integration, and phonological processing. Both number and arithmetic skills showed group differences, but with different developmental trajectories. The initial performance gap observed in the preterm children decreased over time for number skills but increased for arithmetic skills. Phonological processing, visual-motor integration, and inhibitory control were poorer in children born preterm. These cognitive functions, particularly phonological processing, had a mediating effect on both types of mathematics skills. These findings help define and chart the trajectory of the specific cognitive skills directly influencing math deficit phenotypes in children born very preterm. This knowledge provides guidance for targeted evaluation and treatment implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anna Adrian
- Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Human Development, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roger Bakeman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Frank Haist
- Center for Human Development, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Hasler HM, Brown TT, Akshoomoff N. Variations in brain morphometry among healthy preschoolers born preterm. Early Hum Dev 2019; 140:104929. [PMID: 31751933 PMCID: PMC7231635 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of neonatal brain injury, which can lead to alterations in brain maturation. Despite being born without the most significant medical consequences of preterm birth, infants born early remain at increased risk for subtle brain injury that affects future neurodevelopment and functioning. AIMS To investigate the gray matter morphometry measures of cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and sulcal depth using MRI at 5 years of age in healthy children born preterm. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. SUBJECTS Participants were 52 children born preterm (<33 weeks gestational age) and 37 children born full term. OUTCOME MEASURES Cortical segmentation and calculation of morphometry measures were completed using FreeSurfer version 5.3.0 and compared between groups using surface-based, voxel-wise analyses. RESULTS The preterm group had a significantly thinner cortex in temporal and parietal regions while cortical thickness was significantly larger within occipital and inferior frontal regions. Surface area was significantly reduced within the fusiform gyrus. Sulcal depth was significantly lower within the posterior parietal and inferior temporal regions but greater in the middle temporal and medial parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS Regional differences were found between preschoolers born preterm and full term in cortical thickness, surface area, and sulcal depth. Cortical thickness differences primarily overlapped with regions found in previous studies of older children and adults. Differences in sulcal depth may represent additional areas of maturational differences in preterm children. These findings likely represent a combination of delayed maturation and permanent alterations caused by the perinatal processes associated with preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Hasler
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, United States of America,San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States of America
| | - Timothy T. Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, United States of America,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America.
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8
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Chambers CD, Coles C, Kable J, Akshoomoff N, Xu R, Zellner JA, Honerkamp-Smith G, Manning MA, Adam MP, Jones KL. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Pacific Southwest City: Maternal and Child Characteristics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2578-2590. [PMID: 31688971 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the characteristics of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and their mothers from the general population in the United States. METHODS During the 2012 and 2013 academic years, first-grade children in a large urban Pacific Southwest city were invited to participate in a study to estimate the prevalence of FASD. Children who screened positive on weight, height, or head circumference ≤25th centile or on parental report of developmental concerns were selected for evaluation, along with a random sample of those who screened negative. These children were examined for dysmorphology and neurobehavior and their mothers or collateral sources were interviewed. Children were classified as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), or No FASD. RESULTS A total of 854 children were evaluated; 5 FAS, 44 pFAS, 44 ARND, and 761 No FASD. Children with FAS or pFAS were more likely to have dysmorphic features, and 32/49 (65.3%) of those met criteria for neurobehavioral impairment on cognitive measures with or without behavioral deficits. In contrast, 28/44 (63.6%) of children with ARND met criteria on behavioral measures alone. Mothers of FASD children were more likely to recognize pregnancy later, be unmarried, and report other substance use or psychiatric disorders, but did not differ on age, socioeconomic status, education, or parity. Mothers of FASD children reported more drinks/drinking day each trimester. The risk of FASD was elevated with increasing number of drinks/drinking day prior to pregnancy recognition, even at the level of 1 drink per day (adjusted odds ratio 3.802, 95% confidence interval 1.634, 8.374). CONCLUSIONS Data from this general population sample in a large urban region in the United States demonstrate the variability of expression of FASD and point to risk and protective factors for mothers in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Claire Coles
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie Kable
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ronghui Xu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jennifer A Zellner
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gordon Honerkamp-Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Melanie A Manning
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Montag AC, Romero R, Jensen T, Goodblanket A, Admire A, Whitten C, Calac D, Akshoomoff N, Sanchez M, Zacarias M, Zellner JA, del Campo M, Jones KL, Chambers CD. The Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in An American Indian Community. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16122179. [PMID: 31226736 PMCID: PMC6617116 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) differs among populations and is largely unknown among minority populations. Prevalence and characterization of FASD is necessary for prevention efforts and allocation of resources for treatment and support. However, prevalence data are lacking, including among many minority populations. The aim of this study was to obtain an FASD prevalence estimate in a Southern California American Indian community employing active case-ascertainment. In 2016, American Indian children aged 5–7 years and their caregivers were recruited in collaboration with Southern California Tribal Health Clinic. Children were assessed using physical examinations and neurobehavioral testing. Parent or guardian interviews assessed child behavior and prenatal exposures including alcohol. Of 488 children identified as eligible to participate, 119 families consented and 94 completed assessments to allow a classification for FASD. Participating children (n = 94) were an average of 6.61 ± 0.91 years old and half were female. Most interviews were conducted with biological mothers (85.1%). Less than one third (29.8%) of mothers reported consuming any alcohol in pregnancy and 19.1% met study criteria for risky alcohol exposure prior to pregnancy recognition. Overall 20 children met criteria for FASD, resulting in an estimated minimum prevalence of 41.0 per 1000 (4.1%). No cases of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were identified; 14 (70.0%) met criteria for alcohol related neuro- developmental disorder (ARND). Minimum prevalence estimates found in this sample are consistent with those noted in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Montag
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-246-1755
| | | | - Toni Jensen
- Southern California Tribal Health Clinic; (C.W.)
| | | | - Ami Admire
- Southern California Tribal Health Clinic; (C.W.)
| | | | - Daniel Calac
- Southern California Tribal Health Clinic; (C.W.)
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA;
| | - Maria Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
| | - MarLa Zacarias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Jennifer A. Zellner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Miguel del Campo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Christina D. Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (J.A.Z.); (M.d.C.); (K.L.J.); (C.D.C.)
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828, USA
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10
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Tootleman E, Malamut B, Akshoomoff N, Mattson SN, Hoffman HM, Jones MC, Printz B, Shiryaev SA, Grossfeld P. Partial Jacobsen syndrome phenotype in a patient with a de novo frameshift mutation in the ETS1 transcription factor. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a004010. [PMID: 31160359 PMCID: PMC6549550 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Jacobsen syndrome (OMIM #147791) is a rare contiguous gene disorder caused by deletions in distal 11q. The clinical phenotype is variable and can include dysmorphic features, varying degrees of intellectual disability, behavioral problems including autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, congenital heart defects, structural kidney defects, genitourinary problems, immunodeficiency, and a bleeding disorder due to impaired platelet production and function. Previous studies combining both human and animal systems have implicated several disease-causing genes in distal 11q that contribute to the Jacobsen syndrome phenotype. One gene, ETS1, has been implicated in causing congenital heart defects, structural kidney defects, and immunodeficiency. We performed a comprehensive phenotypic analysis on a patient with congenital heart disease previously found to have a de novo frameshift mutation in ETS1, resulting in the loss of the DNA-binding domain of the protein. Our results suggest that loss of Ets1 causes a “partial Jacobsen syndrome phenotype” including congenital heart disease, facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tootleman
- Columbia Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland 21703, USA
| | | | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Marilyn C Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Beth Printz
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sergey A Shiryaev
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discover Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Paul Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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11
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Iyer S, Do D, Akshoomoff N, Malcarne VL, Hattrup K, Berger SP, Gahagan S, Needlman R. Development of a Brief Screening Tool for Early Literacy Skills in Preschool Children. Acad Pediatr 2019; 19:464-470. [PMID: 30453093 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool children develop early literacy skills (ELS) needed for reading acquisition. Screening for delayed ELS could trigger interventions to prevent reading problems. OBJECTIVE To develop a brief screening test for ELS delays, the Early Literacy Skills Assessment Tool (ELSAT). METHODS This study included 4-year-old, typically developing, English language-predominant children attending preschool. The ELSAT comprised 63 items relating to 3 main ELS domains and was piloted with 21 children. After we excluded items that were nondiscriminatory, 57 items remained and were administered to 96 children. Items were compared with reference measures of ELS (Get Ready to Read-Revised), and language (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 and Phonological Awareness from the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-2). Within-domain reliability was calculated for each of the 3 ELS domains and item correlations between all ELSAT items and the reference measures were calculated. RESULTS A final set of 10 items was retained that represented all 3 ELS domains and that maximized correlations with reference measures. Cronbach alpha for the refined 10-item ELSAT was 0.868; correlations between individual items and a composite of the reference measures ranged from 0.409 to 0.617 (all Ps < .01). In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, a cut-off score of ≤5 predicted a below-average score for any of the reference measures with sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 71.4%, and area under the curve of 0.872. CONCLUSIONS The 10-item ELSAT shows strong psychometric properties and with further validation may prove valuable in screening preschool children for ELS delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Iyer
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (S Iyer), Los Angeles; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (SPBerger), Chicago, Ill.
| | - Diana Do
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University (D Do)
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (N Akshoomoff)
| | - Vanessa L Malcarne
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University (VL Malcarne and K Hattrup)
| | - Kate Hattrup
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University (VL Malcarne and K Hattrup)
| | - Susan P Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, SanDiego (S Iyer and S Gahagan), San Diego, Calif
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (SPBerger), Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert Needlman
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, CaseWestern Reserve University (R Needlman), Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) is a brief computerized method for evaluating neuropsychological functions in children, adolescents, and adults. We examined how performance on the 2 executive function measures of cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control was related to performance on the other NTCB measures across development. METHOD Participants were 1,020 typically developing individuals between the ages of 3 and 21 from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study who were divided into 5 age groups (3-6, 7-9, 10-13, 14-17, and 18-21). Scores were adjusted for sex, level of parental education, and family income. RESULTS Although the correlations between the 2 executive function measures were moderate and consistent across age groups, their correlations with the other 5 cognitive measures were highest in the youngest age group and decreased across the older age groups. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that all NTCB measures loaded onto a single factor for the 3- to 6-year-olds. Across the older age groups, the executive function and processing speed measures loaded onto one factor, and the vocabulary knowledge, oral reading, and working memory measures loaded onto a second factor. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that younger children's performance on the NTCB is more intercorrelated and less differentiated, while performance on the NTCB executive function measures becomes more differentiated from performance on the other measures with development. These results support the hypothesis that executive functions become increasingly differentiated from other cognitive functions with development as the functional specialization of neural systems progresses throughout childhood and young adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Timothy T. Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Roger Bakeman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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13
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Fan CC, Schork AJ, Brown TT, Spencer BE, Akshoomoff N, Chen CH, Kuperman JM, Hagler DJ, Steen VM, Le Hellard S, Håberg AK, Espeseth T, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, Halgren E. Williams Syndrome neuroanatomical score associates with GTF2IRD1 in large-scale magnetic resonance imaging cohorts: a proof of concept for multivariate endophenotypes. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:114. [PMID: 29884845 PMCID: PMC5993783 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for studying the effects of genes on brain structure in humans, current approaches have focused almost entirely on predefined regions of interest and had limited success. Here, we used multivariate methods to define a single neuroanatomical score of how William's Syndrome (WS) brains deviate structurally from controls. The score is trained and validated on measures of T1 structural brain imaging in two WS cohorts (training, n = 38; validating, n = 60). We then associated this score with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the WS hemi-deleted region in five cohorts of neurologically and psychiatrically typical individuals (healthy European descendants, n = 1863). Among 110 SNPs within the 7q11.23 WS chromosomal region, we found one associated locus (p = 5e-5) located at GTF2IRD1, which has been implicated in animal models of WS. Furthermore, the genetic signals of neuroanatomical scores are highly enriched locally in the 7q11.23 compared with summary statistics based on regions of interest, such as hippocampal volumes (n = 12,596), and also globally (SNP-heritability = 0.82, se = 0.25, p = 5e-4). The role of genetic variability in GTF2IRD1 during neurodevelopment extends to healthy subjects. Our approach of learning MRI-derived phenotypes from clinical populations with well-established brain abnormalities characterized by known genetic lesions may be a powerful alternative to traditional region of interest-based studies for identifying genetic variants regulating typical brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Timothy T Brown
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Barbara E Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joshua M Kuperman
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Center for Human Brain Activity Mapping, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 3510 Dunhill Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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14
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Schork AJ, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Thompson WK, Chen CH, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, Akshoomoff N. Polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders correlates with executive function in typical development. Genes Brain Behav 2018; 18:e12480. [PMID: 29660215 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions are a diverse and critical suite of cognitive abilities that are often disrupted in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Despite their moderate to high heritability, little is known about the molecular genetic factors that contribute to variability in executive functions and how these factors may be related to those that predispose to psychiatric disorders. We examined the relationship between polygenic risk scores built from large genome-wide association studies of psychiatric disorders and executive functioning in typically developing children. In our discovery sample (N = 417), consistent with previous reports on general cognitive abilities, polygenic risk for autism spectrum disorder was associated with better performance on the Dimensional Change Card Sort test from the NIH Cognition Toolbox, with the largest effect in the youngest children. Polygenic risk for major depressive disorder was associated with poorer performance on the Flanker test in the same sample. This second association replicated for performance on the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test in an independent cohort (N = 3681). Our results suggest that the molecular genetic factors contributing to variability in executive function during typical development are at least partially overlapping with those associated with psychiatric disorders, although larger studies and further replication are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schork
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Human Development, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - T T Brown
- Center for Human Development, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California.,Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - D J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California.,Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - W K Thompson
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - C-H Chen
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California.,Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - A M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California.,Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - T L Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Center for Human Development, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - N Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, UC San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
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15
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Katheria A, Garey D, Truong G, Akshoomoff N, Steen J, Maldonado M, Poeltler D, Harbert MJ, Vaucher YE, Finer N. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Umbilical Cord Milking vs Delayed Cord Clamping in Preterm Infants: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 22-26 Months of Corrected Age. J Pediatr 2018; 194:76-80. [PMID: 29246467 PMCID: PMC9442450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of umbilical cord milking vs delayed cord clamping (DCC) on neurodevelopmental and health outcomes in very preterm infants at 22-26 months of corrected age. STUDY DESIGN Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, third edition, and a standardized neurologic examination. Data regarding pulmonary morbidities, neurosensory impairments, and hospitalizations were obtained by parental interview. Intention-to-treat was used for primary analyses. RESULTS Of the 197 infants enrolled in the original study there were 15 deaths, 5 in the umbilical cord milking group and 10 in DCC group. Of the remaining infants, 135 (74%) were assessed at 22-26 months of corrected age. Demographics in umbilical cord milking (n = 70) and DCC (n = 65) groups were similar. Infants randomized to umbilical cord milking at birth had significantly higher cognitive and language composite scores, and were less likely to have a cognitive composite score of <85 (4% vs 15%; P = .04). Motor function was similar in both groups. There were no differences in the incidences of mild or moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment, hearing or visual impairments, pulmonary morbidities, or rehospitalizations between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Infants randomized to umbilical cord milking had higher language and cognitive scores compared with those randomized to DCC. There was no difference in rates of mild or moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01434732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Katheria
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA.
| | - Donna Garey
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Giang Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jane Steen
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA
| | - Mauricio Maldonado
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA
| | - Debra Poeltler
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA
| | - Mary Jane Harbert
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA
| | - Yvonne E Vaucher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Neil Finer
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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16
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May PA, Chambers CD, Kalberg WO, Zellner J, Feldman H, Buckley D, Kopald D, Hasken JM, Xu R, Honerkamp-Smith G, Taras H, Manning MA, Robinson LK, Adam MP, Abdul-Rahman O, Vaux K, Jewett T, Elliott AJ, Kable JA, Akshoomoff N, Falk D, Arroyo JA, Hereld D, Riley EP, Charness ME, Coles CD, Warren KR, Jones KL, Hoyme HE. Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. JAMA 2018; 319:474-482. [PMID: 29411031 PMCID: PMC5839298 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are costly, life-long disabilities. Older data suggested the prevalence of the disorder in the United States was 10 per 1000 children; however, there are few current estimates based on larger, diverse US population samples. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, including fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, in 4 regions of the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Active case ascertainment methods using a cross-sectional design were used to assess children for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders between 2010 and 2016. Children were systematically assessed in the 4 domains that contribute to the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder continuum: dysmorphic features, physical growth, neurobehavioral development, and prenatal alcohol exposure. The settings were 4 communities in the Rocky Mountain, Midwestern, Southeastern, and Pacific Southwestern regions of the United States. First-grade children and their parents or guardians were enrolled. EXPOSURES Alcohol consumption during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the 4 communities was the main outcome. Conservative estimates for the prevalence of the disorder and 95% CIs were calculated using the eligible first-grade population as the denominator. Weighted prevalences and 95% CIs were also estimated, accounting for the sampling schemes and using data restricted to children who received a full evaluation. RESULTS A total of 6639 children were selected for participation from a population of 13 146 first-graders (boys, 51.9%; mean age, 6.7 years [SD, 0.41] and white maternal race, 79.3%). A total of 222 cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders were identified. The conservative prevalence estimates for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ranged from 11.3 (95% CI, 7.8-15.8) to 50.0 (95% CI, 39.9-61.7) per 1000 children. The weighted prevalence estimates for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ranged from 31.1 (95% CI, 16.1-54.0) to 98.5 (95% CI, 57.5-139.5) per 1000 children. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Estimated prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders among first-graders in 4 US communities ranged from 1.1% to 5.0% using a conservative approach. These findings may represent more accurate US prevalence estimates than previous studies but may not be generalizable to all communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. May
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill
- University of New Mexico, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, Albuquerque
| | - Christina D. Chambers
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Wendy O. Kalberg
- University of New Mexico, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, Albuquerque
| | | | - Haruna Feldman
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - David Buckley
- University of New Mexico, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, Albuquerque
| | - David Kopald
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Julie M. Hasken
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill
| | - Ronghui Xu
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | | | - Howard Taras
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | | | | | | | | | - Keith Vaux
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Tamison Jewett
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | | | | | - Daniel Falk
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Judith A. Arroyo
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dale Hereld
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward P. Riley
- San Diego State University, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego, California
| | - Michael E. Charness
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kenneth R. Warren
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - H. Eugene Hoyme
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
- Sanford Research, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion
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17
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Abstract
Children born very preterm (VPT) are at risk for academic, behavioral, and/or emotional problems. Mathematics is a particular weakness and better understanding of the relationship between preterm birth and early mathematics ability is needed, particularly as early as possible to aid in early intervention. Preschoolers born VPT (n = 58) and those born full term (FT; n = 29) were administered a large battery of measures within 6 months of beginning kindergarten. A multiple-mediation model was utilized to characterize the difference in skills underlying mathematics ability between groups. Children born VPT performed significantly worse than FT-born children on a measure of mathematics ability as well as full-scale IQ, verbal skills, visual-motor integration, phonological awareness, phonological working memory, motor skills, and executive functioning. Mathematics was significantly correlated with verbal skills, visual-motor integration, phonological processing, and motor skills across both groups. When entered into the mediation model, verbal skills, visual-motor integration, and phonological awareness were significant mediators of the group differences. This analysis provides insights into the pre-academic skills that are weak in preschoolers born VPT and their relationship to mathematics. It is important to identify children who will have difficulties as early as possible, particularly for VPT children who are at higher risk for academic difficulties. Therefore, this model may be used in evaluating VPT children for emerging difficulties as well as an indicator that if other weaknesses are found, an assessment of mathematics should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Hasler
- a Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Development , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- a Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Development , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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18
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Curley LB, Newman E, Thompson WK, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Akshoomoff N, Reuter C, Dale AM, Jernigan TL. Cortical morphology of the pars opercularis and its relationship to motor-inhibitory performance in a longitudinal, developing cohort. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:211-220. [PMID: 28756486 PMCID: PMC5772141 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between variability in cortical surface area and thickness of the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and motor-inhibitory performance on a stop-signal task in a longitudinal, typically developing cohort of children and adolescents. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the hypotheses that (1) cortical thinning and (2) a relatively larger cortical surface area of the bilateral pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus would predict better performance on the stop-signal task in a cohort of 110 children and adolescents 4-13 years of age, with one to four observations (totaling 232 observations). Cortical thickness of the bilateral opercular region was not related to inhibitory performance. However, independent of age, gender, and total cortical surface area, relatively larger cortical surface area of the bilateral opercular region of the inferior frontal gyrus was associated with better motor-inhibitory performance. Follow-up analyses showed a significant effect of surface area of the right pars opercularis, but no evidence for an effect of area of left pars opercularis, on motor-inhibitory performance. These findings are consistent with the previous work in adults showing that cortical morphology of the pars opercularis is related to inhibitory functioning. It also expands upon this literature by showing that, in contrast to earlier work highlighting the importance of cortical thickness of this region in adults, relative cortical surface area of the pars opercularis may be related to developing motor-inhibitory functions during childhood and adolescence. Relationships between cortical phenotypes and individual differences in behavioral measures may vary across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Curley
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Timothy T Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Chase Reuter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA. .,Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.
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19
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Glass L, Moore EM, Akshoomoff N, Jones KL, Riley EP, Mattson SN. Academic Difficulties in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Presence, Profile, and Neural Correlates. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1024-1034. [PMID: 28340498 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Academic achievement was evaluated in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure to determine potential strengths and weaknesses, evaluate the utility of different definitions for identifying low academic performance, and explore the neural correlates that may underlie academic performance. METHODS Children (8 to 16 years) were assessed using the WIAT-II. Patterns of performance were examined in 2 subject groups: children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 67) and controls (n = 61). A repeated-measures MANCOVA examining group differences on academic domain (reading, spelling, math) scores was conducted. Post hoc comparisons examined within-group profiles. Numbers and percentage of children with low achievement were calculated using several criteria. In a subsample (n = 42), neural correlates were analyzed using FreeSurfer v5.3 to examine relations between cortical structure (thickness and surface area) and performance. RESULTS The alcohol-exposed group performed worse than controls on all domains and had a unique academic profile, supported by a significant group × academic domain interaction (p < 0.001). For the alcohol-exposed group, math reasoning was significantly lower than numerical operations, which was significantly lower than spelling and word reading. Over half of the alcohol-exposed group (58.2%) demonstrated low achievement on 1 or more academic domains. The number and percentage of children meeting criteria for low achievement varied based on the domain and definition used. The imaging analysis identified several surface area clusters that were differentially related to math (L superior parietal and R lateral/middle occipital) and spelling (bilateral inferior and medial temporal) performance by group, with no relations for the other academic domains. Generally, scores improved as surface area decreased in controls, whereas no relation or a positive relation was observed in the alcohol-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-exposed children demonstrated deficits in academic performance across domains and definitions, with a relative weakness in math functioning. Atypical brain development may contribute to these impairments in academic achievement. Understanding academic difficulties can assist in advocating effectively for alcohol-exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Glass
- Department of Psychology , Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Department of Psychology , Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry , Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Edward P Riley
- Department of Psychology , Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Department of Psychology , Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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20
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Braddick O, Atkinson J, Akshoomoff N, Newman E, Curley LB, Gonzalez MR, Brown T, Dale A, Jernigan T. Individual differences in children's global motion sensitivity correlate with TBSS-based measures of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Vision Res 2016; 141:145-156. [PMID: 27793590 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reduced global motion sensitivity, relative to global static form sensitivity, has been found in children with many neurodevelopmental disorders, leading to the "dorsal stream vulnerability" hypothesis (Braddick et al., 2003). Individual differences in typically developing children's global motion thresholds have been shown to be associated with variations in specific parietal cortical areas (Braddick et al., 2016). Here, in 125 children aged 5-12years, we relate individual differences in global motion and form coherence thresholds to fractional anisotropy (FA) in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), a major fibre tract communicating between parietal lobe and anterior cortical areas. We find a positive correlation between FA of the right SLF and individual children's sensitivity to global motion coherence, while FA of the left SLF shows a negative correlation. Further analysis of parietal cortical area data shows that this is also asymmetrical, showing a stronger association with global motion sensitivity in the left hemisphere. None of these associations hold for an analogous measure of global form sensitivity. We conclude that a complex pattern of structural asymmetry, including the parietal lobe and the superior longitudinal fasciculus, is specifically linked to the development of sensitivity to global visual motion. This pattern suggests that individual differences in motion sensitivity are primarily linked to parietal brain areas interacting with frontal systems in making decisions on integrated motion signals, rather than in the extra-striate visual areas that perform the initial integration. The basis of motion processing deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders may depend on these same structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Braddick
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Janette Atkinson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK; Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren B Curley
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marybel Robledo Gonzalez
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Brown
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terry Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Eicher JD, Montgomery AM, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Libiger O, Schork NJ, Darst BF, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst T, Frazier J, Kaufmann WE, Keating B, Kenet T, Kennedy D, Mostofsky S, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Bartsch H, Kuperman JM, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, Gruen JR. Dyslexia and language impairment associated genetic markers influence cortical thickness and white matter in typically developing children. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 10:272-82. [PMID: 25953057 PMCID: PMC4639472 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia and language impairment (LI) are complex traits with substantial genetic components. We recently completed an association scan of the DYX2 locus, where we observed associations of markers in DCDC2, KIAA0319, ACOT13, and FAM65B with reading-, language-, and IQ-related traits. Additionally, the effects of reading-associated DYX3 markers were recently characterized using structural neuroimaging techniques. Here, we assessed the neuroimaging implications of associated DYX2 and DYX3 markers, using cortical volume, cortical thickness, and fractional anisotropy. To accomplish this, we examined eight DYX2 and three DYX3 markers in 332 subjects in the Pediatrics Imaging Neurocognition Genetics study. Imaging-genetic associations were examined by multiple linear regression, testing for influence of genotype on neuroimaging. Markers in DYX2 genes KIAA0319 and FAM65B were associated with cortical thickness in the left orbitofrontal region and global fractional anisotropy, respectively. KIAA0319 and ACOT13 were suggestively associated with overall fractional anisotropy and left pars opercularis cortical thickness, respectively. DYX3 markers showed suggestive associations with cortical thickness and volume measures in temporal regions. Notably, we did not replicate association of DYX3 markers with hippocampal measures. In summary, we performed a neuroimaging follow-up of reading-, language-, and IQ-associated DYX2 and DYX3 markers. DYX2 associations with cortical thickness may reflect variations in their role in neuronal migration. Furthermore, our findings complement gene expression and imaging studies implicating DYX3 markers in temporal regions. These studies offer insight into where and how DYX2 and DYX3 risk variants may influence neuroimaging traits. Future studies should further connect the pathways to risk variants associated with neuroimaging/neurocognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Eicher
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Angela M Montgomery
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ondrej Libiger
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Burcu F Darst
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, Queen's Medical Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Medicine, Queen's Medical Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Jean Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Walter E Kaufmann
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian Keating
- Department of Medicine, Queen's Medical Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Stewart Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joshua M Kuperman
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Timothy T Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Radiology University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Radiology University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Cognitive Science University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Radiology University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Cognitive Science University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Investigative, School of Medicine, Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics, and Investigative Medicine, Yale Child Health Research Center, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520-8081, USA.
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22
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Lazenby DC, Sideridis GD, Huntington N, Prante M, Dale PS, Curtin S, Henkel L, Iverson JM, Carver L, Dobkins K, Akshoomoff N, Tagavi D, Nelson CA, Tager-Flusberg H. Language Differences at 12 Months in Infants Who Develop Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:899-909. [PMID: 26476738 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about early language development in infants who later develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We analyzed prospective data from 346 infants, some of whom were at high risk for developing ASD, to determine if language differences could be detected at 12 months of age in the infants who later were diagnosed with ASD. Analyses revealed lower receptive and expressive language scores in infants who later were diagnosed with ASD. Controlling for overall ability to understand and produce single words, a Rasch analysis indicated that infants who later developed ASD had a higher degree of statistically unexpected word understanding and production. At 12 months of age, quantitative and qualitative language patterns distinguished infants who later developed ASD from those who did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeWayne C Lazenby
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson Hospital, 1234 Juneau Ave, Jber, AK, 99505, USA.
| | - Georgios D Sideridis
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Noelle Huntington
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Prante
- Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daina Tagavi
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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23
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Braddick O, Atkinson J, Newman E, Akshoomoff N, Kuperman JM, Bartsch H, Chen CH, Dale AM, Jernigan TL. Global Visual Motion Sensitivity: Associations with Parietal Area and Children's Mathematical Cognition. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1897-1908. [PMID: 27458748 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to global visual motion has been proposed as a signature of brain development, related to the dorsal rather than ventral cortical stream. Thresholds for global motion have been found to be elevated more than for global static form in many developmental disorders, leading to the idea of "dorsal stream vulnerability." Here we explore the association of global motion thresholds with individual differences in children's brain development, in a group of typically developing 5- to 12-year-olds. Good performance was associated with a relative increase in parietal lobe surface area, most strongly around the intraparietal sulcus and decrease in occipital area. In line with the involvement of intraparietal sulcus, areas in visuospatial and numerical cognition, we also found that global motion performance was correlated with tests of visuomotor integration and numerical skills. Individual differences in global form detection showed none of these anatomical or cognitive correlations. This suggests that the correlations with motion sensitivity are unlikely to reflect general perceptual or attentional abilities required for both form and motion. We conclude that individual developmental variations in global motion processing are not linked to greater area in the extrastriate visual areas, which initially process such motion, but in the parietal systems that make decisions based on this information. The overlap with visuospatial and numerical abilities may indicate the anatomical substrate of the "dorsal stream vulnerability" proposed as characterizing neurodevelopmental disorders.
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24
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Chang L, Douet V, Bloss C, Lee K, Pritchett A, Jernigan TL, Akshoomoff N, Murray SS, Frazier J, Kennedy DN, Amaral DG, Gruen J, Kaufmann WE, Casey BJ, Sowell E, Ernst T. Gray matter maturation and cognition in children with different APOE ε genotypes. Neurology 2016; 87:585-94. [PMID: 27412137 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the current study were to determine whether children with the 6 different APOE ε genotypes show differences in gray matter maturation, particularly for those with ε4 and ε2 alleles, which are associated with poorer outcomes in many neurologic disorders. METHODS A total of 1,187 healthy children (aged 3-20 years, 52.1% boys, 47.9% girls) with acceptable data from the cross-sectional Pediatric Imaging Neurocognition and Genetics Study were evaluated for the effects of 6 APOE ε genotypes on macroscopic and microscopic cortical and subcortical gray matter structures (measured with 3-tesla MRI and FreeSurfer for automated morphometry) and on cognition (NIH Toolbox). RESULTS Among APOE ε4 carriers, age-related changes in brain structures and cognition varied depending on genotype, with the smallest hippocampi in ε2ε4 children, the lowest hippocampal fractional anisotropy in younger ε4ε4 children, the largest medial orbitofrontal cortical areas in ε3ε4 children, and age-dependent thinning of the entorhinal cortex in ε4ε4 children. Younger ε4ε4 children had the lowest scores on executive function and working memory, while younger ε2ε4 children performed worse on attention tasks. Larger parietal gyri in the younger ε2ε4 children, and thinner temporal and cingulate isthmus cortices or smaller hippocampi in the younger ε4ε4 children, predicted poorer performance on attention or working memory. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validated and extended prior smaller studies that showed altered brain development in APOE ε4-carrier children. The ε4ε4 and ε2ε4 genotypes may negatively influence brain development and brain aging at the extremes of age. Studying APOE ε polymorphisms in young children may provide the earliest indicators for individuals who might benefit from early interventions or preventive measures for future brain injuries and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Vanessa Douet
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cinnamon Bloss
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristin Lee
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alexandra Pritchett
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jean Frazier
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - David N Kennedy
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - David G Amaral
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey Gruen
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Walter E Kaufmann
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - B J Casey
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Sowell
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
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Brandler WM, Antaki D, Gujral M, Noor A, Rosanio G, Chapman TR, Barrera DJ, Lin GN, Malhotra D, Watts AC, Wong LC, Estabillo JA, Gadomski TE, Hong O, Fajardo KVF, Bhandari A, Owen R, Baughn M, Yuan J, Solomon T, Moyzis AG, Maile MS, Sanders SJ, Reiner GE, Vaux KK, Strom CM, Zhang K, Muotri AR, Akshoomoff N, Leal SM, Pierce K, Courchesne E, Iakoucheva LM, Corsello C, Sebat J. Frequency and Complexity of De Novo Structural Mutation in Autism. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:667-79. [PMID: 27018473 PMCID: PMC4833290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have established that de novo duplications and deletions contribute to risk. However, ascertainment of structural variants (SVs) has been restricted by the coarse resolution of current approaches. By applying a custom pipeline for SV discovery, genotyping, and de novo assembly to genome sequencing of 235 subjects (71 affected individuals, 26 healthy siblings, and their parents), we compiled an atlas of 29,719 SV loci (5,213/genome), comprising 11 different classes. We found a high diversity of de novo mutations, the majority of which were undetectable by previous methods. In addition, we observed complex mutation clusters where combinations of de novo SVs, nucleotide substitutions, and indels occurred as a single event. We estimate a high rate of structural mutation in humans (20%) and propose that genetic risk for ASD is attributable to an elevated frequency of gene-disrupting de novo SVs, but not an elevated rate of genome rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Brandler
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Danny Antaki
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Madhusudan Gujral
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amina Noor
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel Rosanio
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy R Chapman
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J Barrera
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dheeraj Malhotra
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda C Watts
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Therese E Gadomski
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oanh Hong
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karin V Fuentes Fajardo
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Abhishek Bhandari
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Renius Owen
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA
| | - Michael Baughn
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey Yuan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terry Solomon
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra G Moyzis
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michelle S Maile
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gail E Reiner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Keith K Vaux
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charles M Strom
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Sebat
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Nakamura T, Arima-Yoshida F, Sakaue F, Nasu-Nishimura Y, Takeda Y, Matsuura K, Akshoomoff N, Mattson SN, Grossfeld PD, Manabe T, Akiyama T. PX-RICS-deficient mice mimic autism spectrum disorder in Jacobsen syndrome through impaired GABAA receptor trafficking. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10861. [PMID: 26979507 PMCID: PMC4799364 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) is a rare congenital disorder caused by a terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11. A subset of patients exhibit social behavioural problems that meet the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the underlying molecular pathogenesis remains poorly understood. PX-RICS is located in the chromosomal region commonly deleted in JBS patients with autistic-like behaviour. Here we report that PX-RICS-deficient mice exhibit ASD-like social behaviours and ASD-related comorbidities. PX-RICS-deficient neurons show reduced surface γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) levels and impaired GABAAR-mediated synaptic transmission. PX-RICS, GABARAP and 14-3-3ζ/θ form an adaptor complex that interconnects GABAAR and dynein/dynactin, thereby facilitating GABAAR surface expression. ASD-like behavioural abnormalities in PX-RICS-deficient mice are ameliorated by enhancing inhibitory synaptic transmission with a GABAAR agonist. Our findings demonstrate a critical role of PX-RICS in cognition and suggest a causal link between PX-RICS deletion and ASD-like behaviour in JBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Fumiko Arima-Yoshida
- Division of Neuronal Network, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nasu-Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuko Takeda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92120, USA
| | - Paul D Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Toshiya Manabe
- Division of Neuronal Network, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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27
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Stadnick N, Brookman-Frazee L, Williams KN, Cerda G, Akshoomoff N. A Pilot Study Examining the Use of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in Community-Based Mental Health Clinics. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2015; 20:39-46. [PMID: 26379765 PMCID: PMC4566166 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Community-based mental health (CMH) services play an important, but relatively understudied role in the identification and treatment of youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who may be receiving care for other psychiatric conditions. Little is known about the role of standardized ASD assessment measures administered by providers working in generalist community-based mental health (CMH) settings. This pilot study extracted data from three CMH clinics to examine the use of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) by 17 CMH providers who received ASD assessment training with 62 youth (Mean = 10.69 years) referred for an ASD diagnostic evaluation. Results indicated that 57% of youths assessed ultimately received an ASD diagnosis. All cases given a final ASD diagnosis were classified as "Autism" or "ASD" on the ADOS. Seventy percent of youth who did not receive a final ASD diagnosis were classified as "Non-Spectrum" on the ADOS. In these false positive cases, report narratives indicated that social communication difficulties identified on the ADOS were explained by symptoms of other mental health conditions (e.g., ADHD, anxiety). Future research is needed to examine the utility of the ADOS when used by CMH providers to facilitate CMH capacity to identify ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stadnick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Gabrielle Cerda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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28
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with impaired school functioning. Spelling performance has not been comprehensively evaluated. We examined whether children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure demonstrate deficits in spelling and related abilities, including reading, and tested whether there are unique underlying mechanisms for observed deficits in this population. METHOD Ninety-six school-age children made up 2 groups: children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE, n = 49) and control children (CON, n = 47). Children completed select subtests from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Second Edition and the NEPSY-II. Group differences and relations between spelling and theoretically related cognitive variables were evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlations. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess contributions of group membership and cognitive variables to spelling performance. The specificity of these deficits and underlying mechanisms was tested by examining the relations between reading ability, group membership, and cognitive variables. RESULTS Groups differed significantly on all variables. Group membership and phonological processing significantly contributed to spelling performance, whereas for reading, group membership and all cognitive variables contributed significantly. For both reading and spelling, group × working memory interactions revealed that working memory contributed independently only for alcohol-exposed children. CONCLUSION Alcohol-exposed children demonstrated a unique pattern of spelling deficits. The relation of working memory to spelling and reading was specific to the AE group, suggesting that if prenatal alcohol exposure is known or suspected, working memory ability should be considered in the development and implementation of explicit instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Glass
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Diana M. Graham
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah N. Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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29
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Favier R, Akshoomoff N, Mattson S, Grossfeld P. Jacobsen syndrome: Advances in our knowledge of phenotype and genotype. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2015; 169:239-50. [PMID: 26285164 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 1973, the Danish geneticist Petrea Jacobsen described a three-generation family in which the proband carried a presumed terminal deletion at the end of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q). This patient had dysmorphic features, congenital heart disease, and intellectual disability. Since Dr. Jacobsen's initial report, over 200 patients with Jacobsen syndrome have been reported, suggesting that Jacobsen syndrome is a contiguous gene disorder. With the advent of high resolution deletion mapping and the completion of the human genome sequencing project, a comprehensive genotype/phenotype analysis for Jacobsen syndrome became possible. In this article, we review research describing individual causal genes in distal 11q that contribute to the overall Jacobsen syndrome clinical phenotype. Through a combination of human genetics and the use of genetically engineered animal models, causal genes have been identified for the clinical problems in JS that historically have caused the greatest morbidity and mortality: congenital heart disease, the Paris-Trousseau bleeding disorder, intellectual disability, autism, and immunodeficiency. Insights gained from these studies are being applied for future drug development and clinical trials, as well as for a potential strategy for the prevention of certain forms of congenital heart disease. The results of these studies will likely not only improve the prognostic and therapeutic approaches for patients with Jacobsen syndrome, but also for the general population afflicted with these problems.
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Newman E, Thompson WK, Bartsch H, Hagler DJ, Chen CH, Brown TT, Kuperman JM, McCabe C, Chung Y, Libiger O, Akshoomoff N, Bloss CS, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Kennedy DN, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Schork N, Kenet T, Kaufmann WE, Mostofsky S, Amaral DG, Dale AM, Jernigan TL. Anxiety is related to indices of cortical maturation in typically developing children and adolescents. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3013-25. [PMID: 26183468 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a risk factor for many adverse neuropsychiatric and socioeconomic outcomes, and has been linked to functional and structural changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). However, the nature of these differences, as well as how they develop in children and adolescents, remains poorly understood. More effective interventions to minimize the negative consequences of anxiety require better understanding of its neurobiology in children. Recent research suggests that structural imaging studies may benefit from clearly delineating between cortical surface area and thickness when examining these associations, as these distinct cortical phenotypes are influenced by different cellular mechanisms and genetic factors. The present study examined relationships between cortical surface area and thickness of the VMPFC and a self-report measure of anxiety (SCARED-R) in 287 youths aged 7-20 years from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) study. Age and gender interactions were examined for significant associations in order to test for developmental differences. Cortical surface area and thickness were also examined simultaneously to determine whether they contribute independently to the prediction of anxiety. Anxiety was negatively associated with relative cortical surface area of the VMPFC as well as with global cortical thickness, but these associations diminished with age. The two cortical phenotypes contributed additively to the prediction of anxiety. These findings suggest that higher anxiety in children may be characterized by both delayed expansion of the VMPFC and an altered trajectory of global cortical thinning. Further longitudinal studies will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy T Brown
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Kuperman
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Connor McCabe
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoonho Chung
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ondrej Libiger
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Thomas M Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jean A Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David N Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Walter E Kaufmann
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stewart Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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31
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Jernigan TL, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Akshoomoff N, Bartsch H, Newman E, Thompson WK, Bloss CS, Murray SS, Schork N, Kennedy DN, Kuperman JM, McCabe C, Chung Y, Libiger O, Maddox M, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Sowell ER, Kenet T, Kaufmann WE, Mostofsky S, Amaral DG, Dale AM. The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) Data Repository. Neuroimage 2015; 124:1149-1154. [PMID: 25937488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the multi-site Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) study was to create a large repository of standardized measurements of behavioral and imaging phenotypes accompanied by whole genome genotyping acquired from typically-developing children varying widely in age (3 to 20 years). This cross-sectional study produced sharable data from 1493 children, and these data have been described in several publications focusing on brain and cognitive development. Researchers may gain access to these data by applying for an account on the PING portal and filing a data use agreement. Here we describe the recruiting and screening of the children and give a brief overview of the assessments performed, the imaging methods applied, the genetic data produced, and the numbers of cases for whom different data types are available. We also cite sources of more detailed information about the methods and data. Finally we describe the procedures for accessing the data and for using the PING data exploration portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Timothy T Brown
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- The Qualcomm Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - David N Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Kuperman
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Connor McCabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoonho Chung
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ondrej Libiger
- The Qualcomm Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Maddox
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Thomas M Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jean A Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Stewart Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Noble KG, Houston SM, Brito NH, Bartsch H, Kan E, Kuperman JM, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Libiger O, Schork NJ, Murray SS, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Kennedy DN, Van Zijl P, Mostofsky S, Kaufmann WE, Kenet T, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, Sowell ER. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:773-8. [PMID: 25821911 PMCID: PMC4414816 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. Here, we investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, independently of genetic ancestry, among a cohort of 1099 typically developing individuals between 3 and 20 years. Income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. Specifically, among children from lower income families, small differences in income were associated with relatively large differences in surface area, whereas, among children from higher income families, similar income increments were associated with smaller differences in surface area. These relationships were most prominent in regions supporting language, reading, executive functions and spatial skills; surface area mediated socioeconomic differences in certain neurocognitive abilities. These data indicate that income relates most strongly to brain structure among the most disadvantaged children. Potential implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Noble
- 1] College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne M Houston
- 1] Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Natalie H Brito
- Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar Program, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric Kan
- 1] The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua M Kuperman
- 1] Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] The Qualcomm Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B J Casey
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and the Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Thomas M Ernst
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and the Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Jean A Frazier
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [4] Department of Investigative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David N Kennedy
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Van Zijl
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stewart Mostofsky
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Walter E Kaufmann
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tal Kenet
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- 1] Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [4] Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [5] Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [6] Center for Translational Imaging and Personalized Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- 1] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA. [2] Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [4] Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- 1] The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. [3] The Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study, San Diego, California, USA
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Atkinson J, Braddick O, Wattam-Bell J, Akshoomoff N, Newman E, Girard H, Dale A, Jernigan T. GLOBAL MOTION, MATHEMATICS AND MOVEMENT: DORSAL STREAM SENSITIVITY RELATES TO CHILDREN'S INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND REGIONAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Akshoomoff N, Mattson SN, Grossfeld PD. Evidence for autism spectrum disorder in Jacobsen syndrome: identification of a candidate gene in distal 11q. Genet Med 2014; 17:143-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Heaton RK, Akshoomoff N, Tulsky D, Mungas D, Weintraub S, Dikmen S, Beaumont J, Casaletto KB, Conway K, Slotkin J, Gershon R. Reliability and validity of composite scores from the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20:588-98. [PMID: 24960398 PMCID: PMC4103963 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617714000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study describes psychometric properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) Composite Scores in an adult sample. The NIHTB-CB was designed for use in epidemiologic studies and clinical trials for ages 3 to 85. A total of 268 self-described healthy adults were recruited at four university-based sites, using stratified sampling guidelines to target demographic variability for age (20-85 years), gender, education, and ethnicity. The NIHTB-CB contains seven computer-based instruments assessing five cognitive sub-domains: Language, Executive Function, Episodic Memory, Processing Speed, and Working Memory. Participants completed the NIHTB-CB, corresponding gold standard validation measures selected to tap the same cognitive abilities, and sociodemographic questionnaires. Three Composite Scores were derived for both the NIHTB-CB and gold standard batteries: "Crystallized Cognition Composite," "Fluid Cognition Composite," and "Total Cognition Composite" scores. NIHTB Composite Scores showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas=0.84 Crystallized, 0.83 Fluid, 0.77 Total), excellent test-retest reliability (r: 0.86-0.92), strong convergent (r: 0.78-0.90) and discriminant (r: 0.19-0.39) validities versus gold standard composites, and expected age effects (r=0.18 crystallized, r=-0.68 fluid, r=-0.26 total). Significant relationships with self-reported prior school difficulties and current health status, employment, and presence of a disability provided evidence of external validity. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery Composite Scores have excellent reliability and validity, suggesting they can be used effectively in epidemiologic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - David Tulsky
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopedic Surgery, and General Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Spinal Cord Injury, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey
| | - Dan Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sureyya Dikmen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer Beaumont
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Kevin Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jerry Slotkin
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Douet V, Chang L, Pritchett A, Lee K, Keating B, Bartsch H, Jernigan TL, Dale A, Akshoomoff N, Murray S, Bloss C, Kennedy DN, Amaral D, Gruen J, Kaufmann WE, Casey BJ, Sowell E, Ernst T. Schizophrenia-risk variant rs6994992 in the neuregulin-1 gene on brain developmental trajectories in typically developing children. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e392. [PMID: 24865593 PMCID: PMC4035723 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene is one of the best-validated risk genes for schizophrenia, and psychotic and bipolar disorders. The rs6994992 variant in the NRG1 promoter (SNP8NRG243177) is associated with altered frontal and temporal brain macrostructures and/or altered white matter density and integrity in schizophrenic adults, as well as healthy adults and neonates. However, the ages when these changes begin and whether neuroimaging phenotypes are associated with cognitive performance are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the association of the rs6994992 variant on developmental trajectories of brain macro- and microstructures, and their relationship with cognitive performance. A total of 972 healthy children aged 3-20 years had the genotype available for the NRG1-rs6994992 variant, and were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological tests. Age-by-NRG1-rs6994992 interactions and genotype effects were assessed using a general additive model regression methodology, covaried for scanner type, socioeconomic status, sex and genetic ancestry factors. Compared with the C-carriers, children with the TT-risk-alleles had subtle microscopic and macroscopic changes in brain development that emerge or reverse during adolescence, a period when many psychiatric disorders are manifested. TT-children at late adolescence showed a lower age-dependent forniceal volume and lower fractional anisotropy; however, both measures were associated with better episodic memory performance. To our knowledge, we provide the first multimodal imaging evidence that genetic variation in NRG1 is associated with age-related changes on brain development during typical childhood and adolescence, and delineated the altered patterns of development in multiple brain regions in children with the T-risk allele(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Douet
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA,Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, UH Tower, Room 716, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. E-mail:
| | - L Chang
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A Pritchett
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - K Lee
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - B Keating
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - H Bartsch
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T L Jernigan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Cognitive Science, Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N Akshoomoff
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Cognitive Science, Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D N Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D Amaral
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine, Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - W E Kaufmann
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Ernst
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Akshoomoff N, Beaumont JL, Bauer PJ, Dikmen SS, Gershon RC, Mungas D, Slotkin J, Tulsky D, Weintraub S, Zelazo PD, Heaton RK. VIII. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): composite scores of crystallized, fluid, and overall cognition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2014; 78:119-32. [PMID: 23952206 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) includes 7 tests covering 6 cognitive abilities. This chapter describes the psychometric characteristics in children ages 3-15 years of a total summary score and composite scores reflecting two major types of cognition: "crystallized" (more dependent upon past learning experiences) and "fluid" (capacity for new learning and information processing in novel situations). Both types of cognition are considered important in everyday functioning, but are thought to be differently affected by brain health status throughout life, from early childhood through older adulthood. All three Toolbox composite scores showed excellent test-retest reliability, robust developmental effects across the childhood age range considered here, and strong correlations with established measures of similar abilities. Additional preliminary evidence of validity includes significant associations between all three Toolbox composite scores and maternal reports of children's health status and school performance.
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Akshoomoff N, Corsello C, Schmidt H. The Role of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in the Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in School and Community Settings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 11:7-19. [PMID: 17502922 PMCID: PMC1868476 DOI: 10.1007/bf03341111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism diagnostic practices among school and clinical psychologists, particularly those using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), were examined using national survey results (N = 132). School and clinical psychologists were similar in following the Best Practice Guidelines for screening, diagnosis and assessment, School psychologists were more likely to include a school or home observation and teacher report than clinical psychologists but evaluated significantly fewer children with autism spectrum disorders per year compared to clinical psychologists. School psychologists who were ADOS users were more likely to consider themselves autism experts and include a review of records than ADOS non-users. Perceived advantages of the ADOS included its strength in capturing ASD-specific behaviors and the standardized structure provided for observation, while diagnostic discrimination and required resources were the most commonly identified disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Akshoomoff
- University of California, San Diego, Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, Children's Hospital and Health Center San Diego
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Akshoomoff N, Newman E, Thompson WK, McCabe C, Bloss CS, Chang L, Amaral DG, Casey BJ, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Kaufmann WE, Kenet T, Kennedy DN, Libiger O, Mostofsky S, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Schork N, Dale AM, Jernigan TL. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery: results from a large normative developmental sample (PING). Neuropsychology 2014; 28:1-10. [PMID: 24219608 PMCID: PMC3925365 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) was designed to provide a brief, efficient computerized test of key neuropsychological functions appropriate for use in children as young as 3 years of age. This report describes the performance of a large group of typically developing children and adolescents and examines the impact of age and sociocultural variables on test performance. METHOD The NTCB was administered to a sample of 1,020 typically developing males and females ranging in age from 3 to 20 years, diverse in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity, as part of the new publicly accessible Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) data resource, at 9 sites across the United States. RESULTS General additive models of nonlinear age-functions were estimated from age-differences in test performance on the 8 NTCB subtests while controlling for family SES and genetic ancestry factors (GAFs). Age accounted for the majority of the variance across all NTCB scores, with additional significant contributions of gender on some measures, and of SES and race/ethnicity (GAFs) on all. After adjusting for age and gender, SES and GAFs explained a substantial proportion of the remaining unexplained variance in Picture Vocabulary scores. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the sensitivity to developmental effects and efficiency of this new computerized assessment battery for neurodevelopmental research. Limitations are observed in the form of some ceiling effects in older children, some floor effects, particularly on executive function tests in the youngest participants, and evidence for variable measurement sensitivity to cultural/socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erik Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Connor McCabe
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Cinnamon S. Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - David G. Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - B. J. Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Thomas M. Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey R. Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Walter E. Kaufmann
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - David N. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ondrej Libiger
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stewart Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah S. Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elizabeth R. Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA and Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Eicher JD, Powers NR, Miller LL, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Libiger O, Schork NJ, Darst BF, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst T, Frazier J, Kaufmann WE, Keating B, Kenet T, Kennedy D, Mostofsky S, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Bartsch H, Kuperman JM, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, St Pourcain B, Davey Smith G, Ring SM, Gruen JR. Genome-wide association study of shared components of reading disability and language impairment. Genes Brain Behav 2013; 12:792-801. [PMID: 24024963 PMCID: PMC3904347 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Written and verbal languages are neurobehavioral traits vital to the development of communication skills. Unfortunately, disorders involving these traits-specifically reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI)-are common and prevent affected individuals from developing adequate communication skills, leaving them at risk for adverse academic, socioeconomic and psychiatric outcomes. Both RD and LI are complex traits that frequently co-occur, leading us to hypothesize that these disorders share genetic etiologies. To test this, we performed a genome-wide association study on individuals affected with both RD and LI in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The strongest associations were seen with markers in ZNF385D (OR = 1.81, P = 5.45 × 10(-7) ) and COL4A2 (OR = 1.71, P = 7.59 × 10(-7) ). Markers within NDST4 showed the strongest associations with LI individually (OR = 1.827, P = 1.40 × 10(-7) ). We replicated association of ZNF385D using receptive vocabulary measures in the Pediatric Imaging Neurocognitive Genetics study (P = 0.00245). We then used diffusion tensor imaging fiber tract volume data on 16 fiber tracts to examine the implications of replicated markers. ZNF385D was a predictor of overall fiber tract volumes in both hemispheres, as well as global brain volume. Here, we present evidence for ZNF385D as a candidate gene for RD and LI. The implication of transcription factor ZNF385D in RD and LI underscores the importance of transcriptional regulation in the development of higher order neurocognitive traits. Further study is necessary to discern target genes of ZNF385D and how it functions within neural development of fluent language.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Eicher
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - N R Powers
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - L L Miller
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - N Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - C S Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O Libiger
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B F Darst
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - L Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, HI, USA
| | - T Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, HI, USA
| | - J Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - W E Kaufmann
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - B Keating
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, HI, USA
| | - T Kenet
- Department of Neurology and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - D Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | | | - S S Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps HealthLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Children's HospitalLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Bartsch
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J M Kuperman
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T T Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D J Hagler
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of BristolBristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - S M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - J R Gruen
- Department of Genetics, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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Michaelson JJ, Shi Y, Gujral M, Zheng H, Malhotra D, Jin X, Jian M, Liu G, Greer D, Bhandari A, Wu W, Corominas R, Peoples A, Koren A, Gore A, Kang S, Lin GN, Estabillo J, Gadomski T, Singh B, Zhang K, Akshoomoff N, Corsello C, McCarroll S, Iakoucheva LM, Li Y, Wang J, Sebat J. Whole-genome sequencing in autism identifies hot spots for de novo germline mutation. Cell 2013; 151:1431-42. [PMID: 23260136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
De novo mutation plays an important role in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Notably, pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) are characterized by high mutation rates. We hypothesize that hypermutability is a property of ASD genes and may also include nucleotide-substitution hot spots. We investigated global patterns of germline mutation by whole-genome sequencing of monozygotic twins concordant for ASD and their parents. Mutation rates varied widely throughout the genome (by 100-fold) and could be explained by intrinsic characteristics of DNA sequence and chromatin structure. Dense clusters of mutations within individual genomes were attributable to compound mutation or gene conversion. Hypermutability was a characteristic of genes involved in ASD and other diseases. In addition, genes impacted by mutations in this study were associated with ASD in independent exome-sequencing data sets. Our findings suggest that regional hypermutation is a significant factor shaping patterns of genetic variation and disease risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Michaelson
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal research studies have demonstrated that experienced clinicians using standardized assessment measures can make a reliable diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children under age 3. Limited data are available regarding the sensitivity and specificity of these measures in community settings. The aims of this study were to determine how well a standardized diagnostic observational measure (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - ADOS) functions alone, and with a brief parent measure within a community setting when administered by community clinicians. METHODS Clinical records for 138 children between the ages of 24 and 36 months of age who were evaluated for possible ASD or social/language concerns at a hospital-based developmental evaluation clinic were examined. Evaluations were conducted by community-based clinical psychologists. Classification results obtained from standardized diagnostic measures were compared with case reviewer diagnosis, by reviewers blind to scores on diagnostic measures, using The Records-based Methodology for ASD Case Definition that was developed by the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program. RESULTS When compared with case review diagnosis, the ADOS demonstrated strong sensitivity and specificity for both Autism versus Not Autism and ASD versus Nonspectrum (NS) diagnoses in this young sample. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), using the lower cutoff of ≥12, had adequate sensitivity when differentiating Autism from Not Autism, but weak sensitivity when differentiating ASD from NS, missing about 80% of the children with pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified. Using either the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers or the SCQ in combination with the ADOS did not result in improved specificity over the ADOS alone and led to a drop in sensitivity when differentiating ASD from NS disorders. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that following best practice guidelines, the ADOS can be successfully incorporated into clinical practice with relatively good sensitivity and specificity, and worked well with a referred sample of 2-year-olds. A parent questionnaire did not lead to any improvement in diagnostic classification above the ADOS used in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- University of California, San Diego and Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego
| | - Aubyn C. Stahmer
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego and University of California, San Diego
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Abstract
Social referencing was investigated in 18-month-old siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; "high-risk infants"). Infants were exposed to novel toys, which were emotionally tagged via adults' facial and vocal signals. Infants' information seeking (initiation of joint attention with an adult) and their approach/withdrawal behavior toward the toys before versus after the adults' emotional signals was measured. Compared to both typically developing infants and high-risk infants without ASD, infants later diagnosed with ASD engaged in slower information seeking, suggesting that this aspect of referencing may be an early indicator of ASD. High-risk infants, both those who were and those who were not later diagnosed with ASD, exhibited impairments in regulating their behavior based on the adults' emotional signals, suggesting that this aspect of social referencing may reflect an endophenotype for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cornew
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen R. Dobkins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Leslie J. Carver
- Department of Psychology and Program in Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code: 0109, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA,
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Brown TT, Kuperman JM, Chung Y, Erhart M, McCabe C, Hagler DJ, Venkatraman VK, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Kaufmann WE, Kenet T, Kennedy DN, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Jernigan TL, Dale AM. Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1693-8. [PMID: 22902750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural MRI allows unparalleled in vivo study of the anatomy of the developing human brain. For more than two decades, MRI research has revealed many new aspects of this multifaceted maturation process, significantly augmenting scientific knowledge gathered from postmortem studies. Postnatal brain development is notably protracted and involves considerable changes in cerebral cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar structures, as well as significant architectural changes in white matter fiber tracts (see [12]). Although much work has described isolated features of neuroanatomical development, it remains a critical challenge to characterize the multidimensional nature of brain anatomy, capturing different phases of development among individuals. Capitalizing on key advances in multisite, multimodal MRI, and using cross-validated nonlinear modeling, we demonstrate that developmental brain phase can be assessed with much greater precision than has been possible using other biological measures, accounting for more than 92% of the variance in age. Further, our composite metric of morphology, diffusivity, and signal intensity shows that the average difference in phase among children of the same age is only about 1 year, revealing for the first time a latent phenotype in the human brain for which maturation timing is tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Brown
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Courchesne E, Karns C, Davis H, Ziccardi R, Carper R, Tigue Z, Chisum HJ, Moses P, Pierce K, Lord C, Lincoln A, Pizzo S, Schreibman L, Haas R, Akshoomoff N, Courchesne R. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study. Neurology 2011. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000399191.79091.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
The present quasi-experimental study examines the outcomes for a group of 102 children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder at age 2 who attended an inclusive toddler program (described by Stahmer and Ingersoll, 2004) until age 3. Outcomes on standardized developmental assessments indicate significant improvement, with large effect sizes, in developmental level, adaptive behavior and communication. Thirty-one of the children (31%) were functioning in the typically developing range when they exited the program at age 3, after an average of 8 months of intervention. Predictors of positive outcomes included length of time in the program, level of words and gestures use at entry and higher externalizing and lower internalizing behavior CBCL scores at entry. Implications for serving toddlers with autism in inclusive settings and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
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Abstract
This study was a follow-up of a group of 29 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders at age 2 who attended an inclusive toddler program until age 3. Children ranged in age from 4 to 12 years at the time of the parent survey and follow-up testing. The majority of children were placed in a special education (noninclusive) preschool class, but among the children who were in elementary school at the time of follow-up, 63% were in general education classroom placement. Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders remained stable, socialization skills remained a weakness, and child-related parental stress remained high despite average cognitive and language skills in the majority of children. Social skill development and support remained a service need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Akshoomoff
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aubyn C. Stahmer
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christina Corsello
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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McCleery JP, Akshoomoff N, Dobkins KR, Carver LJ. Atypical face versus object processing and hemispheric asymmetries in 10-month-old infants at risk for autism. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:950-7. [PMID: 19765688 PMCID: PMC2783702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have documented atypicalities in face/object processing in children and adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). To investigate whether such atypicalities may reflect a genetically mediated risk factor present early in development, we measured face/object processing in 10-month-old high-risk infants who carry some of the genes associated with ASD because they have an older sibling diagnosed with the disorder. METHODS We employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to measure cortical responses to pictures of faces and objects, the objects being toys. Latencies and amplitudes of four ERP components (P100, N290, P400, and Nc) were compared between 20 high-risk infants and 20 low-risk control subjects (infants with no family history of ASD). RESULTS Responses to faces versus objects differed between high- and low-risk infants for the latencies of the N290 and P400. Differences were driven by faster responses to faces than objects in low-risk, but not high-risk, infants (P400) and, conversely, faster responses to objects than faces in high-risk, but not low-risk, infants (N290). Object responses were also faster in high-risk than low-risk infants (both N290 and P400). Left versus right hemisphere responses also differed between high- and low-risk infants for the amplitudes of the P100, N290, and P400; collapsed across faces/objects, low-risk, but not high-risk, infants exhibited hemisphere asymmetries. CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk for ASD is associated with atypical face versus object processing and an atypical lack of hemispheric asymmetry early in life. These atypicalities might contribute to development of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen R. Dobkins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego,Corresponding Author: Karen R. Dobkins, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, Psychology Department, 0109, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, Phone: (858) 534-5434, Fax: (858) 534-7190,
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Bonneh YS, Belmonte MK, Pei F, Iversen PE, Kenet T, Akshoomoff N, Adini Y, Simon HJ, Moore CI, Houde JF, Merzenich MM. Cross-modal extinction in a boy with severely autistic behaviour and high verbal intelligence. Cogn Neuropsychol 2008; 25:635-52. [PMID: 18651259 DOI: 10.1080/02643290802106415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal reports from individuals with autism suggest a loss of awareness to stimuli from one modality in the presence of stimuli from another. Here we document such a case in a detailed study of A.M., a 13-year-old boy with autism in whom significant autistic behaviours are combined with an uneven IQ profile of superior verbal and low performance abilities. Although A.M.'s speech is often unintelligible, and his behaviour is dominated by motor stereotypies and impulsivity, he can communicate by typing or pointing independently within a letter board. A series of experiments using simple and highly salient visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli demonstrated a hierarchy of cross-modal extinction, in which auditory information extinguished other modalities at various levels of processing. A.M. also showed deficits in shifting and sustaining attention. These results provide evidence for monochannel perception in autism and suggest a general pattern of winner-takes-all processing in which a stronger stimulus-driven representation dominates behaviour, extinguishing weaker representations.
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Akshoomoff N, Farid N, Courchesne E, Haas R. Abnormalities on the neurological examination and EEG in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 37:887-93. [PMID: 17048091 PMCID: PMC2094050 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the nature and frequency of neurological and EEG abnormalities in 60 young children (ages 2-6 years) with pervasive developmental disorders. A number of standard neurological functions could not be adequately assessed due to the young age of the children and/or limited comprehension and cooperation. The most common neurological deficits were hyporeflexia, stereotypies, and hypotonia. EEG abnormalities were identified in 32% of the children while only two children were known to have clinical seizures. The frequency of cases with hypotonia or hyporeflexia was more common than in older children with this diagnosis. Results also indicate that EEG abnormalities are common in this young population but clinical seizures are rare, confirming other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Akshoomoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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