1
|
Saner NJ, Lee MJC, Pitchford NW, Broatch JR, Roach GD, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high-intensity interval exercise, on behavioural alertness and mood state in young healthy males. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e13987. [PMID: 37434366 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Mood state and alertness are negatively affected by sleep loss, and can be positively influenced by exercise. However, the potential mitigating effects of exercise on sleep-loss-induced changes in mood state and alertness have not been studied comprehensively. Twenty-four healthy young males were matched into one of three, 5-night sleep interventions: normal sleep (NS; total sleep time (TST) per night = 449 ± 22 min), sleep restriction (SR; TST = 230 ± 5 min), or sleep restriction and exercise (SR + EX; TST = 235 ± 5 min, plus three sessions of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)). Mood state was assessed using the profile of mood states (POMS) and a daily well-being questionnaire. Alertness was assessed using psychomotor vigilance testing (PVT). Following the intervention, POMS total mood disturbance scores significantly increased for both the SR and SR + EX groups, and were greater than the NS group (SR vs NS; 31.0 ± 10.7 A.U., [4.4-57.7 A.U.], p = 0.020; SR + EX vs NS; 38.6 ± 14.9 A.U., [11.1-66.1 A.U.], p = 0.004). The PVT reaction times increased in the SR (p = 0.049) and SR + EX groups (p = 0.033) and the daily well-being questionnaire revealed increased levels of fatigue in both groups (SR; p = 0.041, SR + EX; p = 0.026) during the intervention. Despite previously demonstrated physiological benefits of performing three sessions of HIIE during five nights of sleep restriction, the detriments to mood, wellness, and alertness were not mitigated by exercise in this study. Whether alternatively timed exercise sessions or other exercise protocols could promote more positive outcomes on these factors during sleep restriction requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - James R Broatch
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Greg D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Bartlett
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Philp CP, Pitchford NW, Visentin DC, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Buchheit M, Minson CT, Gregory JR, Watson G. Can ten days of heat acclimation training improve temperate-condition rowing performance in national-level rowers? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273909. [PMID: 36048867 PMCID: PMC9436058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether heat acclimation (HA) could improve rowing performance in temperate conditions in national-level rowers. Using a parallel-group design, eleven rowers (3 female, 8 male, age: 21±3 years, height: 182.3±6.8cm, mass: 79.2±9.0kg, V˙O2peak: 61.4±5.1ml·kg·min-1) completed either a HA intervention (HEAT, n = 5) or acted as controls (CON, n = 6). The intervention replaced usual cross-training sessions and consisted of an hour of submaximal cycling or rowing ergometry in either 34±0°C for HEAT or 14±1°C for CON daily over two five-day blocks (10 sessions total), separated by 72h. Participants performed the ‘10+4’ test that consists of 10-min submaximal rowing and a 4-min time-trial (TT) in temperate conditions (20±0°C) before and after the intervention. Heat acclimation following the 10-session intervention was evidenced by large significant (p<0.05) decreases in maximum tympanic temperature (d = -1.68) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (d = -2.26), and a large significant increase in sweat loss (d = 0.91). Large non-significant (p>0.05) decreases were seen in average tympanic temperature (d = -3.08) and average heart rate (d = -1.53) in HEAT from session 2 to session 10 of the intervention. Furthermore, a large significant increase was seen in plasma volume (d = 3.74), with large significant decreases in haemoglobin concentration (d = -1.78) and hematocrit (d = -12.9). Following the intervention, large non-significant increases in respiratory exchange ratio (d = 0.87) and blood lactate (d = 1.40) as well as a large non-significant decrease in RPE (d = -1.23) were seen in HEAT during the 10-min submaximal rowing. A large significant decrease in peak heart rate (d = -2.27), as well as a large non-significant decrease in relative V˙O2peak (d = -0.90) and large non-significant increases in respiratory exchange ratio (d = 1.18), blood lactate concentration (d = 1.25) and power output (d = 0.96) were seen in HEAT during the 4-min TT. This study suggests that a 10-session HA intervention may elicit HA in national-level rowers, with potential to improve 4-min TT performance in temperate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin P. Philp
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan W. Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis C. Visentin
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Kitic
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James W. Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher T. Minson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John R. Gregory
- Sports Performance Unit, Tasmanian Institute of Sport, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Philp CP, Pitchford NW, Fell JW, Kitic CM, Buchheit M, Petersen AC, Minson CT, Visentin DC, Watson G. Hot water immersion; potential to improve intermittent running performance and perception of in-game running ability in semi-professional Australian Rules Footballers? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263752. [PMID: 35171968 PMCID: PMC8849500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether hot water immersion (HWI) could heat acclimate athletes and improve intermittent running performance and perception of in-game running ability, during a competitive Australian Rules Football (ARF) season. Fifteen male semi-professional ARF athletes (Mean (SD); age: 22 (3) years, height: 182.3 (6.5) cm, mass: 80.5 (5.1) kg) completed either HWI (HEAT, N = 8, 13 (2) sessions, 322 (69) min exposure, 39.5 (0.3) °C) or acted as a control (CON, N = 7, no water immersion) over 6-weeks. Athletes completed a 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test pre and post-intervention to assess intermittent running performance (VIFT), with perception of in-game running ability measured. Heat acclimation was determined via change in resting plasma volume, as well as physiological and perceptual responses during HWI. HEAT elicited large PV expansion (mean ± 90% CI: d = 1.03 ± 0.73), large decreases in heart rate (d = -0.89 ± 0.70), thermal sensation (d = -2.30 ± 1.15) and tympanic temperature (d = -1.18 ± 0.77). Large improvements in VIFT were seen in HEAT (d = 1.67 ± 0.93), with HEAT showing a greater improvement in VIFT when compared to CON (d = 0.81 ± 0.88). HEAT also showed greater belief that in-game running ability improved post-intervention (d = 2.15 ± 1.09) compared to CON. A 6-week HWI intervention can elicit heat acclimation, improve perception of in-game running ability, and potentially improve VIFT in semi-professional ARF athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin P. Philp
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Footscray, Victoria
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan W. Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James W. Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Kitic
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- HIITScience, Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron C. Petersen
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher T. Minson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Denis C. Visentin
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin W, Saner NJ, Weng X, Caruana NJ, Botella J, Kuang J, Lee MJC, Jamnick NA, Pitchford NW, Garnham A, Bartlett JD, Chen H, Bishop DJ. The Effect of Sleep Restriction, With or Without Exercise, on Skeletal Muscle Transcriptomic Profiles in Healthy Young Males. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:863224. [PMID: 35937838 PMCID: PMC9355502 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.863224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate sleep is associated with many detrimental health effects, including increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These effects have been associated with changes to the skeletal muscle transcriptome, although this has not been characterised in response to a period of sleep restriction. Exercise induces a beneficial transcriptional response within skeletal muscle that may counteract some of the negative effects associated with sleep restriction. We hypothesised that sleep restriction would down-regulate transcriptional pathways associated with glucose metabolism, but that performing exercise would mitigate these effects. METHODS 20 healthy young males were allocated to one of three experimental groups: a Normal Sleep (NS) group (8 h time in bed per night (TIB), for five nights (11 pm - 7 am)), a Sleep Restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB, for five nights (3 am - 7 am)), and a Sleep Restriction and Exercise group (SR+EX) (4 h TIB, for five nights (3 am - 7 am) and three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions (performed at 10 am)). RNA sequencing was performed on muscle samples collected pre- and post-intervention. Our data was then compared to skeletal muscle transcriptomic data previously reported following sleep deprivation (24 h without sleep). RESULTS Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated there was an increased enrichment of inflammatory and immune response related pathways in the SR group post-intervention. However, in the SR+EX group the direction of enrichment in these same pathways occurred in the opposite directions. Despite this, there were no significant changes at the individual gene level from pre- to post-intervention. A set of genes previously shown to be decreased with sleep deprivation was also decreased in the SR group, but increased in the SR+EX group. CONCLUSION The alterations to inflammatory and immune related pathways in skeletal muscle, following five nights of sleep restriction, provide insight regarding the transcriptional changes that underpin the detrimental effects associated with sleep loss. Performing three sessions of HIIE during sleep restriction attenuated some of these transcriptional changes. Overall, the transcriptional alterations observed with a moderate period of sleep restriction were less evident than previously reported changes following a period of sleep deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Lin
- College of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas J. Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Human Integrative Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiquan Weng
- College of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nikeisha J. Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J-C. Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Jamnick
- Metabolic Research Unit, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan W. Pitchford
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hao Chen
- College of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Chen, ; David J. Bishop,
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Hao Chen, ; David J. Bishop,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vincent GE, Onay Z, Scanlan AT, Elsworthy N, Pitchford NW, Lastella M. The Impact of Self-Reported Sleep Quantity on Perceived Decision-Making in Sports Officials During a Competitive Season. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:156-169. [PMID: 32097098 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1722309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: While sleep research in athletes is extensive, no research has investigated sleep in sports officials during a competitive season. This study explored the (a) self-reported quantity and quality of sleep obtained by sports officials according to the time of competition (day or evening) and (b) impact of reduced sleep on perceived decision-making ability. Design: Sports officials (n = 371) from various sporting codes completed an online questionnaire that evaluated self-reported sleep quantity and quality on habitual nights, before competition, and after competition, as well as perceived decision-making constructs. Results: With sleep restriction defined as less than 7 h of sleep, mixed-effects logistic regression revealed that the estimated probability of reporting reduced sleep quantity increased (p< .05) on habitual nights (0.58), before competition (0.48), and after competition (0.56). The estimated probability of reporting poor sleep quality was 0.01-0.04 across all nights. When considering time of competition (day or evening), reduced sleep quantity was experienced after evening competition (odds ratio [OR] = 3.33, p < .05), while poorer sleep quality (p< .05) was experienced following day (OR = 2.1) and evening (OR = 12.46) competition compared to habitual nights. Furthermore, the impact of reduced sleep on perceived decision-making constructs was negative, with the estimated probability of reporting impaired perceived decision-making between 0.13 and 0.21. Conclusion: Overall, sports officials are vulnerable to reduced quantity and quality of sleep before and after competition, with impaired perceived decision-making ability following nights of less than average sleep.
Collapse
|
6
|
Saner NJ, Lee MJC, Kuang J, Pitchford NW, Roach GD, Garnham A, Genders AJ, Stokes T, Schroder EA, Huo Z, Esser KA, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms. Mol Metab 2021; 43:101110. [PMID: 33137489 PMCID: PMC7704425 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep loss has emerged as a risk factor for the development of impaired glucose tolerance. The mechanisms underpinning this observation are unknown; however, both mitochondrial dysfunction and circadian misalignment have been proposed. Because exercise improves glucose tolerance and mitochondrial function, and alters circadian rhythms, we investigated whether exercise may counteract the effects induced by inadequate sleep. METHODS To minimize between-group differences of baseline characteristics, 24 healthy young males were allocated into one of the three experimental groups: a Normal Sleep (NS) group (8 h time in bed (TIB) per night, for five nights), a Sleep Restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB per night, for five nights), and a Sleep Restriction and Exercise group (SR+EX) (4 h TIB per night, for five nights and three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions). Glucose tolerance, mitochondrial respiratory function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis (SarcPS), and diurnal measures of peripheral skin temperature were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS We report that the SR group had reduced glucose tolerance post-intervention (mean change ± SD, P value, SR glucose AUC: 149 ± 115 A.U., P = 0.002), which was also associated with reductions in mitochondrial respiratory function (SR: -15.9 ± 12.4 pmol O2.s-1.mg-1, P = 0.001), a lower rate of SarcPS (FSR%/day SR: 1.11 ± 0.25%, P < 0.001), and reduced amplitude of diurnal rhythms. These effects were not observed when incorporating three sessions of HIIE during this period (SR+EX: glucose AUC 67 ± 57, P = 0.239, mitochondrial respiratory function: 0.6 ± 11.8 pmol O2.s-1.mg-1, P = 0.997, and SarcPS (FSR%/day): 1.77 ± 0.22%, P = 0.971). CONCLUSIONS A five-night period of sleep restriction leads to reductions in mitochondrial respiratory function, SarcPS, and amplitude of skin temperature diurnal rhythms, with a concurrent reduction in glucose tolerance. We provide novel data demonstrating that these same detrimental effects are not observed when HIIE is performed during the period of sleep restriction. These data therefore provide evidence in support of the use of HIIE as an intervention to mitigate the detrimental physiological effects of sleep loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Sport Performance Optimization Research Team, School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioral Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amanda J Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Schroder
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lastella M, Onay Z, Scanlan AT, Elsworthy N, Pitchford NW, Vincent GE. Wakeup Call: Reviewing the Effects of Sleep on Decision-Making in Athletes and Implications for Sports Officials. Monten J Sports Sci Med 2020. [DOI: 10.26773/mjssm.200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
8
|
Saner NJ, Lee MJC, Pitchford NW, Kuang J, Roach GD, Garnham A, Stokes T, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high-intensity interval exercise, on myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy young men. J Physiol 2020; 598:1523-1536. [PMID: 32078168 PMCID: PMC7217042 DOI: 10.1113/jp278828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Sleep restriction has previously been associated with the loss of muscle mass in both human and animal models. The rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) is a key variable in regulating skeletal muscle mass and can be increased by performing high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), although the effect of sleep restriction on MyoPS is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that participants undergoing a sleep restriction protocol (five nights, with 4 h in bed each night) had lower rates of skeletal muscle MyoPS; however, rates of MyoPS were maintained at control levels by performing HIIE during this period. Our data suggest that the lower rates of MyoPS in the sleep restriction group may contribute to the detrimental effects of sleep loss on muscle mass and that HIIE may be used as an intervention to counteract these effects.
Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep restriction, with or without high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), on the potential mechanisms underpinning previously‐reported sleep‐loss‐induced reductions to muscle mass. Twenty‐four healthy, young men underwent a protocol consisting of two nights of controlled baseline sleep and a five‐night intervention period. Participants were allocated into one of three parallel groups, matched for age, V˙O2peak, body mass index and habitual sleep duration; a normal sleep (NS) group [8 h time in bed (TIB) each night], a sleep restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB each night), and a sleep restriction and exercise group (SR+EX, 4 h TIB each night, with three sessions of HIIE). Deuterium oxide was ingested prior to commencing the study and muscle biopsies obtained pre‐ and post‐intervention were used to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) and molecular markers of protein synthesis and degradation signalling pathways. MyoPS was lower in the SR group [fractional synthetic rate (% day–1), mean ± SD, 1.24 ± 0.21] compared to both the NS (1.53 ± 0.09) and SR+EX groups (1.61 ± 0.14) (P < 0.05). However, there were no changes in the purported regulators of protein synthesis (i.e. p‐AKTser473 and p‐mTORser2448) and degradation (i.e. Foxo1/3 mRNA and LC3 protein) in any group. These data suggest that MyoPS is acutely reduced by sleep restriction, although MyoPS can be maintained by performing HIIE. These findings may explain the sleep‐loss‐induced reductions in muscle mass previously reported and also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of HIIE to maintain myofibrillar remodelling in this context. Sleep restriction has previously been associated with the loss of muscle mass in both human and animal models. The rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) is a key variable in regulating skeletal muscle mass and can be increased by performing high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), although the effect of sleep restriction on MyoPS is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that participants undergoing a sleep restriction protocol (five nights, with 4 h in bed each night) had lower rates of skeletal muscle MyoPS; however, rates of MyoPS were maintained at control levels by performing HIIE during this period. Our data suggest that the lower rates of MyoPS in the sleep restriction group may contribute to the detrimental effects of sleep loss on muscle mass and that HIIE may be used as an intervention to counteract these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee NA, Fell JW, Pitchford NW, Hall AH, Leveritt MD, Kitic CM. Combined Carbohydrate and Protein Ingestion During Australian Rules Football Matches and Training Sessions Does Not Reduce Fatigue or Accelerate Recovery Throughout a Weeklong Junior Tournament. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:344-355. [PMID: 28368955 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lee, NA, Fell, JW, Pitchford, NW, Hall, AH, Leveritt, MD, and Kitic, CM. Combined carbohydrate and protein ingestion during Australian rules football matches and training sessions does not reduce fatigue or accelerate recovery throughout a weeklong junior tournament. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 344-355, 2018-Australian rules football (ARF) is a physically demanding sport that can induce high levels of fatigue. Fatigue may be intensified during periods where multiple matches are played with limited recovery time. Combined carbohydrate and protein (CHO + PRO) intake during physical activity may provide performance and recovery benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CHO + PRO ingestion during ARF matches and training sessions throughout a tournament would enhance performance or recovery in comparison with CHO-only ingestion. Australian rules football players (n = 21) competing in a 7-day national tournament participated in this randomized and double-blinded study. Beverages containing either CHO (n = 10) or CHO + PRO (n = 11) were provided during matches (day 1, day 4, and day 7) and training sessions (day 2 and day 3). Countermovement jumps (CMJs), ratings of muscle soreness, and autonomic function were assessed throughout the tournament. Gastrointestinal tract (GI) discomfort was measured after matches. Countermovement jump peak velocity increased in the CHO + PRO group (p = 0.01) but not in the CHO group. There were no differences in the other CMJ variables. In both groups, muscle soreness increased from days 0 and 1 to day 2 (p ≤ 0.05) but did not remain elevated. R-R intervals (time elapsed between successive peaks in QRS complexes) increased in both groups from day 1 to day 7 (mean difference = 59.85 ms, p < 0.01). Postmatch GI discomfort was not different (p > 0.05) between groups. When daily dietary protein is adequate (>1.8 g·kg·d), the ingestion of CHO + PRO during matches and training sessions throughout a tournament does not reduce muscle soreness nor have clear benefits for neuromuscular recovery or modulate autonomic function in junior ARF athletes, compared with that of CHO alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Lee
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Sports Performance Unit, Tasmanian Institute of Sport, Launceston, Australia
| | - James W Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,AFL Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Andrew H Hall
- Apple to Zucchini Sports Nutrition, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| |
Collapse
|