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Kowthavarapu VK, Charbe NB, Gupta C, Iakovleva T, Stillhart C, Parrott NJ, Schmidt S, Cristofoletti R. Mechanistic Modeling of In Vitro Biopharmaceutic Data for a Weak Acid Drug: A Pathway Towards Deriving Fundamental Parameters for Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutic Modeling. AAPS J 2024; 26:44. [PMID: 38575716 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling of in vitro experiments using metabolic enzyme systems enables the extrapolation of metabolic clearance for in vitro-in vivo predictions. This is particularly important for successful clearance predictions using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The concept of mechanistic modeling can also be extended to biopharmaceutics, where in vitro data is used to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. This approach further allows for the identification of parameters that are critical for oral drug absorption in vivo. However, the routine use of this analysis approach has been hindered by the lack of an integrated analysis workflow. The objective of this tutorial is to (1) review processes and parameters contributing to oral drug absorption in increasing levels of complexity, (2) outline a general physiologically based biopharmaceutic modeling workflow for weak acids, and (3) illustrate the outlined concepts via an ibuprofen (i.e., a weak, poorly soluble acid) case example in order to provide practical guidance on how to integrate biopharmaceutic and physiological data to better understand oral drug absorption. In the future, we plan to explore the usefulness of this tutorial/roadmap to inform the development of PBPK models for BCS 2 weak bases, by expanding the stepwise modeling approach to accommodate more intricate scenarios, including the presence of diprotic basic compounds and acidifying agents within the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Krishna Kowthavarapu
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Churni Gupta
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Tatiana Iakovleva
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Formulation & Process Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics Lake Nona (Orlando), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Office 467, Orlando, Florida, 32827, USA.
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Van der Veken M, Brouwers J, Ozbey AC, Umehara K, Stillhart C, Knops N, Augustijns P, Parrott NJ. Investigating Tacrolimus Disposition in Paediatric Patients with a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Incorporating CYP3A4 Ontogeny, Mechanistic Absorption and Red Blood Cell Binding. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2231. [PMID: 37765200 PMCID: PMC10536648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is a crucial immunosuppressant for organ transplant patients, requiring therapeutic drug monitoring due to its variable exposure after oral intake. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling has provided insights into tacrolimus disposition in adults but has limited application in paediatrics. This study investigated age dependency in tacrolimus exposure at the levels of absorption, metabolism, and distribution. Based on the literature data, a PBPK model was developed to predict tacrolimus exposure in adults after intravenous and oral administration. This model was then extrapolated to the paediatric population, using a unique reference dataset of kidney transplant patients. Selecting adequate ontogeny profiles for hepatic and intestinal CYP3A4 appeared critical to using the model in children. The best model performance was achieved by using the Upreti ontogeny in both the liver and intestines. To mechanistically evaluate the impact of absorption on tacrolimus exposure, biorelevant in vitro solubility and dissolution data were obtained. A relatively fast and complete release of tacrolimus from its amorphous formulation was observed when mimicking adult or paediatric dissolution conditions (dose, fluid volume). In both the adult and paediatric PBPK models, the in vitro dissolution profiles could be adequately substituted by diffusion-layer-based dissolution modelling. At the level of distribution, sensitivity analysis suggested that differences in blood plasma partitioning of tacrolimus may contribute to the variability in exposure in paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van der Veken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.d.V.); (J.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.d.V.); (J.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Agustos Cetin Ozbey
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.C.O.); (K.U.)
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.C.O.); (K.U.)
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Noël Knops
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N3, Bus 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Pediatrics, Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, 2803 Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.d.V.); (J.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.C.O.); (K.U.)
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Al Shoyaib A, Riedmaier AE, Kumar A, Roy P, Parrott NJ, Fang L, Tampal N, Yang Y, Jereb R, Zhao L, Wu F. Regulatory utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for assessing food impact in bioequivalence studies: A workshop summary report. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:610-618. [PMID: 36597353 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This workshop report summarizes the presentations and panel discussion related to the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approaches for food effect assessment, collected from Session 2 of Day 2 of the workshop titled "Regulatory Utility of Mechanistic Modeling to Support Alternative Bioequivalence Approaches." The US Food and Drug Administration in collaboration with the Center for Research on Complex Generics organized this workshop where this particular session titled "Oral PBPK for Evaluating the Impact of Food on BE" presented successful cases of PBPK modeling approaches for food effect assessment. Recently, PBPK modeling has started to gain popularity among academia, industries, and regulatory agencies for its potential utility during bioavailability (BA) and/or bioequivalence (BE) studies of new and generic drug products to assess the impact of food on BA/BE. Considering the promises of PBPK modeling in generic drug development, the aim of this workshop session was to facilitate knowledge sharing among academia, industries, and regulatory agencies to understand the knowledge gap and guide the path forward. This report collects and summarizes the information presented and discussed during this session to disseminate the information into a broader audience for further advancement in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
| | | | - Anita Kumar
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lanyan Fang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Nilufer Tampal
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuching Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Sandoz Development Center, Clinical Development, Sandoz, Slovenia
| | - Liang Zhao
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
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Mueller H, Wildum S, Luangsay S, Walther J, Lopez A, Tropberger P, Ottaviani G, Lu W, Parrott NJ, Zhang JD, Schmucki R, Racek T, Hoflack JC, Kueng E, Point F, Zhou X, Steiner G, Lütgehetmann M, Rapp G, Volz T, Dandri M, Yang S, Young JAT, Javanbakht H. A novel orally available small molecule that inhibits hepatitis B virus expression. J Hepatol 2018; 68:412-420. [PMID: 29079285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The hallmarks of chronic HBV infection are a high viral load (HBV DNA) and even higher levels (>100-fold in excess of virions) of non-infectious membranous particles containing the tolerogenic viral S antigen (HBsAg). Currently, standard treatment effectively reduces viremia but only rarely results in a functional cure (defined as sustained HBsAg loss). There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies that reduce HBsAg levels and restore virus-specific immune responsiveness in patients. We report the discovery of a novel, potent and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of HBV gene expression (RG7834). METHODS RG7834 antiviral characteristics and selectivity against HBV were evaluated in HBV natural infection assays and in a urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency humanized mouse model of HBV infection, either alone or in combination with entecavir. RESULTS Unlike nucleos(t)ide therapies, which reduce viremia but do not lead to an effective reduction in HBV antigen expression, RG7834 significantly reduced the levels of viral proteins (including HBsAg), as well as lowering viremia. Consistent with its proposed mechanism of action, time course RNA-seq analysis revealed a fast and selective reduction in HBV mRNAs in response to RG7834 treatment. Furthermore, oral treatment of HBV-infected humanized mice with RG7834 led to a mean HBsAg reduction of 1.09 log10 compared to entecavir, which had no significant effect on HBsAg levels. Combination of RG7834, entecavir and pegylated interferon α-2a led to significant reductions of both HBV DNA and HBsAg levels in humanized mice. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel oral HBV viral gene expression inhibitor that blocks viral antigen and virion production, that is highly selective for HBV, and has a unique antiviral profile that is clearly differentiated from nucleos(t)ide analogues. LAY SUMMARY We discovered a novel small molecule viral expression inhibitor that is highly selective for HBV and unlike current therapy inhibits the expression of viral proteins by specifically reducing HBV mRNAs. RG7834 can therefore potentially provide anti-HBV benefits and increase HBV cure rates, by direct reduction of viral agents needed to complete the viral life cycle, as well as a reduction of viral agents involved in evasion of the host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Wildum
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Souphalone Luangsay
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Walther
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Lopez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Tropberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenzhe Lu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Racek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Kueng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Point
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xue Zhou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gianna Rapp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - John A T Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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