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Baek EJ, Jeong YJ, Kim GH, Kim MJ, Kim KI. Effects on viral suppression and the early-immune expression of ribavirin against spring viremia of carp virus in vitro. Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 154:105145. [PMID: 38316233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a globally distributed virus that causes severe clinical symptoms and high mortality in fish belonging to the families Cyprinidae and Siluridae. To protect the host against viral infection, understanding the relatedness between viral susceptibility and antiviral mechanisms must be crucial. Thus, we evaluated the viral suppression efficacy of ribavirin by measuring the transcription levels of viral and immune genes in vitro. The results showed that following ribavirin treatment after SVCV infection (MOI 0.1), ribavirin inhibited SVCV replication in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and completely inhibited viral gene (G and N) expression at concentrations above 10 μg/mL at 48 h post-infection. Ribavirin does not directly damage SVCV particles but inhibits early viral replication. In the absence of SVCV infection, the immunological dynamics triggered by ribavirin resulted in upregulated pattern recognition receptors and proinflammatory cytokine-related genes (i.e., PI3K, MYD88, IRAK1, RIG-І, MAVS, Mx1, TNF-α, and NF-κB). Furthermore, EPC cells treated with ribavirin following SVCV infection showed upregulation of PI3K, MYD88, IRAK1, RIG-І, TNF-α, and NF-κB genes within 24 h post-SVCV infection, suggesting that ribavirin positively inhibits the SVCV infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Baek
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Guk Hyun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Estaji F, Nasr Esfahani B, Zibaee S, Sanei MH, Moghim S. Epstein-barr virus/ Helicobacter pylori coinfection and gastric cancer: the possible role of viral gene expression and shp1 methylation. Iran J Microbiol 2022; 14:901-912. [PMID: 36721441 PMCID: PMC9867624 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Among the various factors involved in the development of gastric cancer (GC), infectious agents are one of the most important causative inducers. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of EBV gene expression on SHP1 methylation in co-infection with Helicobacter pylori in patients with GC. Materials and Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from 150 patients with gastrointestinal disorders. The presence of the H. pylori and EBV genome were examined by PCR. The expression level of viral gene transcripts and methylation status of the SHP1 cellular gene was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and methyl-specific PCR. Results EBV and H. pylori coinfection were reported in 5.6% of patients. The mean DNA viral load was significant in patients coinfected with cagA-positive H. pylori (P= 0.02). The expression of BZLF1 and EBER was associated with GC. Also, the expression level of BZLF1in GC tissues was significantly higher in coinfection (P = 0.01). SHP1 methylation frequency was higher in the GC group than in the control group (P = 0.04). The correlation between the methylation rate and the H. pylori infection was highly significant (P<0.0001). The strongest positive correlation was observed in GC specimens between SHP1 methylation and H. pylori cagA-positive strains (p= 0.003). Conclusion Our results suggested that cagA might involve in the elevation of EBV lytic gene expression and SHP1 methylation, and the development of gastric cancer. Understanding the mechanism of EBV H. pylori - cagA + coinfection, as well as host epigenetic changes, can play an important role in diagnosing and preventing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Estaji
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Zibaee
- Department of Research and Development of Biological Products, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sanei
- Department of Pathology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Sharareh Moghim, Ph.D, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Tel: +98-31-37929013 Fax: +98-31-36688597
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Sawtell NM, Thompson RL. HSV Mutant Generation and Dual Detection Methods for Gaining Insight into Latent/Lytic Cycles In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:219-239. [PMID: 31617181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two important components of a useful strategy to examine viral gene function, regulation, and pathogenesis in vivo are (1) a highly efficient protocol to generate viral mutants that limits undesired mutation and retains full replication competency in vivo, and (2) an efficient system to detect and quantify viral promoter activity and gene expression in rare cells in vivo and to gain insight into the surrounding tissue environment. Our strategy and protocols for generating, characterizing, and employing HSV viral promoter/reporter mutants in vivo are provided in this two-part chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Richard L Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Renzaho A, Schmiedeke JK, Griessl M, Kühnapfel B, Seckert CK, Lemmermann NAW. Transcripts expressed in cytomegalovirus latency coding for an antigenic IE/E phase peptide that drives "memory inflation". Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:439-46. [PMID: 31004200 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Roizman's definition of herpesviral latency, which applies also to cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), demands maintenance of reactivation-competent viral genomes after clearance of productive infection. It is more recent understanding that failure to complete the productive viral cycle for virus assembly and release does not imply viral gene silencing at all genetic loci and all the time. It rather appears that CMV latency is transcriptionally "noisy" in that silenced viral genes get desilenced from time to time in a stochastic manner, leading to "transcripts expressed in latency" (TELs). If a TEL happens to code for a protein that contains a CD8 T cell epitope, protein processing can lead to the presentation of the antigenic peptide and restimulation of cognate CD8 T cells during latency. This mechanism is discussed as a potential driver of epitope-selective accumulation of CD8 T cells over time, a phenomenon linked to CMV latency and known as "memory inflation" (MI). So far, expression of an epitope-encoding TEL was shown only for the major immediate-early (MIE) gene m123/ie1 of murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV), which codes for the prototypic MI-driving antigenic peptide YPHFMPTNL that is presented by the MHC class-I molecule Ld. The only known second MI-driving antigenic peptide of mCMV in the murine MHC haplotype H-2d is AGPPRYSRI presented by the MHC-I molecule Dd. This peptide is very special in that it is encoded by the early (E) phase gene m164 and by an overlapping immediate-early (IE) transcript governed by a promoter upstream of m164. If MI is driven by presentation of TEL-derived antigenic peptides, as the hypothesis says, one should find corresponding TELs. We show here that E-phase and IE-phase transcripts that code for the MI-driving antigenic peptide AGPPRYSRI are independently and stochastically expressed in latently infected lungs.
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Ghorbani A, Izadpanah K, Dietzgen RG. Gene expression and population polymorphism of maize Iranian mosaic virus in Zea mays, and intracellular localization and interactions of viral N, P, and M proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Genes 2018; 54:290-296. [PMID: 29450759 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV; Mononegavirales, Rhabdoviridae, Nucleorhabdovirus) infects maize and several other poaceous plants. MIMV encodes six proteins, i.e., nucleocapsid protein (N), polymerase cofactor phosphoprotein (P), putative movement protein (P3), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and large RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). In the present study, MIMV gene expression and genetic polymorphism of an MIMV population in maize were determined. N, P, P3, and M protein genes were more highly expressed than the 5' terminal G and L genes. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified across the genome within a MIMV population in maize from RNA-Seq read data pooled from three infected plants indicating genomic variations of potential importance to evolution of the virus. MIMV N, P, and M proteins that are known to be involved in rhabdovirus replication and transcription were characterized as to their intracellular localization and interactions. N protein accumulated exclusively in the nucleus and interacted with itself and with P protein. P protein accumulated in both the nucleus and cell periphery and interacted with itself, N and M proteins in the nucleus. M protein was localized in the cell periphery and on endomembranes, and interacted with P protein in the nucleus. MIMV proteins show a distinctive combination of intracellular localizations and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozar Ghorbani
- College of Agriculture, Plant Virology Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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Mueller H, Wildum S, Luangsay S, Walther J, Lopez A, Tropberger P, Ottaviani G, Lu W, Parrott NJ, Zhang JD, Schmucki R, Racek T, Hoflack JC, Kueng E, Point F, Zhou X, Steiner G, Lütgehetmann M, Rapp G, Volz T, Dandri M, Yang S, Young JAT, Javanbakht H. A novel orally available small molecule that inhibits hepatitis B virus expression. J Hepatol 2018; 68:412-420. [PMID: 29079285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The hallmarks of chronic HBV infection are a high viral load (HBV DNA) and even higher levels (>100-fold in excess of virions) of non-infectious membranous particles containing the tolerogenic viral S antigen (HBsAg). Currently, standard treatment effectively reduces viremia but only rarely results in a functional cure (defined as sustained HBsAg loss). There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies that reduce HBsAg levels and restore virus-specific immune responsiveness in patients. We report the discovery of a novel, potent and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of HBV gene expression (RG7834). METHODS RG7834 antiviral characteristics and selectivity against HBV were evaluated in HBV natural infection assays and in a urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency humanized mouse model of HBV infection, either alone or in combination with entecavir. RESULTS Unlike nucleos(t)ide therapies, which reduce viremia but do not lead to an effective reduction in HBV antigen expression, RG7834 significantly reduced the levels of viral proteins (including HBsAg), as well as lowering viremia. Consistent with its proposed mechanism of action, time course RNA-seq analysis revealed a fast and selective reduction in HBV mRNAs in response to RG7834 treatment. Furthermore, oral treatment of HBV-infected humanized mice with RG7834 led to a mean HBsAg reduction of 1.09 log10 compared to entecavir, which had no significant effect on HBsAg levels. Combination of RG7834, entecavir and pegylated interferon α-2a led to significant reductions of both HBV DNA and HBsAg levels in humanized mice. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel oral HBV viral gene expression inhibitor that blocks viral antigen and virion production, that is highly selective for HBV, and has a unique antiviral profile that is clearly differentiated from nucleos(t)ide analogues. LAY SUMMARY We discovered a novel small molecule viral expression inhibitor that is highly selective for HBV and unlike current therapy inhibits the expression of viral proteins by specifically reducing HBV mRNAs. RG7834 can therefore potentially provide anti-HBV benefits and increase HBV cure rates, by direct reduction of viral agents needed to complete the viral life cycle, as well as a reduction of viral agents involved in evasion of the host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Wildum
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Souphalone Luangsay
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Walther
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Lopez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Tropberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenzhe Lu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Racek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Kueng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Point
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xue Zhou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gianna Rapp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - John A T Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Zhu L, Jones C. The high mobility group AT-hook 1 protein stimulates bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection. Virus Res 2017; 238:236-242. [PMID: 28684158 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle that causes clinical symptoms in the upper respiratory tract and conjunctivitis. Like most alpha-herpesvirinae subfamily members, BoHV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons. Stress consistently induces reactivation from latency, which is essential for virus transmission. Recent studies demonstrated that a viral protein (ORF2) expressed in a subset of latently infected neurons is associated with β-catenin and the high mobility group AT-hook 1 protein (HMGA1), which correlates with increased expression of these proteins in latently infected neurons. Since HMGA1 is primarily expressed in actively growing cells, binds to the minor groove of A+T rich regions in double-stranded DNA, and mediates gene transcription, we hypothesized that HMGA1 regulates BoHV-1 productive infection. Studies in this report indicated that productive infection increased HMGA1 protein levels and re-localized the protein in the nucleus. Netropsin, a small molecule that binds to the minor groove of DNA and prevents HMGA1 from interacting with DNA inhibited viral replication and interfered with the ability of BoHV-1 to induce HMGA1 re-localization. Furthermore, netropsin reduced RNA and protein expression of two viral regulatory proteins (bICP0 and bICP22) during productive infection, but increased bICP4 levels. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that specifically target HMGA1 reduced HMGA1 RNA levels and virus production confirming HMGA1 stimulates productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhu
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; College of Veterinary Medicine and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University,48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Clinton Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University,48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Abstract
Coronaviruses have large positive-strand RNA genomes that are 5' capped and 3' polyadenylated. The 5'-terminal two-thirds of the genome contain two open reading frames (ORFs), 1a and 1b, that together make up the viral replicase gene and encode two large polyproteins that are processed by viral proteases into 15-16 nonstructural proteins, most of them being involved in viral RNA synthesis. ORFs located in the 3'-terminal one-third of the genome encode structural and accessory proteins and are expressed from a set of 5' leader-containing subgenomic mRNAs that are synthesized by a process called discontinuous transcription. Coronavirus protein synthesis not only involves cap-dependent translation mechanisms but also employs regulatory mechanisms, such as ribosomal frameshifting. Coronavirus replication is known to affect cellular translation, involving activation of stress-induced signaling pathways, and employing viral proteins that affect cellular mRNA translation and RNA stability. This chapter describes our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in coronavirus mRNA translation and changes in host mRNA translation observed in coronavirus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakagawa
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - K G Lokugamage
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - S Makino
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; UTMB Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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Kokusho R, Koh Y, Fujimoto M, Shimada T, Katsuma S. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus BM5 protein regulates progeny virus production and viral gene expression. Virology 2016; 498:240-249. [PMID: 27614700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) orf5 (Bm5) is a core gene of lepidopteran baculoviruses and encodes the protein with the conserved amino acid residues (DUF3627) in its C-terminus. Here, we found that Bm5 disruption resulted in lower titers of budded viruses and fewer numbers of occlusion bodies (OBs) in B. mori cultured cells and larvae, although viral genome replication was not affected. Bm5 disruption also caused aberrant expression of various viral genes at the very late stage of infection. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that BM5 localized to the nuclear membrane. We also found that DUF3627 is important for OB production, transcriptional regulation of viral genes, and subcellular localization of BM5. Compared with wild-type BmNPV infection, larval death was delayed when B. mori larvae were infected with Bm5 mutants. These results suggest that BM5 is involved in progeny virus production and regulation of viral gene expression at the very late stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kokusho
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Koh
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toru Shimada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Worrall EA, Wamonje FO, Mukeshimana G, Harvey JJ, Carr JP, Mitter N. Bean Common Mosaic Virus and Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus: Relationships, Biology, and Prospects for Control. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:1-46. [PMID: 26111585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The closely related potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are major constraints on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production. Crop losses caused by BCMV and BCMNV impact severely not only on commercial scale cultivation of this high-value crop but also on production by smallholder farmers in the developing world, where bean serves as a key source of dietary protein and mineral nutrition. In many parts of the world, progress has been made in combating BCMV through breeding bean varieties possessing the I gene, a dominant gene conferring resistance to most BCMV strains. However, in Africa, and in particular in Central and East Africa, BCMNV is endemic and this presents a serious problem for deployment of the I gene because this virus triggers systemic necrosis (black root disease) in plants possessing this resistance gene. Information on these two important viruses is scattered throughout the literature from 1917 onward, and although reviews on resistance to BCMV and BCMNV exist, there is currently no comprehensive review on the biology and taxonomy of BCMV and BCMNV. In this chapter, we discuss the current state of our knowledge of these two potyviruses including fundamental aspects of classification and phylogeny, molecular biology, host interactions, transmission through seed and by aphid vectors, geographic distribution, as well as current and future prospects for the control of these important viruses.
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Tierney RJ, Shannon-Lowe CD, Fitzsimmons L, Bell AI, Rowe M. Unexpected patterns of Epstein-Barr virus transcription revealed by a high throughput PCR array for absolute quantification of viral mRNA. Virology 2015; 474:117-30. [PMID: 25463610 PMCID: PMC4266535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have validated a flexible, high-throughput and relatively inexpensive RT-QPCR array platform for absolute quantification of Epstein-Barr virus transcripts in different latent and lytic infection states. Several novel observations are reported. First, during infection of normal B cells, Wp-initiated latent gene transcripts remain far more abundant following activation of the Cp promoter than was hitherto suspected. Second, EBNA1 transcript levels are remarkably low in all forms of latency, typically ranging from 1 to 10 transcripts per cell. EBNA3A, -3B and -3C transcripts are likewise very low in Latency III, typically at levels similar to or less than EBNA1 transcripts. Thirdly, a subset of lytic gene transcripts is detectable in Burkitt lymphoma lines at low levels, including: BILF1, which has oncogenic properties, and the poorly characterized LF1, LF2 and LF3 genes. Analysis of seven African BL biopsies confirmed this transcription profile but additionally revealed significant expression of LMP2 transcripts.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virion/genetics
- Virus Latency/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Tierney
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire D Shannon-Lowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Fitzsimmons
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus in the γ-herpesvirinae subfamily that contains a 170-180kb double-stranded DNA genome. In vivo, EBV commonly infects B and epithelial cells and persists for the life of the host in a latent state in the memory B-cell compartment of the peripheral blood. EBV can be reactivated from its latent state, leading to increased expression of lytic genes that primarily encode for enzymes necessary to replicate the viral genome and structural components of the virion. Lytic cycle proteins also aid in immune evasion, inhibition of apoptosis, and the modulation of other host responses to infection. In vitro, EBV has the potential to infect primary human B cells and induce cellular proliferation to yield effectively immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines, or LCLs. EBV immortalization of B cells in vitro serves as a model system for studying EBV-mediated lymphomagenesis. While much is known about the steady-state viral gene expression within EBV-immortalized LCLs and other EBV-positive cell lines, relatively little is known about the early events after primary B-cell infection. It was previously thought that upon latent infection, EBV only expressed the well-characterized latency-associated transcripts found in LCLs. However, recent work has characterized the early, but transient, expression of lytic genes necessary for efficient transformation and delayed responses in the known latency genes. This chapter summarizes these recent findings that show how dynamic and controlled expression of multiple EBV genes can control the activation of B cells, entry into the cell cycle, the inhibition of apoptosis, and innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Price
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710 USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710 USA.
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Segarra A, Faury N, Pépin JF, Renault T. Transcriptomic study of 39 ostreid herpesvirus 1 genes during an experimental infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 119:5-11. [PMID: 24681357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Massive mortality outbreaks have been reported in France since 2008 among Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, with the detection of a particular OsHV-1 variant called μVar. Virus infection can be induced in healthy spat in experimental conditions allowing to better understand the disease process, including viral gene expression. Although gene expression of other herpesviruses has been widely studied, we provide the first study following viral gene expression of OsHV-1 over time. In this context, an in vivo transcriptomic study targeting 39 OsHV-1 genes was carried out during an experimental infection of Pacific oyster spat. For the first time, several OsHV-1 mRNAs were detected by real-time PCR at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 18 h, 26 h and 42 h post-injection. Several transcripts were detected at 2h post-infection and at 18 h post-infection for all selected ORFs. Quantification of virus gene expression at different times of infection was also carried out using an oyster housekeeping gene, Elongation factor. Developing an OsHV-1-specific reverse transcriptase real time PCR targeting 39 viral gene appears a new tool in terms of diagnosis and can be used to complement viral DNA detection in order to monitor viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Segarra
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Jean-François Pépin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LERPC), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
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14
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Silva MAR, Silva ECB, Gurgel APAD, Nascimento KCG, Freitas AC. Bovine papillomavirus E2 and E5 gene expression in sperm cells of healthy bulls. Virusdisease 2014; 25:125-8. [PMID: 24426320 PMCID: PMC3889234 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are found in epithelial lesions and are linked to different carcinogenic processes in humans and other animals. Although BPV has been characterized as epitheliotropic, the presence of viral DNA has been detected in other tissues and fluids, such as fresh semen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and expression of BPV in sperm cells of bulls (Bos taurus) asymptomatic for papillomatosis. A PCR assay was carried out with specific primers to test BPV2 in 26 semen samples. The presence of BPV transcripts was assessed by RT-PCR to E2 and E5 genes. BPV2 DNA was detected in nine out of 26 samples and the expression of E2 and E5 were detected in five out of nine BPV positive samples. This is the first record of BPV2 expression in bull sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. R. Silva
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - E. C. B. Silva
- />Laboratório de Andrologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - A. P. A. D. Gurgel
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - K. C. G. Nascimento
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - A. C. Freitas
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
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