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Nachmias B, Khan DH, Voisin V, Mer AS, Thomas GE, Segev N, St-Germain J, Hurren R, Gronda M, Botham A, Wang X, Maclean N, Seneviratne AK, Duong N, Xu C, Arruda A, Orouji E, Algouneh A, Hakem R, Shlush L, Minden MD, Raught B, Bader GD, Schimmer AD. IPO11 regulates the nuclear import of BZW1/2 and is necessary for AML cells and stem cells. Leukemia 2022; 36:1283-1295. [PMID: 35152270 PMCID: PMC9061300 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AML cells are arranged in a hierarchy with stem/progenitor cells giving rise to more differentiated bulk cells. Despite the importance of stem/progenitors in the pathogenesis of AML, the determinants of the AML stem/progenitor state are not fully understood. Through a comparison of genes that are significant for growth and viability of AML cells by way of a CRISPR screen, with genes that are differentially expressed in leukemia stem cells (LSC), we identified importin 11 (IPO11) as a novel target in AML. Importin 11 (IPO11) is a member of the importin β family of proteins that mediate transport of proteins across the nuclear membrane. In AML, knockdown of IPO11 decreased growth, reduced engraftment potential of LSC, and induced differentiation. Mechanistically, we identified the transcription factors BZW1 and BZW2 as novel cargo of IPO11. We further show that BZW1/2 mediate a transcriptional signature that promotes stemness and survival of LSC. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time how specific cytoplasmic-nuclear regulation supports stem-like transcriptional signature in relapsed AML.
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2
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Bankar A, Siriwardena TP, Rizoska B, Rydergård C, Kylefjord H, Rraklli V, Eneroth A, Pinho P, Norin S, Bylund J, Moses S, Bethell R, Kavanagh S, Maclean N, Gronda M, Wang X, Hurren R, Minden MD, Targett-Adams P, Schimmer AD, Albertella M. Novel L-nucleoside analogue, 5-fluorotroxacitabine, displays potent efficacy against acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2021; 106:574-579. [PMID: 31857370 PMCID: PMC7849559 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.226795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Bankar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Kavanagh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
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Botham A, Coyaud E, Nirmalanandhan VS, Gronda M, Hurren R, Maclean N, St-Germain J, Mirali S, Laurent E, Raught B, Schimmer A. Global Interactome Mapping of Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space Proteases Identifies a Novel Function for HTRA2. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1900139. [PMID: 31617661 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of unique proteases localize to specific sub-compartments of the mitochondria, but the functions of these enzymes are poorly defined. Here, in vivo proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) is used to map the interactomes of seven proteases localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). In total, 802 high confidence proximity interactions with 342 unique proteins are identified. While all seven proteases co-localized with the IMS markers OPA1 and CLPB, 230 of the interacting partners are unique to just one or two protease bait proteins, highlighting the ability of BioID to differentiate unique interactomes within the confined space of the IMS. Notably, high-temperature requirement peptidase 2 (HTRA2) interacts with eight of 13 components of the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, a multiprotein assembly essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial cristae structure. Knockdown of HTRA2 disrupts cristae in HEK 293 and OCI-AML2 cells, and leads to increased intracellular levels of the MIB subunit IMMT. Using a cell-free assay it is demonstrated that HTRA2 can degrade recombinant IMMT but not two other core MIB complex subunits, SAMM50 and CHCHD3. The IMS protease interactome thus represents a rich dataset that can be mined to uncover novel IMS protease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Botham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Mirali
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
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4
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Botham AD, Coyaud E, Nirmalanandhan S, Gronda M, Hurren R, Maclean N, Germain JS, Mirali S, Laurent E, Raught B, Schimmer A. Abstract 4529: Mapping the protein interactome of mitochondrial intermembrane space proteases identifies a novel function for HTRA2. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondria possess unique proteases that localize to specific sub-compartments of the organelle. However, the functions of these proteases are largely ill-defined. Here, we used proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) to map the interactomes of seven proteases located in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. The mitochondrial intermembrane space proteases HTRA2, OMA1, YME1L1, LACTB, IMMP1L, IMMP2L and PARL were cloned in-frame with the abortive E. coli biotin ligase BirA*, and expressed in 293 T-REx cells. Cell culture media was spiked with biotin for 24 hrs, the cells lysed, and biotinylated proteins were isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. In total, we identified 342 different proteins as high confidence interactors of the seven mitochondrial proteases. Of these, 272 are assigned a GO mitochondrial annotation, and 230 proteins interacted with only 1 or 2 proteases in our dataset. Validation efforts were focused on high temperature requirement peptidase A 2 (HTRA2). HTRA2 is a serine protease that is released into the cytoplasm during apoptosis where it binds Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs). However, little is known about the function of HTRA2 in the mitochondria. HTRA2 interacted with 60 mitochondrial, 11 nuclear and 4 cytoplasmic proteins, including its known interactor XIAP, and consistent with its known localization to these cellular compartments. HTRA2 interacted with 8 out of 13 components of the MIB complex, a multiprotein assembly that is essential for proper mitochondrial cristae formation. Knockdown of HTRA2 with shRNA in 293T-REx cells disrupted cristae formation and this phenotype was rescued by expression of an shRNA-resistant HTRA2 cDNA. Compared to normal hematopoietic cells, HTRA2 mRNA expression levels are increased in a subgroup of primary AML cells. HTRA2 knockdown in OCI-AML2 leukemia cells led to a similar disruption of mitochondrial cristae. Knockdown of HTRA2 in OCI-AML2 cells led to increased levels of the MIB subunit IMMT, but not two other MIB complex subunits, SAMM50 and CHCHD3. Finally, in cell-free assays, we demonstrate that recombinant HTRA2 can degrade recombinant IMMT, but not SAMM50 or CHCHD3.Thus, we have mapped the interactomes of the proteases of the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Through this effort, we discovered that HTRA2 regulates protein levels of the MIB complex subunit IMMT and that disruption of this process affects mitochondrial cristae formation.
Citation Format: Aaron D. Botham, Etienne Coyaud, Sanjit Nirmalanandhan, Marcela Gronda, Rose Hurren, Neil Maclean, Jonathan St. Germain, Sara Mirali, Estelle Laurent, Brian Raught, Aaron Schimmer. Mapping the protein interactome of mitochondrial intermembrane space proteases identifies a novel function for HTRA2 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Botham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjit Nirmalanandhan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan St. Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Mirali
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liyanage SU, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Hurren R, Maclean N, Wood SR, Kazak L, Shamas-Din A, Holt I, Raught B, Schimmer A. Characterizing the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma interactome by BioID identifies Ruvbl2 localizes to the mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2016; 32:31-35. [PMID: 27845271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is replicated by the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG). Using proximity dependent biotin labelling (BioID), we characterized the POLG interactome and identified new interaction partners involved in mtDNA maintenance, transcription, translation and protein quality control. We also identified interaction with the nuclear AAA+ ATPase Ruvbl2, suggesting mitochondrial localization for this protein. Ruvbl2 was detected in mitochondria-enriched fractions in leukemic cells. Additionally, transgenic overexpression of Ruvbl2 from an alternative translation initiation site resulted in mitochondrial co-localization. Overall, POLG interactome mapping identifies novel proteins which support mitochondrial biogenesis and a potential novel mitochondrial isoform of Ruvbl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanduni U Liyanage
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart R Wood
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aisha Shamas-Din
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Holt
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Liyanage S, Hurren R, Wang X, Maclean N, Laposa R, Schimmer A. Abstract 210: Targeting the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma with 2’3’-dideoxycytidine as a novel therapeutic strategy for acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A subset of AML cells display unique mitochondrial characteristics such as increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mt mass, and sensitivity to inhibition of mtDNA transcription and protein translation. Given these unique mitochondrial characteristics, we evaluated the effect of inhibiting mtDNA replication by targeting the mtDNA polymerase gamma (POLG). POLG is a nuclear-encoded gene that replicates and repairs mtDNA. POLG mRNA is increased in leukemia cell lines and a subset of AML patients.
We evaluated the preclinical efficacy of targeting POLG using the nucleoside analog 2’,3’-dideoxycytidine (ddC), an FDA-approved anti-retroviral drug that cross-reacts with POLG.
Treatment with ddC at 500nM depleted mtDNA by >90%, decreased mtDNA-encoded COXI and COXII proteins and basal oxygen consumption, and induced apoptosis in AML cell lines (OCI-AML2, TEX, K562). ddC further decreased cell viability in a subset of primary AML cells, while normal peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC’s) were resistant to ddC in vitro.
Next, we assessed the preclinical efficacy and toxicity of ddC in an OCI-AML2 xenograft model of human AML. Treatment with 35mg/kg of i.p. ddC induced tumor regression and decreased tumor mass by >75% compared to vehicle. No toxicity was observed including changes in liver enzymes or organ histology. We also observed reductions in COXI and COXII protein in tumors but not liver excised from treated mice.
We next investigated the mechanism for preferential sensitivity to ddC in AML cells. A two-fold greater decrease in mtDNA content was observed in AML cells treated with ddC compared to PBSC’s, in part explaining the heightened sensitivity. However, the increased sensitivity to ddC in AML was not due to increased mtDNA turnover as mtDNA depletion after ethidium bromide treatment was comparable between AML and PBSC’s.
Therefore, we investigated the role of ddC uptake and metabolism. ddC is transported by nucleoside transporters (ENT’s, CNT’s) and activated by cytoplasmic nucleoside kinases to ddC-triphosphate (ddC-TP). Analysis of Haferlach et. al. (2010) dataset demonstrated that a subset of AML cells have higher mRNA expression of hENT2 and hCNT1, and the nucleoside diphosphate kinases NME1,2,3,5 compared to normal hematopoietic cells. Using mass spectrometry, we observed higher levels of ddC and ddCTP in sensitive AML cells compared to resistant cells. Lastly, knockdown of the deoxycytidine kinase rescued ddC cytotoxicity in TEX cells.
In summary, targeting POLG with ddC displays anti-leukemic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of AML. The preferential toxicity of ddC is due, in part, to increased rates of uptake and activation in AML along as well as their increased sensitivity to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, POLG inhibitors such as ddC may have clinical utility in a subset of AML.
Citation Format: Sanduni Liyanage, Rose Hurren, Xiaoming Wang, Neil Maclean, Rebecca Laposa, Aaron Schimmer. Targeting the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma with 2’3’-dideoxycytidine as a novel therapeutic strategy for acute myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 210.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose Hurren
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Douglas FJ, MacLaren DA, Maclean N, Andreu I, Kettles FJ, Tuna F, Berry CC, Castro M, Murrie M. Gadolinium-doped magnetite nanoparticles from a single-source precursor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A single source bimetallic precursor is used in the synthesis of octahedral Gd:Fe3O4nanoparticles in order to reduce separate nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Douglas
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
| | - D. A. MacLaren
- SUPA
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- The University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
| | - N. Maclean
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
| | - I. Andreu
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)
- CSIC – Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50018 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - F. J. Kettles
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
| | - F. Tuna
- National EPR Centre
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - C. C. Berry
- Centre for Cell Engineering
- CMVLS
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
| | - M. Castro
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)
- CSIC – Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50018 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - M. Murrie
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
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8
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Jeyaraju DV, Voisin V, Ramakrishnan A, Hurren R, Maclean N, Gronda M, Minden M, Bader G, Schimmer AD. Abstract A87: Targeting the mitochondrial quality control machinery in acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.metca15-a87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that a subset of AML cells and stem cells have metabolic vulnerabilities in the mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) chain that could impact on the ability of AML and AML stem cells to handle increased electron flux in the respiratory chain (Sriskanthadevan et al., Blood, 2015). To identify additional vulnerabilities in the mitochondria of AML cells and AML stem cells, we analyzed RNA expression levels of a panel of mitochondrial quality control proteins using the nCounter Analysis System (Nanostring technologies) in bulk as well as the progenitor enriched fraction of AML patients and normal donors. Among the top hits was the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) that was upregulated in AML cells and progenitors compared to normal hematopoietic cells. MPP is a metallopeptidase composed of a regulatoryα subunit and a proteolytic β subunit that cleaves presequences from several nuclear encoded and mitochondrially imported proteins. To further analyze the expression of MPP in AML, we analyzed publicly available datasets (Eppert et al., (GSE30377), Laurenti et al., (GSE42414) and Norversthen et al., (GSE24759)). GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) on stem enriched as well as bulk AML cells demonstrated upregulation of MPPα and β as well as increased expression of the mitochondrial protein import pathway in a subset of AML cells and stem cells compared to normal hematopoietic cells and stem cells.
To understand the importance of MPP in AML cells, we knocked down MPPα and β using shRNA in lentiviral vectors and confirmed target knockdown by immunoblotting. Knockdown of MPPα or β reduced the growth and viability of OCI-AML2 cells. Mechanistically, knockdown of MPP β increased mitochondrial ROS generation.
Thus, the mitochondrial protein import pathway is upregulated in a subset of AML cells and stem cells. Moreover inhibition of this pathway at the level of MPPα and β is cytotoxic to AML cells and disrupts mitochondrial function.
Citation Format: Danny V. Jeyaraju, Veronique Voisin, Ashwin Ramakrishnan, Rose Hurren, Neil Maclean, Marcela Gronda, Mark Minden, Gary Bader, Aaron D. Schimmer. Targeting the mitochondrial quality control machinery in acute myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A87.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rose Hurren
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Neil Maclean
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | | | - Mark Minden
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Gary Bader
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Cole A, Wang Z, Coyaud E, Voisin V, Gronda M, Jitkova Y, Mattson R, Hurren R, Babovic S, Maclean N, Restall I, Wang X, Jeyaraju DV, Sukhai MA, Prabha S, Bashir S, Ramakrishnan A, Leung E, Qia YH, Zhang N, Combes KR, Ketela T, Lin F, Houry WA, Aman A, Al-Awar R, Zheng W, Wienholds E, Xu CJ, Dick J, Wang JCY, Moffat J, Minden MD, Eaves CJ, Bader GD, Hao Z, Kornblau SM, Raught B, Schimmer AD. Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Protease ClpP as a Therapeutic Strategy for Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:864-76. [PMID: 26058080 PMCID: PMC4461837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
From an shRNA screen, we identified ClpP as a member of the mitochondrial proteome whose knockdown reduced the viability of K562 leukemic cells. Expression of this mitochondrial protease that has structural similarity to the cytoplasmic proteosome is increased in leukemic cells from approximately half of all patients with AML. Genetic or chemical inhibition of ClpP killed cells from both human AML cell lines and primary samples in which the cells showed elevated ClpP expression but did not affect their normal counterparts. Importantly, Clpp knockout mice were viable with normal hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, we found that ClpP interacts with mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins and metabolic enzymes, and knockdown of ClpP in leukemic cells inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Cole
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Zezhou Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Yulia Jitkova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Rachel Mattson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Sonja Babovic
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ian Restall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | | | | | - Swayam Prabha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Shaheena Bashir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Elisa Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yi Hua Qia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nianxian Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R Combes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Troy Ketela
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Fengshu Lin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Walid A Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erno Wienholds
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Chang Jiang Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jean C Y Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhenyue Hao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T. K. Thanh
- Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - N. Maclean
- Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mahiddine
- Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
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11
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Xu GW, Toth JI, da Silva SR, Paiva SL, Lukkarila JL, Hurren R, Maclean N, Sukhai MA, Bhattacharjee RN, Goard CA, Gunning PT, Dhe-Paganon S, Petroski MD, Schimmer AD. Mutations in UBA3 confer resistance to the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 in human leukemic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93530. [PMID: 24691136 PMCID: PMC3972249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) initiates neddylation, the cascade of post-translational NEDD8 conjugation onto target proteins. MLN4924, a selective NAE inhibitor, has displayed preclinical anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo, and promising clinical activity has been reported in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. Here, we sought to understand the mechanisms of resistance to MLN4924. K562 and U937 leukemia cells were exposed over a 6 month period to MLN4924 and populations of resistant cells (R-K562MLN, R-U937MLN) were selected. R-K562MLN and R-U937MLN cells contain I310N and Y352H mutations in the NAE catalytic subunit UBA3, respectively. Biochemical analyses indicate that these mutations increase the enzyme’s affinity for ATP while decreasing its affinity for NEDD8. These mutations effectively contribute to decreased MLN4924 potency in vitro while providing for sufficient NAE function for leukemia cell survival. Finally, R-K562MLN cells showed cross-resistance to other NAE-selective inhibitors, but remained sensitive to a pan-E1 (activating enzyme) inhibitor. Thus, our work provides insight into mechanisms of MLN4924 resistance to facilitate the development of more effective second-generation NAE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Wei Xu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia I. Toth
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sara R. da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey-Lynn Paiva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie L. Lukkarila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- HalTech Regional Innovation Centre, Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Oakville, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahadeo A. Sukhai
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rabindra N. Bhattacharjee
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn A. Goard
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Petroski
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADS); (MDP)
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (ADS); (MDP)
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12
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Robinson TJW, Liu JC, Vizeacoumar F, Sun T, Maclean N, Egan SE, Schimmer AD, Datti A, Zacksenhaus E. RB1 status in triple negative breast cancer cells dictates response to radiation treatment and selective therapeutic drugs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78641. [PMID: 24265703 PMCID: PMC3827056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) includes basal-like and claudin-low subtypes for which only chemotherapy and radiation therapy are currently available. The retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor is frequently lost in human TNBC. Knockdown of RB1 in luminal BC cells was shown to affect response to endocrine, radiation and several antineoplastic drugs. However, the effect of RB1 status on radiation and chemo-sensitivity in TNBC cells and whether RB1 status affects response to divergent or specific treatment are unknown. Using multiple basal-like and claudin-low cell lines, we hereby demonstrate that RB-negative TNBC cell lines are highly sensitive to gamma-irradiation, and moderately more sensitive to doxorubicin and methotrexate compared to RB-positive TNBC cell lines. In contrast, RB1 status did not affect sensitivity of TNBC cells to multiple other drugs including cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil, idarubicin, epirubicin, PRIMA-1met, fludarabine and PD-0332991, some of which are used to treat TNBC patients. Moreover, a non-biased screen of ∼3400 compounds, including FDA-approved drugs, revealed similar sensitivity of RB-proficient and -deficient TNBC cells. Finally, ESA+/CD24−/low/CD44+ cancer stem cells from RB-negative TNBC lines were consistently more sensitive to gamma-irradiation than RB-positive lines, whereas the effect of chemotherapy on the cancer stem cell fraction varied irrespective of RB1 expression. Our results suggest that patients carrying RB-deficient TNBCs would benefit from gamma-irradiation as well as doxorubicin and methotrexate therapy, but not necessarily from many other anti-neoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. W. Robinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (TJWR); (EZ)
| | - Jeff C. Liu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederick Vizeacoumar
- S.M.A.R.T. High Throughput Facility, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Sun
- S.M.A.R.T. High Throughput Facility, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Clinical Studies Resource Centre, OCI, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E. Egan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Clinical Studies Resource Centre, OCI, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- S.M.A.R.T. High Throughput Facility, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (TJWR); (EZ)
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13
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14
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Škrtić M, Sriskanthadevan S, Jhas B, Gebbia M, Wang X, Wang Z, Hurren R, Jitkova Y, Gronda M, Maclean N, Lai CK, Eberhard Y, Bartoszko J, Spagnuolo P, Rutledge AC, Datti A, Ketela T, Moffat J, Robinson BH, Cameron JH, Wrana J, Eaves CJ, Minden MD, Wang JC, Dick JE, Humphries K, Nislow C, Giaever G, Schimmer AD. Inhibition of mitochondrial translation as a therapeutic strategy for human acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:674-88. [PMID: 22094260 PMCID: PMC3221282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To identify FDA-approved agents targeting leukemic cells, we performed a chemical screen on two human leukemic cell lines and identified the antimicrobial tigecycline. A genome-wide screen in yeast identified mitochondrial translation inhibition as the mechanism of tigecycline-mediated lethality. Tigecycline selectively killed leukemia stem and progenitor cells compared to their normal counterparts and also showed antileukemic activity in mouse models of human leukemia. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of EF-Tu mitochondrial translation factor in leukemic cells reproduced the antileukemia activity of tigecycline. These effects were derivative of mitochondrial biogenesis that, together with an increased basal oxygen consumption, proved to be enhanced in AML versus normal hematopoietic cells and were also important for their difference in tigecycline sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Škrtić
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Shrivani Sriskanthadevan
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Bozhena Jhas
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Marinella Gebbia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Zezhou Wang
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Yulia Jitkova
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Courteney K. Lai
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Yanina Eberhard
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Justyna Bartoszko
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Paul Spagnuolo
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Angela C. Rutledge
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Brian H. Robinson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Jessie H. Cameron
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Jeffery Wrana
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Connie J. Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Mark D. Minden
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jean C.Y. Wang
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
- Division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John E. Dick
- Division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Guri Giaever
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, The Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Aaron D. Schimmer, Princess Margaret Hospital, Rm 9-516, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, Tel: 416-946-2838, Fax: 416-946-6546,
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15
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Hwang G, Myung CS, Park SI, Song SJ, Maclean N. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from rock shell, Thais clavigera. Mol Ecol Resour 2009; 9:1227-9. [PMID: 21564885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imposex (superimposition of male genital organs on female phenotype) of the rock shell or whelk, Thais clavigera, shows typical evidence of endocrine disruption by organotin compounds within inter-tidal zones polluted by such compounds. It will be informative to see how low fertility caused by imposex of this species finally affects the genetic diversity of polluted populations. For future use in population genetic research of the rock shell, we report the isolation and characteristics of 11 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers with a mean of 11.7 alleles per locus. We observed heterozygosities of these sequences ranging from 0.43 to 0.95. These markers will be useful for future ecological genetic studies of rock shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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16
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Iyengar A, Gilbert T, Woodfine T, Knowles JM, Diniz FM, Brenneman RA, Louis EE, Maclean N. Remnants of ancient genetic diversity preserved within captive groups of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Mol Ecol 2008; 16:2436-49. [PMID: 17561904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Scimitar-horned oryx, now considered extinct in the wild, persists in large numbers in captivity. In this first molecular genetic study on this species, we explore the patterns of genetic diversity across European, North American, and a few other captive groups using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial control region sequencing. Strong population structure was not evident from microsatellite data but we discovered deep divergence within the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from a network analysis where three disconnected networks were obtained, with estimated divergence times of c. 2.1-2.7 million years. Mismatch distribution analyses suggest population expansions c. 1.2 and 0.5 million years ago. We discuss our findings in the context of historical climatic changes in North Africa and use information obtained on current patterns of genetic diversity within captive groups to make recommendations for future captive management and reintroduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iyengar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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17
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Abstract
The Asiatic wild dog or dhole was once very widely distributed across Asia but now has a very fragmented range. In this first genetic study of this little-known species, we obtained information on genetic diversity, phylogeography, and social structure using both mitochondrial control region sequencing and microsatellite genotyping of noninvasive faecal samples from wild populations, as well as from museum and captive samples. A pattern largely consistent with isolation by distance across the Asian mainland was observed, with no clear subspecies distinctions. However, two major phylogeographical groupings were found across the mainland, one extending from South, Central, and North India (south of the Ganges) into Myanmar, and the other extending from India north of the Ganges into northeastern India, Myanmar, Thailand and the Malaysian Peninsula. We propose a scenario involving glaciation events that could explain this pattern. The origin of the dhole populations in Sumatra and Java is enigmatic and requires further study. Very low levels of genetic diversity were observed among wild dholes from Baluran National Park in Java, Indonesia, but in contrast, high levels were observed in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in South India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iyengar
- Laboratory for Conservation Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) sequences from cytochrome oxidase subunit I to the subunit II gene (COI, COII) were analysed in crustacean talitrid amphipods. Species of the genera Orchestia, Talitrus and Talorchestia from the Mediterranean-East Atlantic area were examined. The expected tRNALeu-UUR gene was not revealed between COI and COII. Instead, a short (35-48 bp) noncoding (NC) AT-rich (ca. 90%) region with putative stem loops was found. Here, we discuss briefly the NC region and explore its potential involvement in generating this novel rearrangement. The COI-NC-COII organization, as well as preliminary phylogenetic results, based on both COI-COII nucleotide and amino-acid sequence indicate monophyly of these talitrid taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Davolos
- Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK.
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19
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20
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Isaac M, O'Brien A, Slassi A, Da Silva K, Arora J, Maclean N, Hong B, McCallum K, Bell S, Mead E, et al. EA. Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of Novel Chiral Ligands for the Glycine-Reuptake Transporter Type-2 (GlyT-2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.200428278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Maggioni R, Rogers AD, Maclean N. Population structure of Litopenaeus schmitti (Decapoda: Penaeidae) from the Brazilian coast identified using six polymorphic microsatellite loci. Mol Ecol 2004; 12:3213-7. [PMID: 14629339 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The population structure of the only Litopenaeus species occurring in Brazilian waters, the white shrimp L. schmitti, was surveyed by screening six microsatellite loci. High diversity (HE = 0.863; average number of alleles per locus = 37.8) was found across eight geographical locations (2 degrees S to 27 degrees S). Estimates of overall FST(0.0060) were low but significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). FST pairwise estimates and amova revealed a significant discontinuity around a major biogeographical boundary, near Cabo Frio, at 23 degrees S. This separation may have been caused either by historical or on-going hydrogeographical and/or selective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maggioni
- FECLESC & NUGEN, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Paranjana 1700, Fortaleza, CE 60740-000, Brazil.
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22
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23
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Maclean N. Transgenic induction in Salmonid and Tilapia fish. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 18:95-107. [PMID: 21390648 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-245-0:95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Why produce transgenic fish? There are two chief reasons for introducing novel genes into animals. The first is as a means of increasing knowledge of gene regulation in that particular group of organisms. The second is that transgenic induction may involve some economic benefit from the modified organism in terms of its increased growth potential, disease resistance, or other desirable genetic trait. Both reasons are of importance in the context of transgenic fish. Fish are good candidates for transgenic induction for several reasons. They lay large numbers of eggs, and both fertilization and development are external to the body of the female (except in a few species of mouth-brooding fish and ovoviviparous species, such as the guppy [Poecilia]). Also, the eggs are usually quite large and may be readily pierced by a suitable glass needle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maclean
- Department of Biology, University of Southampton, UK
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24
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Harper GL, Maclean N, Goulson D. Microsatellite markers to assess the influence of population size, isolation and demographic change on the genetic structure of the UK butterflyPolyommatus bellargus. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:3349-57. [PMID: 14629351 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Five microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and used to quantify population genetic structure among a subset of UK populations of the Adonis blue (Polyommatus bellargus Rottemburg). Specifically, whether population size, degree of isolation or history of bottlenecking in 1976-1978 can explain current patterns of genetic variation. The butterfly is at its northern range limit in the UK, where it exists as a highly fragmented metapopulation on isolated pockets of calcareous grassland. Most populations were affected by a severe bottleneck in the late 1970s, when a drought caused the host plant (Hippocrepis comosa) to wilt. Mantel tests and spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a significant effect of isolation by distance among the UK populations, a relationship that broke down at greater geographical scales (> 23.85 km), probably because of large areas of unsuitable habitat presenting barriers to gene flow. Similarly, amova revealed that variation among geographical regions was almost double that observed within regions. Larger populations were found to support significantly higher levels of genetic diversity, suggesting that small populations may lose genetic diversity through drift. If, as in other butterfly species, low genetic diversity increases the probability of population extinction, then these populations are likely to be under threat. Neither isolation nor a history of bottlenecks appeared to influence genetic diversity. The results indicate that adequate population size a crucial factor in the conservation of genetic diversity in P. bellargus in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Harper
- Biodiversity and Ecological Processes Research Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, University of Cardiff, Museum Avenue, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK.
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25
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Lushai G, Smith DAS, Gordon IJ, Goulson D, Allen JA, Maclean N. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity (Edinb) 2003; 90:236-46. [PMID: 12634807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Subspecies chrysippus, dorippus and alcippus of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus differ at three biallelic colour gene loci. They have partially vicariant distributions, but their ranges overlap over a substantial part of central and East Africa, where hybridism is commonplace. We now report that the West African subspecies alcippus differs from other subspecies, not only in nuclear genotype but also in mitochondrial haplotype in both allopatry and sympatry. The maintenance of concordant nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic differences in sympatry, and in the face of hybridisation, is prima facie evidence for sexual isolation. Other evidence that suggests alcippus may be isolated from chrysippus and dorippus include differences in sex ratio (SR), heterozygote deficiency at one site and deduced differences in patterns of migration. We suggest that, within the hybrid zone, differential infection of subspecies by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium causes SR differences that restrict female choice, triggering rounds of heterotypic mating and consequent heterozygote excess that is largely confined to females. The absence of these phenomena from hybrid populations that test negative for Spiroplasma supports the hypothesis. The incomplete sexual isolation and partial vicariance of alcippus suggests that it is a nascent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lushai
- Ecology and Biodiversity Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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26
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Cossins AR, Murray PA, Gracey AY, Logue J, Polley S, Caddick M, Brooks S, Postle T, Maclean N. The role of desaturases in cold-induced lipid restructuring. Biochem Soc Trans 2002; 30:1082-6. [PMID: 12440978 DOI: 10.1042/bst0301082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All organisms respond to environmental challenge by adaptive responses, although, in many cases, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. In the case of membranes, the physical structure of membrane phospholipids is conserved in the face of cold, rigidifying conditions by the elevated proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. We have observed a clear positional specificity in this substitution and head group preferences in carp liver membranes. We have also demonstrated changes in the activity of lipid desaturases that mediate the unsaturation response, caused by both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Another hepatic isoform has recently been discovered with sensitivity, not to cooling, but to dietary variations. Finally, we are testing the importance of desaturase inductions in the inducible cold tolerance of the whole animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cossins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Gown Street, UK.
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27
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Abstract
The tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) has an important place in the aquaculture of the developing world. It is also a very useful laboratory animal, and readily lends itself to the transgenic technology. Through the use of reporter genes, a range of potential gene promoters have been tested in tilapia, both through transient and stable expression of the reporter construct. Using the transgenic technology, growth enhanced lines of tilapia have been produced. These fish have no abnormalities and offer a considerable growth advantage for future exploitation. It is however crucial that transgenic fish, to be exploited in aquaculture, be sterile, and various methods of achieving sterility are considered. These include triploidy, gene knock out of crucial hormone encoding genes via homologous recombination, and knock down of the function of the same genes via ribozyme or antisense technologies. Transgenic tilapia also offer the potential for exploitation as biofactories in the production of valuable pharmaceutical products, and this is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maclean
- Division of Cell Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Molina A, Iyengar A, Marins LF, Biemar F, Hanley S, Maclean N, Smith TJ, Martial JA, Muller M. Gene structure and promoter function of a teleost ribosomal protein: a tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) L18 gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1520:195-202. [PMID: 11566355 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized a tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) L18 ribosomal protein gene, including the complete transcribed region and 488 bp of upstream regulatory sequences. We have also isolated two L18 cDNAs from another tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with a few conservative nucleotide differences. Our results suggest the presence of two genes in both species. Reporter constructs were tested for transient expression in CV1 cells and in microinjected zebrafish and tilapia embryos. The tilapia L18 promoter was able to drive expression of the reporter gene in all three experiments, with no apparent preference for a particular tissue. The tilapia L18 promoter is therefore likely to be a powerful tool to drive tissue-independent gene expression in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molina
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie Génétique, Université de Liège, Institut de Chemie B6, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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29
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Maggioni R, Rogers AD, Maclean N, D'Incao F. Molecular phylogeny of western Atlantic Farfantepenaeus and Litopenaeus shrimp based on mitochondrial 16S partial sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 18:66-73. [PMID: 11161743 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2000.0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Partial sequences for the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene were obtained from 10 penaeid shrimp species: Farfantepenaeus paulensis, F. brasiliensis, F. subtilis, F. duorarum, F. aztecus, Litopenaeus schmitti, L. setiferus, and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri from the western Atlantic and L. vannamei and L. stylirostris from the eastern Pacific. Sequences were also obtained from an undescribed morphotype of pink shrimp (morphotype II) usually identified as F. subtilis. The phylogeny resulting from the 16S partial sequences showed that these species form two well-supported monophyletic clades consistent with the two genera proposed in a recent systematic review of the suborder Dendrobranchiata. This contrasted with conclusions drawn from recent molecular phylogenetic work on penaeid shrimps based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI region that failed to support recent revisions of the Dendrobranchiata based on morphological analysis. Consistent differences observed in the sequences for morphotype II, coupled with previous allozyme data, support the conclusion that this is a previously undescribed species of Farfantepenaeus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maggioni
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
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Rahman MA, Hwang GL, Razak SA, Sohm F, Maclean N. Copy number related transgene expression and mosaic somatic expression in hemizygous and homozygous transgenic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Transgenic Res 2000; 9:417-27. [PMID: 11206970 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026517212807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Three lines of transgenic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish were generated with a construct containing a lacZ reporter gene spliced to a 4.7 kb 5' regulatory region of a carp beta actin gene. All these three lines contain different copy numbers of transgenes and the levels of lacZ expression were found to be related to transgene copy number. Mosaic patterns of somatic lacZ expression were observed in these three lines which differed between lines but were consistent within a line. We also observed that expression of the reporter gene in homozygous transgenic fish was approximately two-fold greater than in the hemizygous transgenics. Analysis of expression of the reporter gene on a tissue-to-tissue basis demonstrated that lacZ expression of the reporter gene in stably transformed fish occured with variable intensity in different organs and tissues and was also sometimes variable in different cells of the same tissue in Gland G2 generations of the transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rahman
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the attitudes and beliefs of stroke patients identified by professionals as having either "high" or "low" motivation for rehabilitation. DESIGN Qualitative study with semistructured interviews. SETTING The stroke unit of an inner city teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS 22 patients with stroke who were undergoing rehabilitation; 14 with high motivation for rehabilitation and eight with low motivation. RESULTS All patients thought rehabilitation was important for recovery. High motivation patients were more likely to view rehabilitation as the most important means of recovery and to accord themselves an active role in rehabilitation. These patients were also more likely to understand rehabilitation and in particular to understand the specialist role of the nursing staff. Many patients reported independence at home as a personal goal, though few low motivation patients related this goal to success in rehabilitation. Information from professionals about rehabilitation, favourable comparisons with other stroke patients, and the desire to leave hospital had a positive effect on motivation. Conversely, overprotection from family members and professionals, lack of information or the receipt of "mixed messages" from professionals, and unfavourable comparisons with other patients had a negative effect. CONCLUSIONS There are some differences in beliefs between stroke patients identified as having low or high motivation for rehabilitation. These beliefs seem to be influenced by the environment in which the patient is rehabilitated. Professionals and carers should be made aware of the ways in which their behaviour can positively and negatively affect motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maclean
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Guy's, King's College, and St Thomas's Hospitals Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, King's College, University of London, London SE1 3QD.
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32
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Molina A, Biemar F, Müller F, Iyengar A, Prunet P, Maclean N, Martial JA, Muller M. Cloning and expression analysis of an inducible HSP70 gene from tilapia fish. FEBS Lett 2000; 474:5-10. [PMID: 10828441 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) HSP70 gene, highly homologous to other HSP70 genes. A dramatic increase of tilapia HSP70 mRNA levels was observed after heat shock of whole animals in all organs tested. Reporter constructs were tested for transient expression in carp cells and in microinjected zebrafish embryos. The entire isolated regulatory region (-851/+157) was able to mediate heat shock inducible expression of the reporter gene, with no preference for a particular tissue. Our studies represent the first transcriptional analysis of a HSP70 promoter from fish, revealing a powerful tool to direct controlled, tissue-independent gene expression in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molina
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génie Génétique, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6, B-40000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium, UK
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33
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Abstract
Rehabilitation professionals have long suspected that a patient's motivation plays an important role in determining the outcome of therapy, despite the lack of a clear definition of the phenomenon. The fact that such a subjective concept is commonly used by clinicians prompted this investigation into the range and nature of professional understandings of patient motivation. The literature dealing with physical rehabilitation and motivation was reviewed and was found to fall into three broad groups. One group of mainly clinical articles conceives of motivation as an internal 'personality trait' of the individual patient, and explains the nature and causes of motivation purely in terms of internal dispositions. Another body of literature considers motivation to be a quality which is affected by social factors, and stresses the importance of awareness of such factors in explaining motivation. The third approach considers social factors in combination with personality or clinical characteristics. It is argued that the personality-based approach facilitates moralising in the therapeutic encounter, a problem which is both highlighted and critiqued by the methodology which emphasises the importance of social factors. The practical implications of the relative merits of these different theories of motivation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maclean
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK.
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34
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Iyengar A, Piyapattanakorn S, Stone DM, Heipel DA, Howell BR, Baynes SM, Maclean N. Identification of Microsatellite Repeats in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and Dover Sole (Solea solea) using a RAPD-Based Technique: Characterization of Microsatellite Markers in Dover Sole. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2000; 2:49-56. [PMID: 10804239 DOI: 10.1007/s101269900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have used a RAPD-based technique to identify several microsatellite repeats in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and Dover sole (Solea solea) and report the characterization of six novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for Dover sole. These are the first such markers to be developed for this flatfish species. They exhibit much higher levels of heterozygosity than those previously observed with allozyme loci and should prove useful in addressing population genetic questions as well as more fundamental aquaculture-related questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iyengar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, U.K
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35
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Razak SA, Hwang GL, Rahman MA, Maclean N. Growth Performance and Gonadal Development of Growth Enhanced Transgenic Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Following Heat-Shock-Induced Triploidy. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 1999; 1:533-544. [PMID: 10612678 DOI: 10.1007/pl00011808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triploid induction offers a way of considerably reducing fertility in fish, and could therefore be employed to help ensure that any adverse environmental impact of transgenic fish was markedly less. In order to produce sterile growth-enhanced transgenic fish, we have induced triploidy in two lines of transgenic tilapia. Growth performance and gonadal development were analyzed following triploidization by heat shock. Ploidy status was confirmed by nuclear size measurement of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of triploids were found to be 1.5 times larger than diploids. Observations of growth enhancement and gonadal development were made on diploids and triploids from both transgenic and nontransgenic full sibling batches. In both lines, transgenic diploids were superior in growth performance, followed by transgenic triploids, nontransgenic diploids, and nontransgenic triploids. Although the testes of transgenic triploids were significantly smaller than those of nontransgenic triploids and nontransgenic diploids, histologically they did not show signs of gross deformation. There were also some spermatozoa present in the testes of some triploids, which could be indicative of reproductive functionality. However, the ovaries were devoid of oocytes, underdeveloped, and deformed in all triploids and were completely nonfunctional. Although the best growth performance was shown by the fertile diploid transgenics, the triploid transgenic females could offer a good option for aquaculture purposes because they showed superior growth performance over the normal wild-type tilapias with the advantage of sterility to ensure nonhybridization and noncontamination with the local gene pool. However, careful monitoring of potential gene flow would be required prior to commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Razak
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom
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36
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37
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Abstract
A clone of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. was maintained parthenogenetically over thirty-two generations (n = 344) in a constant environment: a new generation being set up by a female selected at random from the preceding generation. Genomic DNA from individual aphids was screened for genetic stability using RAPD-PCR with a previously tested ten-mer primer. A putative germ-line mutation was noted in generation 14 and somatic mutations were noted in generations 12, 25, 27 and 29. There were no differences in the RAPD-PCR profiles of winged and wingless morphs and samples tested for symbiotic DNA. No endoblotic fungal organism was associated with the clone. Southern blotting and hybridization studies indicated that band additions were of aphid origin. However, the RAPD-PCR profiles of the germ-line and somatic mutation samples were unique from other aphid clones cultured during the experimental period. This paper documents discernible genetic changes occurring within an animal clonal lineage over time and Impacts on the consequences this may have for clonal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lushai
- University of Southampton, School of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Ecology Division, UK.
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38
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Hanley S, Smith TJ, Muller F, Maclean N, Uzbekova S, Prunet P, Breton B. Isolation and functional analysis of the histone H3 promoter from atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 1998; 7:165-72. [PMID: 9701610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The histone H3 (sH3) promoter of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was cloned via polymerase chain reaction using primers designed from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) promoter sequence. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence with the equivalent sequences from rainbow trout and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) revealed a high degree of conservation. In vivo expression analysis of the sH3 promoter was carried out in both rainbow trout and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. A direct comparison of the sH3 promoter with the viral RSV promoter in rainbow trout resulted in stronger expression of the sH3 promoter. Furthermore, lacZ expression directed by the sH3 promoter was ubiquitous in several different cell types in developing zebrafish embryos. These results suggest that the sH3 promoter will be useful in transgenic studies in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanley
- National Diagnostics Centre, BioResearch Ireland, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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39
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Rahman MA, Mak R, Ayad H, Smith A, Maclean N. Expression of a novel piscine growth hormone gene results in growth enhancement in transgenic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Transgenic Res 1998; 7:357-69. [PMID: 9859224 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008837105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of transgenic G1 and G2 tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) have been produced following egg injection with gene constructs carrying growth hormone coding sequences of fish origin. Using a construct in which an ocean pout antifreeze promoter drives a chinook salmon growth hormone gene, dramatic growth enhancement has been demonstrated, in which the mean weight of the 7 month old G2 transgenic fish is more than three fold that of their non transgenic siblings. Somewhat surprisingly G1 fish transgenic for a construct consisting of a sockeye salmon metallothionein promoter spliced to a sockeye salmon growth hormone gene exhibited no growth enhancement, although salmon transgenic for this construct do show greatly enhanced growth. The growth enhanced transgenic lines were also strongly positive in a radio-immuno assay for the specific hormone in their serum, whereas the non growth enhanced lines were negative. Attempts to induce expression from the metallothionein promoter by exposing fish to increased levels of zinc were also unsuccessful. Homozygous transgenic fish have been produced from the ocean pout antifreeze/chinook salmon GH construct and preliminary trials suggest that their growth performance is similar to that of the hemizygous transgenics. No abnormalities were apparent in the growth enhanced fish, although minor changes to skull shape and reduced fertility were noted in some fish. There is also preliminary evidence for improved food conversion ratios when growth enhanced transgenic tilapia are compared to their non-transgenic siblings. The long term objective of this study is to produce lines of tilapia which are both growth enhanced and sterile, so offering improved strains of this important food fish for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rahman
- Division of Cell Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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40
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Maclean N. EDITORIAL: Journals and false economies of knowledge. Oceania 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1998.tb02676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maclean
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK.
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42
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Sunnucks P, De Barro PJ, Lushai G, Maclean N, Hales D. Genetic structure of an aphid studied using microsatellites: cyclic parthenogenesis, differentiated lineages and host specialization. Mol Ecol 1997; 6:1059-73. [PMID: 9394464 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1997.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, samples of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) were collected from wheat and adjacent cocksfoot hosts in a population thought to be primarily parthenogenetic, and DNA from individual aphids was analysed with a multilocus technique. Here we have applied single-locus microsatellites and a mitochondrial DNA marker to a subset of the same DNA extracts, and have made several additional inferences about important genetic and population processes in S. avenae. Microsatellite analysis indicated very high levels of genic and genotypic variation. S. avenae fell into three genotypic groups inferred to be almost noninterbreeding, while analysis of linkage and Hardy-Weinberg equilibria suggested high levels of sexual recombination within each genotypic group. Host specialization was evident: one lineage was found only on wheat, and one (bearing many alleles inferred to be introgressed from the blackberry-grass aphid S. fragariae (Walker)) was found only on cocksfoot. The third group of interrelated genotypes was found commonly on both hosts. Although most genotypes were found only once, some were much more numerous in the sample than expected from the frequency of the alleles they contained. This, and rapid temporal changes in genotypic composition of samples, indicates strong selective differences between genotypes and lineages. In the major genotypic group, the commonest genotypes were significantly more homozygous than were rare ones: thus these data may help to explain the frequent observation of homozygous excess in aphid allozymes. The genotype group showing S. avenae-like as well as S. fragariae-like alleles also carried S. fragariae-like mitochondrial DNA in at least 25/31 cases, indicating gender-asymmetrical hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sunnucks
- School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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43
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Müller F, Williams DW, Kobolák J, Gauvry L, Goldspink G, Orbán L, Maclean N. Activator effect of coinjected enhancers on the muscle-specific expression of promoters in zebrafish embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1997; 47:404-12. [PMID: 9211424 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199708)47:4<404::aid-mrd6>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transient expression of reporter gene constructs in embryos provides a powerful tool to characterise cis-acting transcriptional elements of the genes involved in development. In the present study, we have analysed the expression pattern of several muscle-specific and ubiquitous regulatory sequences in microinjected zebrafish embryos. By using a fast and reproducible coinjection strategy, the mosaic expression of lacZ reporter gene was monitored in wholemount embryos injected with sequences containing putative enhancer elements and a carp myosin heavy chain promoter/lacZ reporter construct. We have found that a 0.9-kb myosin heavy chain (MyHC) proximal promoter containing several putative myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) binding sites is sufficient to restrict lacZ expression to the skeletal muscle fibres of prim-6 stage zebrafish embryos. Expression of a rat-derived foetal myosin light chain enhancer (MyLC) and different fragments of a carp beta-actin regulatory region together with the MyHC promoter were compared by accumulating the type, number and spatial distribution of beta-galactosidase-expressing cells on an expression map. beta-galactosidase activity increased similarly whether the MyLC enhancer was ligated to the promoter/ reporter construct directly or when coinjected as a separate fragment whilst skeletal muscle specificity was retained. The coinjection of two different forms of the beta-actin regulatory elements also showed a marked effect on the MyHC promoter activity. The coinjection of putative enhancers with minimal promoter constructs and subsequent analysis of the transient expression pattern in the developing embryos provides a rapid and simple technique to identify cis acting activator elements of genes expressed in the vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Müller
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllö, Hungary
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44
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Williams DW, Müller F, Lavender FL, Orbán L, Maclean N. High transgene activity in the yolk syncytial layer affects quantitative transient expression assays in zebrafish Danio rerio) embryos. Transgenic Res 1996; 5:433-42. [PMID: 8840526 DOI: 10.1007/bf01980208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of studying the factors that cause wide variation in transient transgene expression in individual fish, a lacZ reporter gene linked to a carp beta-actin regulatory sequence was introduced into zebrafish embryos. As a general trend, a correlation between the number of transgene copies injected and the level of transgene expression was found. However, a substantial variation in the level of expression still occurred that could not be attributed to technical factors such as the difference in injected volume of the transgene. Co-injection of 32P-dCTP and transgene into the same embryo followed by detection of beta-galactosidase activity, has shown that the volume used for transgene injection, which was determined in terms of radioactivity, is not closely related to the level and location of transgene expression. Injection into the animal pole at zygote stage and the yolk cytoplasmic layer (YCL) at the 64-cell stage followed by determination of transgene expression in terms of unit injection volume, revealed that there are marked differences among tissues with regard to their capacity for transgene expression, and that the yolk syncytial layer is higher in this capacity. This high activity is assumed to be due to the high transcriptional activity or enhanced transgene replication in the syncytial layer, which is known to contain giant polyploid nuclei. The high levels of expression in the YSL may influence transient expression studies using quantitative comparative analyses and should be taken into consideration when expression data are derived from homogenates of yolk sac embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Williams
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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45
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Alam MS, Lavender FL, Iyengar A, Rahman MA, Ayad HH, Lathe R, Morley SD, Maclean N. Comparison of the activity of carp and rat beta-actin gene regulatory sequences in tilapia and rainbow trout embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1996; 45:117-22. [PMID: 8914067 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199610)45:2<117::aid-mrd2>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study on the level of expression of lacZ reporter constructs driven by equivalent carp and rat beta-actin regulatory sequences was carried out in embryos of tilapia and rainbow trout. DNA was microinjected into fertilised tilapia and rainbow trout eggs and the embryos/fry were assayed at various developmental stages for beta-galactosidase expression. We provide evidence to demonstrate that the carp beta-actin promoter/ lacZ reporter gene is expressed at higher levels than the equivalent rat beta-actin construct in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Alam
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
Transgenic fish, owing to a number of advantages which they offer over other species, are proving to be valuable model systems for the study of gene regulation and development genetics in addition to being useful targets for the genetic manipulation of commercially important traits. Despite having begun only a decade ago, the production of transgenic fish has become commonplace in a number of laboratories world-wide and considerable progress has been made. In this review, we initially consider the various regulatory elements and coding genes which have been used in fish, and subsequently discuss and compare both the transient and long-term fate and expression patterns of injected DNA sequences in the context of the different factors which are likely to have an effect on the expression of transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iyengar
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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47
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De Barro PJ, Sherratt TN, David O, Maclean N. An investigation of the differential performance of clones of the aphid Sitobion avenae on two host species. Oecologia 1995; 104:379-385. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00328374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/1995] [Accepted: 06/16/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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De Barro PJ, Sherratt TN, Carvalho GR, Nicol D, Iyengar A, Maclean N. An analysis of secondary spread by putative clones of Sitobion avenae within a Hampshire wheat field using the multilocus (GATA)4 probe. Insect Mol Biol 1994; 3:253-260. [PMID: 7704309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1994.tb00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grain aphids (Sitobion avenae (F.)) were collected from forty-four wheat ears in a Hampshire field at three times during the growing season. On each occasion, individual aphids were profiled using the multilocus (GATA)4 probe. During the full head emergence and full anthesis growth stages of wheat, each ear generally supported a genetically distinguishable aphid colony which consisted of genetically indistinguishable individuals (putative clones). This information strongly suggests that individual ears were colonized by single immigration events. By the late milky ripe stage, most ears supported two or more such clones. The total number of clones declined and the spatial separation of identical clones increased markedly over the duration of the study, which strongly suggests that secondary spread rather than increased immigration was responsible for the increased clonal diversity of ears. In addition, the profiles of individual S. avenae became more alike as the season progressed and samples became dominated by particular clones indicating either differential survival or reproduction among clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J De Barro
- Department of Biology, University of Southampton
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49
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50
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Rahman A, Maclean N. Fish transgene expression by direct injection into fish muscle. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 1992; 1:286-9. [PMID: 1308819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a promoter sequence to drive expression of a reporter gene can be determined by direct injection of copies of the cloned sequence into fish muscle, followed by biopsy of muscle from the site of injection. We describe a set of experiments in which copies of the constructs FV1 and FV2, both comprising a carp beta-actin promoter sequence spliced to the bacterial reporter gene CAT, were injected into the muscle of tilapia fish )Oreochromis niloticus) of between 5 and 8 cm body length. The site of injection was carefully determined so that biopsy samples could be recovered from the injection site 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days after injection. Biopsy samples of muscle were homogenized and used for CAT assays. CAT activity was successfully detected in many of the muscle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- Department of Biology, Southampton University, Hampshire, UK
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