Subfatin concentration decreases in acute coronary syndrome

Introduction

We investigated the association of serum subfatin concentration and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI).

Materials and methods

In this study, patients who presented with chest pain (STEMI, NSTEMI, or non-cardiac chest pain) were included, i.e. 49 patients with non-cardiac chest pain (control) and 66 patients hospitalised with AMI. In the AMI group, 35 patients had NSTEMI and 31 had STEMI. Serum subfatin concentrations were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Descriptive data on the patients and their comorbidities were recorded, and subfatin concentrations were analysed.

Results

Subfatin concentrations were significantly different in the control, STEMI and NSTEMI groups (P = 0.002). In addition, subfatin concentrations were significantly lower in patients in the NSTEMI group than those in the control group (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between STEMI and the control group (P = 0.143). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis performed for differentiating the AMI and control groups found that subfatin had 64% sensitivity and 69% specificity, whereas troponin had 59% sensitivity and 95% specificity. In patients with AMI, the ROC analysis for differentiating NSTEMI from STEMI found that subfatin had 94% sensitivity and 41% specificity, while troponin had 65% sensitivity and 88% specificity.

Conclusions

Subfatin concentrations were lower in patients without STEMI than in patients with STEMI. Subfatin concentration is associated with NSTEMI.

Protective effects of rosmarinic acid against azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer in rats

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is increasing gradually and has been become one of the most common cancers worldwide. Hence, it is important to discover cheap, naturally occurring compounds to be effective in suppressing the devastating effect of colon-related tumors. Rosmarinic acid (RA), one of the compounds of plant origin, possesses attractive features for use as an agent for cancer prevention and treatment. This study investigated the ability of RA to prevent azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by evaluating the effect of RA on tumor formation and circulatory oxidant-antioxidant status. Moreover, plasma levels of adiponectin (APN) monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The animals were divided into three groups: Control, AOM, and AOM + RA. Rats were fed a modified pellet diet (15.8% peanut oil was added to the standard diet) during the experimental period. Colon cancer was formed by applying 15 mg/kg AOM intraperitoneal once a week for 4 weeks in both the CRC group and AOM + RA group. Besides AOM, AOM + RA group received 5 mg/kg body weight RA orally every day during the study. The results showed that adenocarcinoma rates formed 87.5% of the AOM group. With treatment of RA, a reduction in the incidence of adenocarcinoma was observed in the AOM + RA group. The plasma MCP-1, IL-6, and TO levels were significantly higher, APN and TAS levels were significantly lower in the AOM group with respect to controls. In addition, there was a significant increase in TAS levels in the RA treatment group compared to the AOM group. These findings suggested that RA may be beneficial in preventing AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis formation.

Evaluation of Serum Concentration of the Myokine Irisin (FNDC5) in Patients with Age-Related

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the serum irisin level of patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and compared it with that of healthy individuals.

METHODS

The serum irisin level of 15 healthy controls (Group 1) and 15 dry ARMD patients (Group 2) and 15 wet ARMD patients (Group 3) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and compared.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age or gender (p>0.05). The mean serum irisin levels of Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 were 25.81±24.04 ng/mL, 22.93±19.05 ng/mL, and 12.38±8.16 ng/mL, respectively. Although the mean irisin level in the wet ARMD patients was lower than that of the control and dry ARMD groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the serum irisin level in ARMD patients is not different from that of healthy individuals. Studies of larger groups that examine the irisin level in the vitreous and neovascular membranes will further elucidate any role in the pathogenesis of ARMD.

The combined effect of pomegranate extract and tangeretin on the DMBA-induced breast cancer model

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate extract and tangeretin alone or in combination in DMBA-induced rat breast cancer model. A total of 68 female rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. The first 4 groups were designed as controls for cancer and treatment groups, and the control groups were composed of only control (C), Pomegranate (P), Tangeretin (T), and Pomegranate+Tangeretin (P+T) groups. The other four groups were designed as cancer and treatment groups and were composed of DMBA (D) and DMBA+Pomegranate (D+P), DMBA+Tangeretin (D+T), DMBA+Pomegranate+Tangeretin (D+P+T) groups. Tumor markers and angiogenesis parameters were studied from plasma samples obtained from rats. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and TUNEL analyses and expressions of proteins affecting apoptosis and cell cycle were determined in breast tissue samples. In the DMBA group, plasma CA15-3, CEA, VEGF, MMP-9, and NF-κB levels were significantly increased compared to the controls, but significant decreases were observed in these parameters except MMP-9 in the treatment groups. It was observed that p53 and Bax expressions significantly increased in both D+P and D+P+T groups compared to the DMBA group, and these findings were supported by Tunel and immunohistochemical findings. Cyclin D1 expressions were found to be significantly decreased only in the D+T group and supported by TUNEL and immunohistochemical findings. Immunohistochemical ER-α and Ki-67 immune reactivities were significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared to the DMBA group. Our results showed that combined application of pomegranate extract and tangeretin may be more beneficial in preventing breast cancer development.

Serum Cystatin C Concentrations in Patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy

Purpose

To evaluate the concentration of serum cystatin C (CysC) in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) and the usability of the serum CysC concentrations in the follow-up of the disease.

Methods

Thirty patients with GO and 30 healthy age-matched volunteers were included in this cross-sectional study. GO was diagnosed based on the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy consensus. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and CysC concentrations were measured in the participants. The serum CysC concentrations were compared between patients with GO and controls. Patients with GO were subdivided into hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients, and their serum CysC concentrations were compared. In addition, the CysC concentrations in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients with GO were compared separately with those of healthy subjects. Kruskal-Wallis test and Student’s t-test were used for statistical evaluation.

Results

The mean serum CysC concentrations in GO patients and controls were 1.04 ± 0.36 and 0.74 ± 0.09 mg/L, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the serum CysC concentrations between patients with GO and control subjects (p < 0.001). Fifteen patients had hyperthyroid status, and 15 patients had euthyroid status. The mean serum CysC concentrations in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients with GO were 1.35 ± 0.22 and 0.72 ± 0.13 mg/L, respectively. Serum CysC concentrations were significantly higher in hyperthyroid patients than in euthyroid patients (p = 0.001). In addition, hyperthyroid patients had significantly higher serum CysC concentrations than healthy subjects. Among patients with GO, 21 and nine had mild and moderate-to-severe GO, respectively. Active and inactive GO were observed in eight and 22 patients, respectively.

Conclusions

The serum CysC concentrations in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in healthy subjects. Moreover, hyperthyroid patients had higher serum CysC concentrations than euthyroid patients. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.

Evaluation of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 enzyme levels in patients with epilepsy

OBJECTIVE

Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) enzyme levels were investigated in patients with epilepsy, epileptic seizure, remission period, and healthy individuals.

METHODS

Three main groups were evaluated, including epileptic seizure, patients with epilepsy in the non-seizure period, and healthy volunteers. The patients having a seizure in the Emergency department or brought by a postictal confusion were included in the epileptic attack group. The patients having a seizure attack or presenting to the Neurology outpatient department for follow up were included in the non-seizure (remission period) group.

RESULTS

The UCH-L1 enzyme levels of 160 patients with epilepsy (80 patients with epileptic attack and 80 patients with epilepsy in the non-seizure period) and 100 healthy volunteers were compared. Whereas the UCH-L1 enzyme levels were 8.30 (IQR=6.57‒11.40) ng/mL in all patients with epilepsy, they were detected as 3.90 (IQR=3.31‒7.22) ng/mL in healthy volunteers, and significantly increased in numbers for those with epilepsy (p<0.001). However, whereas the UCH-L1 levels were 8.50 (IQR=6.93‒11.16) ng/mL in the patients with epileptic seizures, they were 8.10 (IQR=6.22‒11.93) ng/mL in the non-seizure period, and no significant difference was detected (p=0.6123). When the UCH-L1 cut-off value was taken as 4.34 mg/mL in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity detected were 93.75 and 66.00%, respectively (AUG=0.801; p<0.0001; 95%CI 0.747‒0.848) for patients with epilepsy.

CONCLUSION

Even though UCH-L1 levels significantly increased more in patients with epilepsy than in healthy individuals, there was no difference between epileptic seizure and non-seizure periods.

Relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviors and health related quality of life in turkish school-going adolescents

Background

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between healthy lifestyles behaviours and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Turkish school-going adolescents.

Subjects and Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 413 students studying in a secondary school of Istanbul, Turkey. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics, health promoting lifestyle behaviors and the Turkish generic health-related quality of life questionnaire for children (Kid-KINDL). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson's product-moment correlation, and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis.

Results

Univariate statistics showed that gender, school grade, parental education level, monthly income, and all healthy lifestyles behaviours except for fruit and vegetable intake were associated with adolescents' HRQOL. Multivariate statistics indicated that participation in social activities and talking about their problems were the most important predictors of better HRQOL. Healthy lifestyles behaviours, especially talking about their problems to close friends and/or family members and participation in leisure-time social activity were related to better HRQOL of Turkish adolescents, independently of socio-demographic factors.

Conclusion

Collaborative efforts among providers of school health and counseling services are urgently needed to improve all aspects of adolescent health.

Is there any potential anticancer effect of raloxifene and fluoxetine on DMBA-induced rat breast cancer?

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world and the incidence is increasing alarmingly. It was aimed to determine the effect of raloxifene (RAL) and fluoxetine (FLX) on selected parameters in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma. Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were assorted into four groups: DMBA (group I), DMBA+RAL (group II), DMBA+FLX (group III), and DMBA+RAL+FLX (group IV). Mammary tissue vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The tissue VEGF levels were lower in group IV compared with DMBA group. Decreased M-CSF levels were observed in all therapeutic groups rather than the DMBA group, but the most effective decrease was found in group IV. Compared with the DMBA group, MMP-9 levels were statistically significantly decreased in group II and group IV. However, TIMP-1 levels were higher in the whole therapeutic groups rather than the DMBA group and the most effective increase was observed in group IV. Results of the present study suggest that combined therapy of RAL with FLX might lead to a better outcome targeting breast tumor.

Utilization of glial fibrillary acidic protein and galectin-3 in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction patients with normal cranial tomography

OBJECTIVE

It was aimed to determine whether levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Galectin-3 contribute to the diagnosis of cerebral infarction in clinically suspected ischemic stroke patients with normal computerized cranial tomography (CCT) in the emergency department.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, patients above the age of 18 years who presented to emergency department of Firat University between December 2011-November 2012 and were diagnosed with cerebral infarction were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: symptom onset exceeding 24 hours, trauma, pregnancy, acute myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary embolism, chronic renal insufficiency and steroid therapy.

RESULTS

A total of 90 participants, forty patients with ischemic infarction who were diagnosed by CCT and clinical findings (Normal CCT in 17 patients and CCT with an area of infarction in 23 patients) and fifty healthy controls, were included in this study. Compared with the control group, levels of Galectin-3 and GFAP were found to be significantly increased in patients with ischemic infarction (P <0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). It was found that levels of Galectin-3 and GFAP were significantly increased in ischemic stroke patients with normal CCT compared to the control group (P = 0.04 and P = 0.025, respectively). In ROC curve analysis, we detected %70.59 sensitivity and 70% specificity (AUC = 0.684, P = 0.0213, 95% CI: 0,558-0.792) with a cutoff value of 33.24 ng/ml for GFAP and 76.47% sensitivity and 68% specificity (AUC = 0.734, P = 0.0048, 95% CI: 0.611-0.834) with a cutoff value of 0.84 ng/ml for Galectin-3. No correlation was found between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and Galectin-3 and GFAP (r = 0.251, P = 0.118 and r = 0.164, P = 0.311, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The levels of Galectin-3 and GFAP were increased in acute ischemic stroke patients.

What is the impact of short- and long-term supplementation of either cabergoline or clarithromycin on resolving rat ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) model?

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of coasting, cabergoline and clarithromycin in a rat ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) model. The 42 female Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: control, OHSS (was given 10 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin for 4 consecutive days from day 22 and 30 IU hCG on the fifth day to induce OHSS ), coasting (hCG was applied on the 27th day after gonadotropin injections and the rats were decapitated on the 28th day), Cabergoline (100 mg/kg/d) and clarithromycin (100 mg/kg/d) were given (on the 26th day) with a short-term supplementation (on the 26th day) and long-term supplementation (from the 22nd to the 26th day) groups. The rats were decapitated on the 27th day. Cabergoline and clarithromycin significantly lowered VEGF-2 levels. Clarithromycin significantly reduced IL-1b and TNF-a and significantly increased IL-10 levels. Clarithromycin may be an effective drug for the treatment of OHSS. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a self-limited disease, in which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays the most important role and has a large clinical spectrum related with increased capillary permeability and fluid retention. Some treatment methods that block VEGF over-expression are used in treatment of OHSS. Clarithromycin is known to suppress the production of some pro-inflammatory molecules such as VEGF, IL-8, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a. In our study, we compared the efficacy of coasting, short- and long-term supplementation of clarithromycin and cabergoline on correcting OHSS parameters in an experimental study. What do the results of this study add? As a result of our study, we found that OHSS parameters improved better in early prophylactic treatment regimens. We have shown that clarithromycin may be a more effective treatment agent than coasting and cabergoline. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Although our study is important in that it is the first pilot study to show that clarithromycin is effective in the treatment of OHSS, there is a need for larger clinical trials.

The emerging role of leptin, Adiponectin and Visfatin in Ischemic/Hemorrhagic stroke

Introduction: Adipose tissue acts as an active endocrine organ and may be involved in the biological mechanism of stroke. Adipokines can serve as key messenger of central energy and metabolic homeostasis and can contribute to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and brain. Recent research has offered vague data on the relationships between adipose tissue, adipokines, and vascular disorders. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum leptin, adiponectin and visfatin levels and functional outcomes in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: Thirty-five patients with acurte intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), 35 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. A sandwich ELISA was developed to measure the presence of serum adiponectin, leptin and visfatin levels. Results: Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, leptin, visfatin levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher and serum adiponectin levels were lower in patients at admission compared with healthy volunteers. Conclusion: According to the novel study, it was suggested that elevated serum leptin as well as visfatin and decreased adiponectin levels may be a sign of cerebrovascular disease and as part of the response occurring in stroke patients.

Serum Salusin Levels in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND

In our study, we aimed to determine the change in levels of salusin-alpha and salusin-beta at admission and after the treatment in patients with STEMI, who have active atherosclerosis.

METHODS

Serum salusin-alpha and beta levels of 50 patients diagnosed with STEMI in the emergency department were measured at admission and on 7th day post-treatment and compared with serum salusin levels of 50 healthy volunteers.

RESULTS

In STEMI patients, salusin-alpha levels were found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.001) and salusinbeta levels were found to be significantly increased (p < 0.001) compared to healthy volunteers in the control group. 7th day post-treatment salusin-alpha levels were found to be lower and salusin-beta levels were found to be at a higher level compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001). Negative correlation (r = -.322 p = 0.023) was found between salusin-alpha levels and pulse rate. But no significant correlation was found between salusin-beta levels and biochemical parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

The data of this study support the fact that salusin-alpha levels decrease and salusin-beta levels increase in acute cases such as STEMI.

Examination of the effect of ovarian radiation injury induced by hysterosalpingography on ovarian proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the radioprotective effect of amifostine: an experimental study

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of amifostine on cellular injury in the ovarian tissue induced by hysterosalpingography (HSG).

Methods

In total, forty 4-month old female Wistar Albino rats were assigned into 8 groups. Each group contained 5 rats. Group 1 (G1): rats were decapitated without any procedure. Group 2 (G2): rats were decapitated after 3 hours of total body irradiation. Group 3 (G3): rats were decapitated 3 hours after HSG procedure. Group 4 (G4): rats were decapitated 3 hours after HSG procedure performed 30 min after receiving amifostine 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Group 5 (G5): rats were decapitated after 1 month without any procedure. Group 6 (G6): rats were decapitated after 1 month of total body irradiation. Group 7 (G7): rats were decapitated 1 month after HSG procedure. Group 8 (G8): rats were decapitated 1 month after HSG procedure performed 30 min after receiving amifostine 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. After rats were decapitated under general anesthesia in all groups, blood samples were obtained and bilateral ovaries were removed. One of the ovaries was placed in 10% formaldehyde solution for histological germinal epithelial degeneration, apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen scoring. The other ovary and blood sera were stored at −80°C. TNF-α, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and malondialdehyde levels were studied in tissue samples and anti-mullerian hormone levels in blood samples.

Results

At the end of the first month, there was significant ovarian germinal epithelium degeneration. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity was significantly reduced in all other groups when compared with G1 and G5.

Conclusion

In conclusion, amifostine could significantly reduce the ovarian cellular injury induced by HSG.

The effectiveness of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and evaluation of angiogenesis in the model of experimental colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment of CRCs are of importance for improving the survival. In the present study, we studied the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced chemopreventive effects on tumor development incidence and angiogenesis in experimental CRC rats. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) was used as cancer-inducing agent and two NSAIDs (celecoxib and diclofenac) were given orally as chemopreventive agents. Histopathological and immuno histochemical evaluations were performed in colorectal tissue samples, whereas angiogenesis parameters were studied in blood samples. Histopathological examination showed that adenocarcinoma (62.5%), dysplastic changes (31.25%) and inflammattory changes (6.25%) were detected in DMH group, whereas no pathological change was observed in control rats. In treatment groups, there was marked decrease in adenocarcinoma rate (30% and 10%, respectively). A significant increase was detected in MMP-2, MMP-9 levels and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in DMH group as compared with controls and treatment groups. In immunohistochemical evaluations, there was an increase in intensity and extent of staining of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in DMH group as compared to controls and treatment groups. The decrease in celecoxib group was more prominent. Overall, it was concluded that NSAIDs, particularly cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, might have a protective effect on CRC development and slow down progression of tumor in a DMH-induced experimental cancer model. One of the possible mechanisms in the chemoprevention of colon cancer seems to be inhibition of angiogenesis by diclofenac and celecoxib.

Copeptin Levels in Cerebral Infarction, Intracranial Hemorrhage and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

To determine copeptin levels in patients with suspected intracranial events and to determine whether copeptin levels could be used in the discrimination of cerebral infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the emergency room.

METHODS

Blood samples were obtained from the patients prior to imaging to determine the levels of copeptin. Patients were divided into diagnostic groups after the imaging. One hundred and seventy-six participants, who were enrolled in the study, were as follows: 50 cerebral infarction (CI) patients (M/F: 24/26), 47 intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) patients (M/F: 27/20), 29 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients (M/F: 17/12) and 50 healthy controls. Differences and correlations between groups were analyzed.

RESULTS

Plasma levels of copeptin in patients with CI, ICH, and SAH were 5.49 ng/dL (IQR 4.73 to 6.96), 4.50 ng/dL (IQR 3.04 to 9.77), and 5.90 ng/dL (IQR 3.11 to 13.26), respectively. It was found to be 2.0 ng/dL (IQR 1.57 to 2.5) in healthy volunteers. There was no significant correlation between copeptin levels and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score (ICHS) (r = 0.231, p = 0.118). However, significant positive correlation was found between copeptin levels with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (r = 0.365, p = 0.009) and the BotterelHunt and Hess Scale (BHHS) (r = 0.590, p = 0.001). The copeptin levels of 41 (32.5%) patients who died were found to be significantly higher than those 85 (67.5%) patients who were discharged (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Copeptin levels in patients with CI, ICH, and SAH are significantly higher than healthy volunteers, but the plasma level of copeptin is not decisive in the discrimination of CI, ICH, and SAH.

The Relationship between Ghrelin and Copeptin Levels, and Anxiety and Depression Levels in Suicide Attempts

Objective

It was aimed to detect acylated ghrelin (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UG) and copeptin levels in patients with suicide attempts and to determine if these biomarkers are risk factors for suicide attempts.

Methods

Serum copeptin, AG and GU levels were screened in 128 patients who were admitted to emergency department with suicide attempts and 59 healthy controls. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied simultaneously, and the data were compared statistically.

Results

AG, UG and copeptin levels were higher in the patient group compared with the healthy control group. BAI scores of patients were found to be positively correlated with BDI scores. While there was a significant difference (p=0.0064) between psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients with suicide attempts in terms of BAI scores, there were no differences in BDI scores and levels of biomarkers. We found significantly increased BDI and BAI scores and increased levels of AG, UG and copeptin in psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients compared with healthy individuals. The specificities yielded by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in patients with suicide attempts were as follows: 91.53% for AG, 72.88% for UG and 94.92% for copeptin.

Conclusion

Serum levels of AG, UG and copeptin increase with increasing anxiety and depression in patients with suicide attempts. Increased levels of AG, UG and copeptin could be considered a risk factor for suicide attempts.

Which one is more effective for the treatment of rat sepsis model: thalidomide or etanercept?

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the protective effect of selected treatment agents on liver injury in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat sepsis model.

BACKGROUND

The sepsis includes complex inflammatory responses between a microbial pathogen and the host immune system, and leads to organ failure and also death.

METHODS

This study was performed with 29 male Wistar Albino rats. Rats were divided randomly into five groups: Sham group, LPS-treated sepsis group, LPS+thalidomide treated group, LPS+etanercept treated group and LPS+thalidomide+etanercept treated group, respectively. Liver tissue tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) method. The expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was performed using western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The levels of tissue TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were found statistically significantly higher in sepsis group than in the sham group. TNF-α levels were found statistically significantly decreased in LPS+etanercept and LPS+thalidomide+etanercept treated groups when compared with LPS group (p < 0.05). For IL-1β and IL-6 levels a statistically significant decline was observed in the LPS+thalidomide and LPS+etanercept treated groups compared to the LPS group (p < 0.05). Expression of NF-κB protein in liver tissue was significantly elevated in the LPS group compared to sham group (p < 0.001). In treatment groups, a marked decrease was observed in NF-κB protein expression.

CONLUSION

The results of this investigation suggested that etanercept and thalidomide administration may have a beneficial effect on LPS-induced sepsis. So, the present study may have significant clinical relevance, but clinical trials are needed to confirm these results (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 36).

Comparison of the impact of epigallocatechin gallate and ellagic acid in an experimental cataract model induced by sodium selenite

AIM

To compare the potential protective effects of epi-gallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ellagic acid (EA) in an experimental cataract model.

METHODS

Twenty-eight Spraque-Dawley rat pups were assigned into four groups. All the rats, except for those in the control group, were injected subcutaneously sodium selenite to induce experimental cataract on the postpartum ninth day, and between 10^th and 14^th days. Rats in the sham, EGCG, and EA groups were intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/(kg·d) saline solution, 50 mg/(kg·d) EGCG and 200 mg/(kg·d) EA, respectively. The reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) in lens supernatants were measured.

RESULTS

The mean cataract gradings in EGCG and EA groups were found to be significantly lower than that in sham group (P<0.001). The mean GSH levels and TASs in EGCG and EA groups were significantly higher than that in sham group while mean MDA levels and TOSs in EGCG and EA groups were significantly lower than that in the sham group (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

EGCG and EA have protective effects on cataract development via the inhibition of oxidative stress.

Effect of radiation on brain tissue endothelin-1 level and tumor development

BACKGROUND

Radiotherapy causes injury in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and the production of vasoactive amines such as endothelin-1 (ET-1). ET-1 is an important peptide in cancer development. In this study, the effects of radiation on brain tissue ET-1 level were evaluated. Is it possible to suggest a mechanism using ET-1 level in the production of this adverse effect? In this paper, the relationship between the development of brain tumors and the ET-1 level has been discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-eight adult Sprague Dawley rats were used in the experiments. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 7) as follows: control group: radiation was not applied during the experiment; Group 1: Decapitated on the 1^st day following radiation; Group 2: Decapitated on the 7^th day following radiation; and Group 3: Decapitated on the 30^th day following radiation. ET-1 levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The t-test, variance analysis, and Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used in the statistical analysis. A value of P < 0.05 was accepted as significant.

RESULTS

No statistical differences were observed in the tissue ET-1 levels between the control group and other groups. According to the variance analysis and Tukey test, the differences between the groups were not significant.

CONCLUSION

We observed in this study that the effects of radiation on brain tumor development or malignant transformation are not mediated by ET-1 levels. In addition, these results support the hypothesis of the fact that medical treatment with ET-1 antagonists in clinical cases receiving radiotheraphy is unnecessary.

The relationship between the latency period, infection markers, and oxidant and antioxidant states in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes

BACKGROUND

A major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality has been reported to be preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Our objective was to evaluate oxidant-antioxidant balance, infection parameters, time interval between rupture of membranes and delivery (latency period), and the relationship among all these parameters.

METHODS

Seventy-five cases with PPROM between 24 and 34 gestational weeks were included in the study. A control group of 41 women who gave birth at term were considered as the control group. The relationship among maternal plasma total oxidative stress (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), leukocyte counts, CRP, vitamin C and E levels, gestational week, neonatal birthweight, and latency period was evaluated.

RESULTS

In cases with PPROM, rupture occurred at an average of 29.4 gestational weeks and premature babies were born at an average of 31.6 gestational weeks. The mortality rate of babies born to PPROM women was 18.7% (14/75) died at or following birth. In the PPROM group, TOS, MDA, and leukocyte counts were found to be significantly higher compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Besides, a significant negative correlation was detected among the latency period, TOS, CRP, and leukocyte counts (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Appropriate treatment protocols that strengthen antioxidant defense systems and taking into consideration the signs of infection can decrease the incidence of PPROM and/or mortality rates of babies born to PPROM women.

Expression of Endoglin and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as Prognostic Markers in Experimental Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Endoglin (CD105) is a receptor for the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) with crucial role in vascular development and angiogenesis. Additionally, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression has been associated with advanced stage and poor survival for several cancer types. These molecules have been shown to be useful markers for identifying proliferating endothelium involved in tumor angiogenesis, especially in patients with cancer at risk of developing metastases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between VEGF and endoglin expression in an experimental model of colorectal cancer, as well as to investigate the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors on tumor development incidence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Colon cancer was induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH). Celecoxib and diclofenac treatment was started simultaneously with DMH induction. Endoglin protein expression was performed using western blot analysis. VEGF plasma concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

In histopathological evaluations, no pathological change was observed in control rats, while adenocarcinoma (62.5%), dysplasia (31.25%) and inflammation (6.25%) were detected in the group given DMH. In treatment groups, a marked decrease was observed in adenocarcinoma rate. Expression of endoglin protein was significantly elevated in the DMH group compared to controls (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was noted between treatment groups and DMH group regarding endoglin expression but a decrease was detected in the celecoxib-treated groups.

CONCLUSION

It was confirmed by histopathology and western blotting that COX2 inhibitors, particularly celecoxib, decrease the rate of disease and slow-down progression of existing CRC. These data show that endoglin expression may have an important role in tumor angiogenesis and predict of tumor invasion.

Roles of Free Radicals, Nitric Oxide, and Scavenging Enzymes in Nasal Polyp Development

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO), free oxygen radicals, and scavenging enzymes in the development of nasal polyp (NP) disease. This study included 41 patients who underwent endoscopic surgery because of NPs. Control specimens were taken from the inferior turbinate of 32 patients who underwent septoplasty. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in intraoperative specimens of polyp tissue and turbinate mucosa. The levels of tissue NO were 191.06 ± 26.62 μmol/mg of protein in patients with NPs and 145.30 ± 19.19 μmol/mg of protein (p < .001) in the control group. The levels of MDA in the study and control groups were 12.47 ± 2.12 nmol/mg and 8.83 ± 1.08 nmol/mg (p < .01), respectively. The levels of SOD in the study and control groups were 50.77 ± 14.74 U/mg and 77.93 ± 15.31 U/mg (p < .001), respectively. It was determined that the levels of MDA in plasma and erythrocytes were higher in the patients with NPs than in the control group (p < .05). The levels of NO in plasma and erythrocytes in both groups were similar. The levels of SOD in plasma and erythrocytes were lower in patients with NPs than in the control group (p > .05). Increases in the levels of tissue MDA and NO and decreases in scavenging enzymes in patients with NPs as compared to control groups may indicate the presence of free radical damage in patients with nasal NPs. New studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of using antioxidants in the treatment of NPs.

Neuron-Specific Enolase, S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B, and Heat Shock Protein 70 Levels in Patients With Intracranial Hemorrhage

The authors evaluated neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) levels and their relationships with in-hospital mortality, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. In total, 35 patients older than 18 years were presented to our emergency department and were diagnosed with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and 32 healthy controls were included. Blood samples were drawn on days 0 and 5. S100 calcium-binding protein B and HSP levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls on days 0 and 5. Neuron-specific enolase levels were higher in patients than in controls on day 0, but there was no significant difference on day 5. S100 calcium-binding protein B was negatively correlated with GCS, whereas it was positively correlated with NIHSS and bleeding volume. There was also a negative correlation between NSE and GCS, but it was not statistically significant. In addition, no significant correlation was found in terms of bleeding volume or NIHSS. Heat shock protein 70 was negatively correlated with GCS and positively correlated with bleeding volume and NIHSS, but these results were not statistically significant. S100 calcium-binding protein B and HSP 70 levels were significantly higher in those who died compared with survivors. The areas under the curve of S100 B, NSE, and HSP 70 for mortality were 0.635, 0.477, and 0.770, respectively. Neuron-specific enolase, S100B, and HSP 70 levels are simple, inexpensive, and objective measures in cases of ICH. These tests can be used to support an assessment for screening ICH patients with clinical scoring systems, such as GCS and NIHSS.

Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of ghrelin in an experimental glaucoma model

Damage to retinal ganglion cells due to elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is responsible for vision loss in glaucoma. Given that loss of these cells is irreversible, neuroprotection is crucial in the treatment of glaucoma. In this study, we investigated the possible antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of ghrelin on the retina in an experimental glaucoma model. Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups comprising seven rats each. The rats in the control group were not operated on and did not receive any treatment. In all rats in the other groups, IOP was increased by cauterization of the limbal veins. After creation of the IOP increase, saline 1 mL/kg or ghrelin 40 μg/kg was administered intraperitoneally every day for 14 days in the vehicle control group and ghrelin groups, respectively. On day 14 of the study, the eyes were enucleated. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) in anterior chamber fluid were measured. The retinas were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100, and vimentin expression. Mean levels of MDA, NO, and NOS2 in the aqueous humor were higher in the vehicle control group than in the control group (P<0.05). Mean levels of MDA, NO, and NOS2 in the ghrelin group did not show a significant increase compared with levels in the control group (P>0.05). Retinal TUNEL and immunohistochemistry staining in the vehicle control group showed an increase in apoptosis and expression of GFAP, S-100, and vimentin compared with the control group (P<0.05). In the ghrelin group, apoptosis and expression of GFAP, S-100, and vimentin was significantly lower than in the vehicle control group (P<0.05). This study suggests that ghrelin has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects on the retina in an experimental glaucoma model.

Effect of varying doses of tamoxifen on ovarian histopathology, serum VEGF, and endothelin 1 levels in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: an experimental study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effects of low-to-high doses of tamoxifen on ovarian histopathology, serum VEGF, and endothelin 1 levels in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in an experimental setting.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 20 female Wistar albino rats, 22 days of age, were randomly divided into four groups. Follicle-stimulating hormone 10 IU was administered subcutaneously in 15 rats on 4 consecutive days, with OHSS induction on day 5 by 30 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin. Group 1 (n=5) comprised 35-day-old control rats, group 2 (n=5) 35-day-old OHSS rats, group 3 (n=5) 27-day-old OHSS rats receiving 1 mg/kg of oral tamoxifen for 7 days, group 4 (n=5) 27-day-old OHSS rats receiving 3 mg/kg of oral tamoxifen for 7 days. All rats were decapitated on day 35. Serum VEGF, endothelin 1, and ovarian follicular reserve were assessed in all rats. Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical comparisons. A Bonferroni correction was performed to control the inflation of significance, with a significance level set at a P-value of less than 0.025.

RESULTS

Despite higher serum VEGF, endothelin 1, follicular reserve, and angiogenesis and fibrosis of the corpus luteum in the OHSS group compared to controls, these differences were not significant (P>0.025, Mann-Whitney U-test). There was a significant reduction in the ovarian follicular reserve in tamoxifen groups compared to controls (P<0.025, Mann-Whitney U-test), while angiogenesis of the corpus luteum, number of atretic follicles, fibrosis, and serum VEGF were significantly higher in rats receiving tamoxifen (P<0.025, Mann-Whitney U-test). Also, significantly lower follicular reserve and fibrosis were observed among rats in the low-dose tamoxifen group in comparison with rats in the high-dose tamoxifen group (P<0.025, Mann-Whitney U-test). No groups had a significant change in endothelin 1 levels (P>0.025, Mann-Whitney U-test).

CONCLUSION

Tamoxifen 1 g and 3 g resulted in a dose-dependent increase in VEGF and endothelin 1 levels, and ovarian follicle reserves were significantly reduced in our experimental model.

Investigation of short- and long-term effects of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome on ovarian reserve: an experimental study

PURPOSE

To investigate the short and long-term effects of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) on serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 and ovarian follicular reserve (OFR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An experimental case-control study was conducted on a university animal laboratory with 20 immature (22-day-old) virgin female Wistar Albino rats. Firstly, rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 10): control and Group 2 (n = 10): experimental OHSS induced rats. Secondly, Group 2 was randomly divided into two groups on the day of OHSS development (27th day) as follows: Group 3 (n = 5): 27-day-old OHSS induced rats and Group 4 (n = 5): 27-day-old OHSS induced rats supervised for seven days. Group 1 was divided into two groups to constitute age-matched controls as follows: Group 5 (n = 5): 27-day-old rats, Group 6 (n = 5): 35-day-old rats. The comparisons of Group 3 vs Group 5 and Group 4 vs Group 6 were performed. Main outcome measures were OFR, serum levels of VEGF, and endothelin-1.

RESULTS

While the OFR and primordial follicle number (PFN) of Group 3 were significantly lower than those of Group 5 (p < 0.05); VEGF and endothelin-1 levels and atretic follicle number (AFN) were significantly higher in Group 3 compared to Group 5 (p < 0.05). In Group 4, PFN was significantly lower (p < 0.05) and AFN was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Group 6. However, there were no statistically significant difference between Group 4 and Group 6 regarding the parameters of OFR, serum levels of VEGF, and endothelin-1.

CONCLUSION

This experimental OHSS model revealed increased serum VEGF and endothelin-1 levels and decreased OFR during short-term of OHSS. OHSS showed detrimental effect on PFN of rats during long-term.

Effects of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on levels of ADMA, MPO, iNOS and TLR4 induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion

PURPOSE

In this study, the effects of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which are inflammatory mediators in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MIR) injury, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is the indicator of neutrophil infiltration and the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) increasing with oxidative stress were investigated.

METHODS

MIR injury was accomplished by the application of occlusion for 30 minutes and reperfusion for 120 minutes in the left anterior descending artery (LAD). In the study, 21 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: a sham group (n = 7); a MIR group (n = 7); and a MIR + apocynin treatment group (n = 7, before the procedure, an intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of apocynin for 15 days). After reperfusion, iNOS, TLR4, MPO and ADMA levels in myocardial tissue were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

While myocardial TLR4, MPO and ADMA levels increased in the MIR group, these parameters were found to be decreased significantly in the group treated with apocynin. Although iNOS levels showed an increase in the MIR group compared to the sham group and a reduction in the MIR+apocynin group, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.

DISCUSSION

In our study, the effect of the treatment of apocynin in MIR on ADMA, MPO, iNOS and TLR4 levels in myocardial tissue was shown for the first time. It is thought that apocynin treatment may show a protective effect in MIR injury by affecting oxidative stress (ADMA) and inflammatory parameters (iNOS, MPO).

Glutathione and nitrite levels in induced sputum at COPD patients and healthy smokers

OBJECTIVES

The role of oxidative stress at the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is known. The aim of this study is to investigate the oxidative stress with sputum induction that is a simple method in COPD patients and healthy smokers.

METHODS

Sputum induction was performed in 21 COPD patients (10 stable, 11 acute exacerbations), nine healthy smokers, and ten healthy non-smokers. Glutathione, NO2 (-) levels, and cell counts at sputum, and plasma NO2 (-) contents were evaluated in all subjects.

RESULTS

Mean sputum glutathione and NO2 (-) levels were significantly higher in acute exacerbations with COPD patients than healthy smokers (P=0.007 and P<0.001 respectively), and non-smokers (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively). On the other hand, sputum glutathione and NO2 (-) levels did not show significant differences between stable and acute exacerbations with COPD patients. Although, sputum glutathione levels were higher in stable COPD patients than healthy smokers', no statistically significant difference was established. In addition, sputum glutathione levels were significantly higher in healthy smokers than non-smokers (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

As a result, we can say that oxidative stress increases not only in COPD patients but also in healthy smokers. In addition, sputum induction that is a simple method can be used to demonstrate to show oxidative stress.

Maternal plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, vitamins C, E and A, 8-isoprostane and oxidative status in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes

OBJECTIVE

Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. This study examined maternal oxidative stress in PPROM.

METHODS

This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital. A total of 72 pregnant women were recruited into two groups, those with PPROM (38 cases) and those without PPROM (34 controls) matched for gestational age. Plasma interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, vitamins C, E and A, 8-isoprostane, total oxidant status (TOS) and antioxidant status (TAS) were determined for all study participants and the data were compared between the PPROM and control groups.

RESULTS

Both case and control groups were comparably matched in age, parity, gestational age and smoking status. There was a significant association between low 8-isoprostane, low vitamin C and high total oxidant status and the occurrence of PPROM (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma vitamin C and 8-isoprostane levels were lower and TOS higher in women with PPROM. Further research is needed to identify robust biological markers for the prevention and also prognosis of PPROM.

The correlation of serum NT-proBNP levels of hemorrhagic and ischemic lesions detected with diffusion MRI in head traumas

AIM

To evaluate the correlation between the dimensions of ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions detected by diffusion MRI and the changes in lesion dimensions with serum NT-proBNP levels in mild and moderate head trauma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

30 patients were assessed in our study. A control group of 10 individuals with no trauma history was formed in order to establish normal serum NT-proBNP values. Patients underwent brain diffusion MRI 24 and 48 hours following admittance. Their plasma NT-proBNP levels were checked at the same stages.

RESULTS

The correlation between the values of 24th and 48th hour Intra-axial hemorrhage (IAHEM) and Intra-axial ischemia (IAISC) and the values of 24th and 48th hour NT-proBNP was established as statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

It was observed that the serum NT-proBNP values could be higher in patients with wide intra-axial lesion following head trauma than patients with smaller intra-axial lesions. In addition, the fact that it has been established that the serum NT-proBNP values of patients with increasing cerebral parenchymal lesion dimensions on the advancing hours after the trauma increase suggests that serum NTproBNP values may be significant in the follow-up of the dimensions of cerebral parenchymal damage.

The effect of different suture materials on the safety of colon anastomosis in an experimental peritonitis model

BACKGROUND

The aim of this experimental study was to compare the safety of different suture materials in a left colonic anastomosis in the presence of peritonitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. First, left colonic injuries were created in all groups for the peritonitis model. After 24 hours, coated polyglactin 910 and silk suture were used in Group I rats, polydioxanone and silk suture were used in Group II rats, and coated polyglactin 910 plus antibacterial suture and silk suture were used in Group III rats during colonic anastomosis. Tissue hydroxyproline, anastomotic bursting pressure, and histopathologic findings on the anastomosis line were evaluated on the 10th postoperative day by performing a relaparatomy.

RESULTS

The mean bursting pressure values were 198 ± 11.37, 220 ± 17.7, and 244 ± 9.52 in Groups I, II, and III, respectively (Group I vs. II, p < 0.035; I vs III, p < 0.002; and II vs III, p < 0.021). The mean hydroxyproline levels were 1.21 ± 0.58, 1.47 ± 0.44, and 2.11 ± 0.32 in Groups I, II, and III, respectively (Group I vs II, p < 0.338; I vs III, p < 0.011; and II vs III, p < 0.025). When histopathologic findings of the groups were compared, the healing score of the intestinal tissue was higher in Group III than in Group I (p < 0.015), whereas there were no statistically significant differences among Groups I vs II and II vs III (p < 0.081 and p < 0.095, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Antibacterial suture usage increased anastomosis safety in the presence of peritonitis in resection and primary anastomosis.

Effects of rosiglitazone on serum paraoxonase activity and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Human serum paraoxonase contributes to the anti-atherogenic effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and has been shown to protect both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-C against lipid peroxidation. We investigated the effects of rosiglitazone on paraoxonase activity and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [50 patients (30 males, 20 females); mean±SD age: 58.7±9.2 years, body mass index: 28.2±4.1'kg/m²], in whom glucose control could not be achieved despite treatment with metformin, sulphonylurea, and/or insulin. The patients were given 4'mg/day rosiglitazone for 3 months in addition to their usual treatment. Serum paraoxonase activity, malondialdehyde, homocysteine, and lipid profile were measured at the time of initiation and at the end of therapy with rosiglitazone. After rosiglitazone therapy, serum levels of HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-1, and paraoxonase activity increased significantly (P<0.05) and malondialdehyde, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and glucose levels decreased significantly (P<0.05), but no significant changes in levels of total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were observed. Triglyceride levels also increased significantly (P<0.05). Rosiglitazone treatment led to an improvement in glycemic control and to an increase in paraoxonase activity and HDL-C levels. Although rosiglitazone showed favorable effects on oxidant/antioxidant balance and lipid profile, further studies are needed to determine the effect of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Impact of ghrelin on vitreous cytokine levels in an experimental uveitis model

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal ghrelin on vitreous levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and to compare its effects with those of intraperitoneal infliximab in an experimental uveitis model.

Methods

Twenty-four male rats were assigned to four groups of six rats in each. All the rats, except for those in group 1 (controls), were injected intravitreally with concanavalin A to induce experimental uveitis. Rats in group 2 (sham) were not given any treatment after uveitis was induced. Rats in group 3 were given intraperitoneal infliximab 0.5 mg/100 mL on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 following induction of uveitis on day 14 of the study. Rats in group 4 were given intraperitoneal ghrelin 10 ng/kg/day for 7 days following induction of uveitis. On day 21 of the study, enucleated globes were subjected to histopathologic examination. Vitreous levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Vitreous levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly increased in the sham group relative to the control group (P < 0.05), but showed a significant decrease in the group treated with infliximab (P < 0.05). Cytokine levels also decreased in the ghrelin-treated group, but the decrease was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Ghrelin failed to decrease the IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of uveitis.

Plasma kisspeptin levels in girls with premature thelarche

OBJECTIVE

Premature thelarche (PT) is defined as isolated breast development without secondary sex characteristics in girls below the age of eight. We aimed to determine whether the level of kisspeptin, which plays a role in the release of gonadotropins, is associated with PT.

METHODS

The patient group included children with PT aged 3-8 years (n=20) and the control group included healthy children in the same age range (n=20). Height standard deviation scores (HSDSs), bone maturation and growth velocity were evaluated in the two groups. Basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were also measured in the two groups by immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA). A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test was also conducted in the patient group and the peak levels of FSH and LH were determined. Kisspeptin levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

RESULTS

No differences were found between the groups in terms of age, HSDS, annual growth rate and bone age. While the plasma basal FSH, LH and E2 levels in the patient and control groups did not show statistically significant differences, PRL levels were higher in the patient group (p<0.05). Peak LH response to GnRH test was at the prepubertal level (<5 ng/mL) in patients with PT. In the patient group, kisspeptin levels were significantly higher compared to the levels in the control group (2.96 ± 1.21 ng/dL vs. 1.19 ± 0.41 ng/dL, p<0.05), and kisspeptin levels showed a significant correlation with PRL, FSH, LH, and E2 levels (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, plasma kisspeptin levels were found to be higher in patients with PT and to show a positive correlation with increased PRL levels. Kisspeptin is one of the neuropeptides that plays a role in the onset of puberty. Our results support the hypothesis that PT may result from the temporary activation of central stimulants.

The relationship between Th1/Th2 balance and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ in patients with nasal polyposis

We aimed to study Th1/Th2 cell balance by measuring the levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ, which play an important role in the immune response of patients with allergic rhinitis and/or nasal polyps, and determine the correlation between Th1/Th2 cell balance and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), an active metabolite of vitamin D. The study subjects were 60 adult patients and 40 healthy volunteers. Subjects were separated into three groups: 30 patients diagnosed with nasal polyposis together with allergic rhinitis formed Group I, 30 patients with nasal polyposis but without allergic rhinitis constituted Group II, and 40 healthy volunteers without nasal polyp and/or allergic rhinitis were the control group, or Group III. IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and total IgE levels were determined in the serum samples of all patients and vitamin D(3) in their plasma. A statistically significant difference was found between the Group I and the control group in their IgE, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and vitamin D levels (p < 0.05), while there were no such significant differences between Group II and the control group in these measurements (p > 0.05). Within Group I, vitamin D levels showed a negative correlation with IgE and IL-4 levels, and a positive correlation with IFN-γ (p < 0.05). Within Group II, IgE levels showed a positive correlation with IL-4 and IL-10 levels (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with IFN-γ levels (p < 0.05). In this study, no significant relation was detected between vitamin D deficiency and nasal polyposis in the absence of allergic rhinitis. The study demonstrates that vitamin D is effective on Th1/Th2 balance in patients with allergic rhinitis and that there is a significant relation between vitamin D deficiency and allergy. These results are compatible with the possibility of an important role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and degree of severity of allergic disease, and its capacity to control allergic disease.

Retinal nitric oxide and malonyldialdehyde levels following photodynamic therapy

Background:

To determine the retinal nitric oxide (NO) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels following photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Materials and Methods:

Seven Dutch-belted rabbits received dextrose, while seven others received 2 mg/kg verteporfin infusion over a period of 15 minutes in a dim-lit room. Irradiation to a 1.5 mm diameter intact chorioretinal area in the right eye of verteporfin-infused rabbits, was started 5 minutes after the end of infusion. Three groups were control (dextrose infusion), infusion with verteporfin (left eyes were not irradiated), and irradiation after verteporfin injection (right eyes were irradiated). On the fifth day of the experiment, the eyes were enucleated. The retinas were subsequently frozen and homogenized. Nitrite, a stable end-product of NO and MDA, was measured using the spectrophotometer. Protein concentrations were measured by the Lowry method. Tissue NO and MDA levels were expressed as μmol/gprt and nmol/mgprt, respectively.

Results:

The mean retinal NO and MDA levels of the control, infusion, and irradiation groups were 24.67 ± 6.66, 0.11 ± 0.02; 45.90 ± 15.52, 0.21 ± 0.09; and 84.43 ± 14.96 μmol/gprt, 0.58 ± 0.14 nmol/mgprt, respectively. The mean retinal NO levels were significantly elevated in the infusion and irradiation groups compared with the control group (P:0.004; P:0.001). The mean retinal MDA levels were significantly elevated in the infusion and irradiation groups compared to the control one (P:0.026; P:0.001). Also the mean retinal NO and MDA levels in the irradiation group were found to be significantly higher than the infusion group (P:0.018; P:0.018).

Conclusion:

Not only PDT, but also verteporfin infusion alone resulted in NO and MDA level increments in the retina, which might be toxic.

Comparison of serum glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with diabetic cystoid macular edema with and without serous macular detachment

Aim:

A clinical comparative trial was conducted to compare the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with diabetic cystoid macular edema (CME) with and without serous macula detachment (SMD).

Materials and Methods:

Thirty patients (group 1) with diabetic CME in both eyes, but without SMD, and 30 patients (group 2) with diabetic CME and SMD in both eyes documented by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), were included in the study. In addition to the measurement of central macular thickness by OCT and visual acuity (VA) (as logMAR) using the the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) chart, the concentrations of HbA1c were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical analysis was done by independent samples t test.

Results:

The mean logMAR VA was 0.8 ± 0.22 (1.0–0.5) in group 1and 0.7 ± 0.16 (1.0–0.6) in group 2. The mean central macular thickness, as determined by OCT, was 468.70 ± 70.44 μm (344–602 μm) in group 1 and 477.80 ± 73.34 μm (354–612 μm) in group 2. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.626). The mean HbA1c levels were 8.16 ± 0.99% in group 1 and 10.05 ± 1.66% in group 2. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The presence of SMD and high HbA1c levels in the patients with diabetic CME may be indirectly suggestive of retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction.

Protective effect of the thoracic cage on parenchyma in response to trauma direction in blunt thoracic trauma: an experimental study

BACKGROUND

We aimed to investigate the protective potential of the thoracic cage on the parenchyma in response to blunt trauma from different directions in an animal model.

METHODS

Female Wistar albino rats were divided into control, anterolateral, lateral and posterolateral trauma groups, with six rats in each group. A weight of 500 g was dropped from a height of 40 cm on the left hemithorax to produce an energy of 1.96 joules, using a specially designed platform. Respiratory rates and heart rates were noted before and at 0, 1, and 5 minutes after trauma. Twenty-four hours later, the left lungs were excised for wet lung weight measurement, histological examinations and tissue malondialdehyde determination.

RESULTS

Severe pulmonary contusion was observed in all trauma groups according to histological parameters. Malondialdehyde was increased in both the lateral and posterolateral groups. Wet lung weight was increased only in the posterolateral trauma group when compared to controls. Histologically, macrophages were increased and mononuclear cell infiltration was significant in the posterolateral trauma group. There were no significant changes in physiological parameters in the groups.

CONCLUSION

Lung parenchyma seems to be badly affected after trauma to the posterolateral thoracic wall. Different thoracic regions may respond differently to the same traumatic stress, and this may be related to the biomechanical properties of the thoracic cage.

Trimetazidine for prevention of induced ischemia and reperfusion of guinea pig retina

OBJECTIVE

Trimetazidine (TMZ) has been used to protect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of many tissues. We aimed to evaluate the effect of TMZ during retinal I/R in a guinea pig model.

STUDY DESIGN/PATIENTS AND METHODS

An experimental study in retinal I/R. Three groups of five guinea pigs were studied to include a control, placebo, and drug test groups. Prior to the application of 90 minutes of high intraocular pressure (IOP) to induce retinal ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion, we applied intraperitoneal saline to the placebo group and 3 mg/kg of TMZ for the drug test group and repeated the injections at intervals of six hours for four cycles. Both eyes of the animals were enucleated at the end of the reperfusion period. Biochemical assay and histopathologic evaluation was performed on one randomly selected eye of each animal. The level of retinal-free malondialdehyde (MDA) and retinal layer thicknesses were determined and comparisons were then made with the control group.

RESULTS

The mean free MDA level increased in the placebo group (P = 0.006) but not in the drug group (P > 0.05). We observed polymorphonucleated leukocyte infiltration, retinal edema and hydropic degeneration in the retina of the placebo group. However, significant histopathologic change was not observed in specimens of the drug group.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests TMZ has a beneficial effect on retinal lipid peroxidation and histopathologic changes due to I/R injury.

[Serum ghrelin, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.]

It is determined that endocrine factors can play role on cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). High levels of ghrelin is reported in cachectic COPD cases but its' relation couldn't shown statistically. In our study, it is aimed to detect serum ghrelin levels in COPD, its' relation with proinflammatory cytokines and whether serum ghrelin is associated with cachexia. Sixty stable COPD patients and 15 healthy volunteers were included in the study. COPD patients were divided into two groups, cachectic and normal weight, according to their body mass index. Spirometric assessments were performed and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ghrelin levels were measured in all cases. When COPD patients were compared with control group; serum ghrelin levels were statistically lower, TNF-a and IL-6 levels were statistically higher in COPD group. For cachectic COPD patients; serum ghrelin levels were statistically lower and IL-6 levels were statistically higher, compared with normal weight COPD patients. Although, serum TNF-a levels were higher for cachectic COPD patients; these levels were not significant. Positive correlation between serum ghrelin levels and body mass index was detected in patients with COPD. As a result; it is thought that increased proinflammatory cytokines and decreased serum active ghrelin levels may contribute to the development of weight loss.

The protective role of Visudyne eyeglass against VEGF synthesis after photodynamic therapy with verteporfin

PURPOSE

We aimed to determine the extent of protection provided by Visudyne eyeglass against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis following photodynamic therapy (PDT).

METHODS

Three groups with 14 rabbits in each were established. These consisted of a control (dextrose infusion) group, an infusion (verteporfin infusion) group and an irradiation (verteporfin infusion + irradiation) group. One eye in each animal was closed with Visudyne eyeglass and the other by eyelid sutures. The rabbits were exposed to daylight for 30 mins at 2 and 48 hours after the infusion was administered. Half the animals in each group were killed on day 5. The remaining animals were killed on day 10. Levels of VEGF in homogenized retina and choroids were analysed with an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

RESULTS

Mean VEGF levels, in pg/mg protein, on days 5 and 10 in the control + glass, control + suture, infusion + glass, infusion + suture, irradiation + glass and irradiation + suture subgroups were, respectively: 1.69 +/- 0.67, 1.91 +/- 0.44; 1.75 +/- 0.69, 1.93 +/- 0.53; 2.30 +/- 0.77, 3.47 +/- 2.02; 1.90 +/- 1.00, 2.93 +/- 0.16; 4.39 +/- 2.74, 13.63 +/- 5.25; 3.38 +/- 1.05, 7.37 +/- 2.12. On day 10, VEGF levels were significantly higher in the infusion and irradiation groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between glass and suture samples on days 5 and 10 in the infusion group, or on day 5 in the irradiation group. However, on day 10, the mean VEGF level in eyes closed with Visudyne eyeglass in the irradiation group was significantly higher than in sutured eyes (p = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

Visudyne eyeglass offers full protection against VEGF increases caused by verteporfin infusion but is only partially protective in eyes exposed to sensitizing light.

Vitamin levels in Behçet's disease

OBJECTIVE

To determine the role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of active and inactive Behçets disease. In line with this objective, the present study aimed to examine the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which are the end products of oxidant stress, and vitamins, which are non-enzymatic antioxidants, for the diagnosis and particularly the follow-up of Behçet's disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study group consisted of a total of 60 individuals: 40 of whom were Behçet's disease patients and 20 were healthy individuals. Of the 40 Behçet's patients, 29 had the active and 11 had the inactive (stable) form of the disease.

RESULTS

Although plasma MDA and NO (its stable form nitrite) levels in the total patient group were statistically significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.06), there was no statistically significant difference as such between inactive Behçet's patients and the control group (p>0.05). Vitamin E, C, B1, B2 and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) values were significantly lower in the patient group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in other vitamin values.

DISCUSSION

It is contemplated that measurement of such oxidative stress factors as MDA and NO and an accompanying evaluation of the antioxidant defense system can be significant in the diagnosis and treatment follow-up of Behçet's disease.

Effect of oxidative stress on antioxidant enzyme activities, homocysteine and lipoproteins in chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Our aim was to determine the association of paraoxonase (PON1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, with lipoprotein and homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

METHODS

We examined 60 patients with CKD (35 men and 25 women), aged 52.7 -/+ 3.1 years, and 60 age-, sex- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control subjects. Serum PON1 activity, levels of lipoproteins, Hcy and MDA were evaluated; SOD and CAT activities in erythrocytes were also investigated.

RESULTS

Levels of MDA, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) and Hcy were significantly higher, while PON1 activity was lower in CKD than in controls (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the patients and controls in the SOD and CAT activities (p>0.05). Levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) were lower in CKD than in controls (p<0.001), whereas total cholesterol (T-Chol) and triglyceride (TG) levels showed no significant difference between the groups. Levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher in CKD than in controls (p<0.001). In CKD, PON1 activities were correlated with levels of Hcy, MDA, HDL-C, Lp(a) and ApoA-I. A significant positive correlation was found between levels of Hcy and Lp(a).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this work suggest that patients with CKD exhibit an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance which is closely related to high levels of atherosclerotic risk factors.