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Colvin MA, Kowal KR, Hayman NT, Stransky C, VanVoorhis J, Carlson S, Rosen G. Pulsed exposure toxicity testing: Baseline evaluations and considerations using copper and zinc with two marine species. Chemosphere 2021; 277:130323. [PMID: 33794432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methods to assess environmental impacts from episodic discharges on receiving water bodies need a more environmentally relevant and scientifically defensible toxicity test design. Many permittees are regularly required to conduct 96-h toxicity tests on discharges associated with events that are generally less than 24 h in duration. Current standardized methods do not adequately reflect these episodic discharge conditions at either the point of compliance nor as it mixes with the receiving environment. In order to evaluate more representative biological effects, an alternative toxicity approach is described incorporating pulsed exposures of effluents and subsequent transfer of test organisms to clean water for the remainder of the test. This pulsed exposure protocol incorporates a slight modification to USEPA Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) chronic and acute methods for two marine species, purple sea urchin embryos, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and juvenile mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia. Tests were performed with toxicants using standard static (96 h) and pulsed (6, 12, and 26 h) exposures. Following pulsed exposures, organisms were transferred to uncontaminated seawater for the remainder of the 96-h test period. Results for these species and endpoints indicated that the sensitivity of these species to copper and zinc were up to two orders of magnitude greater using standard continuous exposures compared to shorter pulsed exposures. Additional considerations assessed included timing of the onset of a pulse and latent effects following an exposure. This modified approach requires minimal modification to current standard methods and increases the realism to more accurately assess toxic effects resulting from episodic discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marienne A Colvin
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC Pacific), Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Code 71760, 53560 Hull St., San Diego, CA, 92152-5001, USA.
| | - Katherine R Kowal
- San Diego State University Research Foundation (SDSURF), 5250 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Nicholas T Hayman
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC Pacific), Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Code 71760, 53560 Hull St., San Diego, CA, 92152-5001, USA
| | - Chris Stransky
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, 4905 Morena Blvd. Suite 1304, San Diego, CA, 92117, USA
| | - Jeff VanVoorhis
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, 4905 Morena Blvd. Suite 1304, San Diego, CA, 92117, USA
| | - Steve Carlson
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, 4905 Morena Blvd. Suite 1304, San Diego, CA, 92117, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC Pacific), Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Code 71760, 53560 Hull St., San Diego, CA, 92152-5001, USA
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Hayman NT, Rosen G, Colvin MA, Conder J, Arblaster JA. Aquatic toxicity evaluations of PFOS and PFOA for five standard marine endpoints. Chemosphere 2021; 273:129699. [PMID: 33524752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants that are coming under increasing scrutiny. Currently, there is a paucity of effects data for marine aquatic life, limiting the assessment of ecological risks and compliance with water quality policies. In the present study, the toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to four standard marine laboratory toxicity testing species, encompassing five endpoints, were evaluated: 1) 96-h embryo-larval normal development for the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus); 2) 48-h embryo-larval normal development and normal survival for the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis); 3) 96-h survival of opossum shrimp (Americamysis bahia); and 4) 24-h light output for the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula. All species were tested using standard United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and/or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International protocols. For PFOS and PFOA, the order of species sensitivity, starting with the most sensitive, was M. galloprovincialis, S. purpuratus, P. lunula, and A. bahia. The range of median lethal or median effect concentrations for PFOS (1.1-5.1 mg L-1) and PFOA (10-24 mg L-1) are comparable to the relatively few toxicity effect values available for marine species. In addition to providing effects data for PFOA and PFOS, this study indicates these species and endpoints are sensitive to PFAS such that their use will be appropriate for deriving toxicity data with other PFAS in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason Conder
- Geosyntec Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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Drygiannaki I, Bejar M, Reible DD, Dawson JA, Rao B, Hayman NT, Rosen GH, Colvin MA. Assessing Biota Accumulation Due to Contamination of Sediments by Storm Water Heavy Metals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:2475-2484. [PMID: 32845535 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating sediment recontamination due to storm water discharges is important when evaluating the long-term effectiveness of sediment remediation efforts at reducing biological impacts. The bioaccumulation of the heavy metals zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium, mercury, and lead and the metalloid arsenic in a clam (Macoma nasuta) was studied in surficial sediments before and after storm water inputs from Paleta Creek, California, USA, during wet seasons in 2015 to 2016 and 2016 to 2017. The bioaccumulation was compared with bulk sediment concentrations and porewater concentrations measured by diffusion gradient in thin film devices. Significant reductions in biota accumulation and porewater concentrations were observed in samples collected after storm seasons compared with before storm seasons despite bulk sediment concentrations remaining the same or increasing. This was apparently the result of the deposition of storm water contaminants in low bioavailable forms. The bioaccumulation of all the measured contaminants showed a positive significant correlation with porewater concentrations (p < 0.1, α = 0.1) and weak or no correlations with bulk sediment concentration. In conclusion, observed bulk sediment recontamination due to storm water should not be assumed to lead directly to greater biota accumulation without bioavailability assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2475-2484. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Balaji Rao
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas T Hayman
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gunther H Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marienne A Colvin
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
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Drygiannaki I, Rao B, Dawson JA, Rakowska M, Reible DD, Hayman NT, Rosen GH, Colvin MA, Chadwick DB, Pitt R, Otto M, Steets B, Ervin J. Assessing sediment recontamination from metals in stormwater. Sci Total Environ 2020; 737:139726. [PMID: 32563112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recontamination of sediments by stormwater is a major concern when evaluating the potential effectiveness of sediment remediation. Stormwater and sediment sampling were conducted in a mixed-use watershed at Paleta Creek in San Diego, CA to evaluate methods for assessing sediment recontamination by metals. Size-segregated stormwater contaminant loads with simultaneous receiving water and sediment measurements were used to identify dominant sources and contaminants with respect to their impact on sediment recontamination. Most of the stormwater contaminant loads of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were associated with residential and highway sources from the upstream portions of the watershed and As, Ni and Hg were more significantly influenced by the downstream area of the watershed. Cd was strongly associated with large particles (>63 μm) and observed to settle in near shore areas with some attenuation due to mixing and dilution. Cu, in contrast, was associated more with the filtered fraction (<0.45 μm) and clay fraction (0.45-5 μm), resulting in less near shore sediment recontamination. Depositing sediment and other metals, particularly Cu and Hg, exhibited greater accumulation in settling traps than could be attributed to stormwater loads indicating the importance of other sources or resuspension of bay sediments on surficial sediment concentrations. Pb, Zn, Ni, and As showed influences of both stormwater and other sources. The study showed that measurement of size-segregated stormwater contaminant mass and concentrations combined with simultaneous measurements of deposition in sediment traps could differentiate between recontamination by stormwater and that of other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balaji Rao
- Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - John A Dawson
- Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Danny D Reible
- Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Nicholas T Hayman
- Naval Warfare Information Center Pacific, 53560 Hull St, San Diego, CA 92152-5001, USA
| | - Gunther H Rosen
- Naval Warfare Information Center Pacific, 53560 Hull St, San Diego, CA 92152-5001, USA
| | - Marienne A Colvin
- Naval Warfare Information Center Pacific, 53560 Hull St, San Diego, CA 92152-5001, USA
| | - D Bart Chadwick
- Naval Warfare Information Center Pacific, 53560 Hull St, San Diego, CA 92152-5001, USA
| | - Robert Pitt
- University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (Ret.)
| | - Megan Otto
- Geosyntec Consultants, 924 Anacapa St #4a, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Brandon Steets
- Geosyntec Consultants, 924 Anacapa St #4a, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Jared Ervin
- Geosyntec Consultants, 924 Anacapa St #4a, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
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Hayman NT, Rosen G, Colvin MA, Chadwick BD, Rao B, Athanasiou D, Rakowska M, Drygiannaki I, Burton GA, Reible DD. Seasonal Toxicity Observed with Amphipods (Eohaustorius estuarius) at Paleta Creek, San Diego Bay, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:229-239. [PMID: 31622513 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess potential impacts on receiving systems, associated with storm water contaminants, laboratory 10-d amphipod (Eohaustorius estuarius) survival toxicity tests were performed using intact sediment cores collected from Paleta Creek (San Diego Bay, CA, USA) on 5 occasions between 2015 and 2017. The approach included deposition-associated sediment particles collected from sediment traps placed at each of 4 locations during the 2015 to 2016 wet seasons. The bioassays demonstrated wet season toxicity, especially closest to the creek mouth, and greater mortality associated with particles deposited in the wet season compared with dry season samples. Grain size analysis of sediment trap material indicated coarser sediment at the mouth of the creek and finer sediment in the outer depositional areas. Contaminant concentrations of metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], and pesticides) were quantified to assess possible causes of toxicity. Contaminant concentrations were determined in the top 5 cm of sediment and porewater (using passive samplers). Whereas metals, PAHs, and PCBs were rarely detected at sufficient concentrations to elicit a response, pyrethroid pesticides were highly correlated with amphipod toxicity. Summing individual pyrethroid constituents using a toxic unit approach suggested that toxicity to E. estuarius could be associated with pyrethroids. This unique test design allowed delineation of spatial and temporal differences in toxicity, suggesting that storm water discharge from Paleta Creek may be the source of seasonal toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:229-239. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Hayman
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marienne A Colvin
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Balaji Rao
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Hayman NT, Rosen G, Strivens JE. Evaluating the efficacy of DGT to quantify copper in stormwater at end-of-pipe. Chemosphere 2019; 235:1125-1133. [PMID: 31561303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, stormwater compliance monitoring is labor intensive, expensive, and largely unsuccessful in providing the data needed to support stormwater management goals. To help address these issues, diffusive gradients in thin film (DGTs), time-integrative passive samplers for metals, were evaluated to monitor copper in stormwater runoff. DGTs were co-located with traditional autosamplers within the stormwater conveyance systems at Naval Base San Diego (NBSD) to provide a direct comparison with composite sampling. DGTs were exposed in the laboratory to flow-averaged composite samples from NBSD stormwater conveyance systems. These experiments showed increasing uptake over time (range = 1.5-24 h) for copper, with positive, linear correlations (r2 > 0.980) between exposure duration and copper mass accumulated. However, it appears that the corresponding calculations of the DGT-labile fraction (CDGT) relative to the dissolved fraction fluctuated across the different exposure durations. In general, trends observed for CDGT measurements from the field were consistent with trends in the lab DGT exposures and traditional dissolved metal measurements from composite samples. Finally, time-weighted average copper concentrations from DGTs deployed for the first and second phases of storm events were within 30% of measurements from DGTs that were deployed for the entire storm event in the same stormwater vault. Cumulatively, these results show promise for continuous monitoring with DGTs as an approach that produces data more representative of exposure to the receiving environment during episodic events than data from traditional grab or composite chemistry sampling, and can represent significant cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Hayman
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC Pacific), Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Code 71760, 53475 Strothe Rd., Bldg. 111, San Diego, CA 92152 USA.
| | - G Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC Pacific), Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Code 71760, 53475 Strothe Rd., Bldg. 111, San Diego, CA 92152 USA.
| | - J E Strivens
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Marine Sciences Lab, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382 USA.
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Hayman NT, Hentschel BT, Renick VC, Anderson TW. Combined effects of flow speed and sub-lethal insecticide exposure on predator-prey interactions between the California killifish and an infaunal polychaete. Ecotoxicology 2019; 28:117-131. [PMID: 30547329 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-2005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamics and pollution affect estuarine populations, but their ecological effects have rarely been studied in combination. We conducted two laboratory experiments to quantify whether predator-prey interactions between California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis, and the polychaete Polydora cornuta vary with flow speed and chlorpyrifos exposure. In one experiment, only F. parvipinnis was exposed to chlorpyrifos; in the other, only P. cornuta was exposed. The flume included a 300-cm2 area of sediment with 24 P. cornuta in a central patch (98 cm2). We videotaped groups of three killifish for 50 min at one of four flow speeds (6, 9, 12, or 15 cm/s) and recorded the proportion of bites directed at the prey patch. Unexposed killifish directed 70% of their bites at the prey patch at 6 cm/s, and prey-patch selection decreased as flow increased. Killifish exposed to chlorpyrifos directed 41% of their bites at the prey patch at 6 cm/s with reduced prey-patch selection relative to unexposed fish at 9 and 12 cm/s. At 15 cm/s, both exposed and unexposed fish displayed non-selective biting. Worms were videotaped to quantify their deposit- and suspension-feeding activities. Exposing worms to chlorpyrifos reduced total feeding activity by ~30%. Suspension feeding was more common at faster flow speeds, but the time worms spent suspension feeding relative to deposit feeding was unaffected by chlorpyrifos. No behavioral changes were noted in either species when the other was exposed to chlorpyrifos. This study highlights how hydrodynamic conditions can alter the relative importance of a toxicant's effects on predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Hayman
- Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA.
| | - Brian T Hentschel
- Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA
| | - Violet C Renick
- Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA
| | - Todd W Anderson
- Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA
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