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Yap-Chiongco MK, Bergmeier FS, Roberts NG, Jörger KM, Kocot KM. Phylogenomic reconstruction of Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) informs hypotheses on body size evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 194:108029. [PMID: 38341006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Body size is a fundamental characteristic of animals that impacts every aspect of their biology from anatomical complexity to ecology. In Mollusca, Solenogastres has been considered important to understanding the group's early evolution as most morphology-based phylogenetic reconstructions placed it as an early branching molluscan lineage. Under this scenario, molluscs were thought to have evolved from a small, turbellarian-like ancestor and small (i.e., macrofaunal) body size was inferred to be plesiomorphic for Solenogastres. More recently, phylogenomic studies have shown that aplacophorans (Solenogastres + Caudofoveata) form a clade with chitons (Polyplacophora), which is sister to all other molluscs, suggesting a relatively large-bodied (i.e., megafaunal) ancestor for Mollusca. Meanwhile, recent investigations into aplacophoran phylogeny have called the assumption that the last common ancestor of Solenogastres was small-bodied into question, but sampling of meiofaunal species was limited, biasing these studies towards large-bodied taxa and leaving fundamental questions about solenogaster body size evolution unanswered. Here, we supplemented available data with transcriptomes from eight diverse meiofaunal species of Solenogastres and conducted phylogenomic analyses on datasets of up to 949 genes. Maximum likelihood analyses support the meiofaunal family Meiomeniidae as the sister group to all other solenogasters, congruent with earlier ideas of a small-bodied ancestor of Solenogastres. In contrast, Bayesian Inference analyses support the large-bodied family Amphimeniidae as the sister group to all other solenogasters. Investigation of phylogenetic signal by comparing site-wise likelihood scores for the two competing hypotheses support the Meiomeniidae-first topology. In light of these results, we performed ancestral character state reconstruction to explore the implications of both hypotheses on understanding of Solenogaster evolution and review previous hypotheses about body size evolution and its potential consequences for solenogaster biology. Both hypotheses imply that body size evolution has been highly dynamic over the course of solenogaster evolution and that their relatively static body plan has successfully allowed for evolutionary transitions between meio-, macro- and megafaunal size ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nickellaus G Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Katharina M Jörger
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection for Zoology, Section Mollusca, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin M Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA; Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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Saadi AJ, Bibermair J, Kocot KM, Roberts NG, Hirose M, Calcino A, Baranyi C, Chaichana R, Wood TS, Schwaha T. Phylogenomics reveals deep relationships and diversification within phylactolaemate bryozoans. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221504. [PMID: 36350215 PMCID: PMC9653232 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bryozoans are mostly sessile colonial invertebrates that inhabit all kinds of aquatic ecosystems. Extant bryozoan species fall into two clades with one of them, Phylactolaemata, being the only exclusively freshwater clade. Phylogenetic relationships within the class Phylactolaemata have long been controversial owing to their limited distinguishable characteristics that reflect evolutionary relationships. Here, we present the first phylogenomic analysis of Phylactolaemata using transcriptomic data combined with dense taxon sampling of six families to better resolve the interrelationships and to estimate divergence time. Using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches, we recovered a robust phylogeny for Phylactolaemata in which the interfamilial relationships are fully resolved. We show Stephanellidae is the sister taxon of all other phylactolaemates and confirm that Lophopodidae represents the second offshoot within the phylactolaemate tree. Plumatella fruticosa clearly falls outside Plumatellidae as previous investigations have suggested, and instead clusters with Pectinatellidae and Cristatellidae as the sister taxon of Fredericellidae. Our results demonstrate that cryptic speciation is very likely in F. sultana and in two species of Plumatella (P. repens and P. casmiana). Divergence time estimates show that Phylactolaemata appeared at the end of the Ediacaran and started to diverge in the Silurian, although confidence intervals were large for most nodes. The radiation of most extant phylactolaemate families occurred mainly in the Palaeogene and Neogene highlighting post-extinction diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed J. Saadi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Bibermair
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin M. Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nickellaus G. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Andrew Calcino
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Baranyi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratcha Chaichana
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Timothy S. Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Ahmed M, Roberts NG, Adediran F, Smythe AB, Kocot KM, Holovachov O. Phylogenomic Analysis of the Phylum Nematoda: Conflicts and Congruences With Morphology, 18S rRNA, and Mitogenomes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.769565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within many lineages of the phylum Nematoda remain unresolved, despite numerous morphology-based and molecular analyses. We performed several phylogenomic analyses using 286 published genomes and transcriptomes and 19 new transcriptomes by focusing on Trichinellida, Spirurina, Rhabditina, and Tylenchina separately, and by analyzing a selection of species from the whole phylum Nematoda. The phylogeny of Trichinellida supported the division of Trichinella into encapsulated and non-encapsulated species and placed them as sister to Trichuris. The Spirurina subtree supported the clades formed by species from Ascaridomorpha and Spiruromorpha respectively, but did not support Dracunculoidea. The analysis of Tylenchina supported a clade that included all sampled species from Tylenchomorpha and placed it as sister to clades that included sampled species from Cephalobomorpha and Panagrolaimomorpha, supporting the hypothesis that postulates the single origin of the stomatostylet. The Rhabditina subtree placed a clade composed of all sampled species from Diplogastridae as sister to a lineage consisting of paraphyletic Rhabditidae, a single representative of Heterorhabditidae and a clade composed of sampled species belonging to Strongylida. It also strongly supported all suborders within Strongylida. In the phylum-wide analysis, a clade composed of all sampled species belonging to Enoplia were consistently placed as sister to Dorylaimia + Chromadoria. The topology of the Nematoda backbone was consistent with previous studies, including polyphyletic placement of sampled representatives of Monhysterida and Araeolaimida.
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Picciani N, Kerlin JR, Sierra N, Swafford AJM, Ramirez MD, Roberts NG, Cannon JT, Daly M, Oakley TH. Prolific Origination of Eyes in Cnidaria with Co-option of Non-visual Opsins. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2413-2419.e4. [PMID: 30033336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal eyes vary considerably in morphology and complexity and are thus ideal for understanding the evolution of complex biological traits [1]. While eyes evolved many times in bilaterian animals with elaborate nervous systems, image-forming and simpler eyes also exist in cnidarians, which are ancient non-bilaterians with neural nets and regions with condensed neurons to process information. How often eyes of varying complexity, including image-forming eyes, arose in animals with such simple neural circuitry remains obscure. Here, we produced large-scale phylogenies of Cnidaria and their photosensitive proteins and coupled them with an extensive literature search on eyes and light-sensing behavior to show that cnidarian eyes originated at least eight times, with complex, lensed-eyes having a history separate from other eye types. Compiled data show widespread light-sensing behavior in eyeless cnidarians, and comparative analyses support ancestors without eyes that already sensed light with dispersed photoreceptor cells. The history of expression of photoreceptive opsin proteins supports the inference of distinct eye origins via separate co-option of different non-visual opsin paralogs into eyes. Overall, our results show eyes evolved repeatedly from ancestral photoreceptor cells in non-bilaterian animals with simple nervous systems, co-opting existing precursors, similar to what occurred in Bilateria. Our study underscores the potential for multiple, evolutionarily distinct visual systems even in animals with simple nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Picciani
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Jamie R Kerlin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Noemie Sierra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Andrew J M Swafford
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - M Desmond Ramirez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nickellaus G Roberts
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Johanna T Cannon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Todd H Oakley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Abstract
A case of torsion of a wandering spleen in an 8 year old girl is reported. The authors discuss the aetiology and management of this rare condition and review the literature. Wandering spleen is relatively more common in children than in adults. Under the age of 10 the sex distribution is even; over 10, females outnumber males by seven to one. In 66 children under 10 years, 50% of wandering spleens were lost through acute ischaemia. The authors recommend that early splenopexy replace conservative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Dawson
- Department of General Surgery, Box Hill Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Fulford RC, Roberts NG. Hospital-university student health service. Hospitals 1975; 49:52-4. [PMID: 1109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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