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Tang X, Gambier C, López-Gálvez N, Padilla S, Rapp VH, Russell ML, Klivansky LM, Mayorga R, Perrino C, Gundel LA, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Hammond SK, Zhang H, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Destaillats H. Remediation of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke with Ozone: Probing Deep Reservoirs in Carpets. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37366549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the efficacy of ozonation as an indoor remediation strategy by evaluating how a carpet serves as a sink and long-term source of thirdhand tobacco smoke (THS) while protecting contaminants absorbed in deep reservoirs by scavenging ozone. Specimens from unused carpet that was exposed to smoke in the lab ("fresh THS") and contaminated carpets retrieved from smokers' homes ("aged THS") were treated with 1000 ppb ozone in bench-scale tests. Nicotine was partially removed from fresh THS specimens by volatilization and oxidation, but it was not significantly eliminated from aged THS samples. By contrast, most of the 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in both samples were partially removed by ozone. One of the home-aged carpets was installed in an 18 m3 room-sized chamber, where its nicotine emission rate was 950 ng day-1 m-2. In a typical home, such daily emissions could amount to a non-negligible fraction of the nicotine released by smoking one cigarette. The operation of a commercial ozone generator for a total duration of 156 min, reaching concentrations up to 10,000 ppb, did not significantly reduce the carpet nicotine loading (26-122 mg m-2). Ozone reacted primarily with carpet fibers, rather than with THS, leading to short-term emissions of aldehydes and aerosol particles. Hence, by being absorbed deeply into carpet fibers, THS constituents can be partially shielded from ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clément Gambier
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicolás López-Gálvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Samuel Padilla
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liana M Klivansky
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raphael Mayorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Charles Perrino
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - George E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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López-Gálvez N, Wagoner R, Canales RA, Ernst K, Burgess JL, de Zapien J, Rosales C, Beamer P. Longitudinal assessment of kidney function in migrant farm workers. Environ Res 2021; 202:111686. [PMID: 34273367 PMCID: PMC8578352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is an epidemic that affects young agricultural workers in several warm regions of the world. However, there is a lack of monitoring of kidney issues in regions with extremely warm environments such as the Northwest of Mexico, a semi-arid region with a growing agricultural industry, where migrant and seasonal farm workers (MSFWs) travel to work in the fields. The objective of this study was to longitudinally assess kidney functioning of MSFWs in relation to pesticide exposure, heat stress and dehydration in a large-scale farm in Mexico. We enrolled 101 MSFWs, of whom 50 were randomly selected to work in an organic certified area and 51 were randomly selected to work in a conventional area. We also enrolled 50 office workers within the same region as a reference group. We collected urine and blood samples from all workers in addition to demographic, behavioral, and occupational characteristics. The physiological strain index (PSI) was used to estimate workers' heat strain. Sampling was conducted at pre-harvest (March) and late in the harvest (July). Linear mixed models were built with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as the dependent variable. We found a significant decrease in kidney function in MSFWs compared to office workers. By the late harvest, one MSFW developed kidney disease, two MSFWs suffered a kidney injury, and 14 MSFWs were at risk of a kidney injury. We found that the eGFR in MSFWs decreased significantly from pre-harvest (125 ± 13.0 mL/min/1.73 m2) to late harvest (109 ± 13.6 mL/min/1.73 m2) (p < 0.001), while no significant change was observed in office workers. The eGFR was significantly lower in MSFWs who worked in the conventional field (101.2 ± 19.4 mL/min/1.73 m2) vs the organic field (110.9 ± 13.6 mL/min/1.73 m2) (p = 0.002). In our final model, we found that dehydration was associated with the decrease of eGFR. We also found an interaction between heat strain and job category, as a significant decline in eGFR by job category (conventional/organic MSFWs and office workers) was related to an increase in heat strain. This suggests that pesticide exposure needs to be considered in combination with heat stress and dehydration. This study provides valuable information on kidney function in MSFWs, and it shows the importance of early long-term monitoring in farm workers in other regions where CKDu has not been evaluated yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás López-Gálvez
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State University, 5250 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Rietta Wagoner
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Robert A Canales
- Interdisciplinary Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Ave, PO Box 210089, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kacey Ernst
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Jill de Zapien
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Cecilia Rosales
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave, PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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López-Gálvez N, Wagoner R, Canales RA, de Zapien J, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Rosales C, Beamer P. Evaluating imidacloprid exposure among grape field male workers using biological and environmental assessment tools: An exploratory study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113625. [PMID: 32950770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide commonly injected through agricultural drip irrigation systems to reduce the population of vine mealybugs (P. ficus) in grape farms. There is a growing concern of potential human health effects of imidacloprid, however, there is limited information on the exposure to imidacloprid in farm workers. Imidacloprid exposure was evaluated in this exploratory study of 20 male migrant grape workers sampled five days after imidacloprid was injected in the irrigation system during winter and summer seasons. We administered a questionnaire on work activities, exposure characteristics, and socio-demographics and collected personal air, hand wipe, and spot urine samples. Heat exposure was also assessed. Spearman's correlation coefficients and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were utilized to evaluate associations and differences in imidacloprid exposures with socio-demographic, occupational, and environmental characteristics. All participants had less than a high school education and about half identified an Indigenous language as their primary language. Although not detected in air samples, imidacloprid was detected in 85% of the hand wipes (median: 0.26: 0.41 μg/wipe, range: 0.05-7.10 μg/wipe). The majority of participants (75%) had detectable urinary concentrations of imidacloprid (median: 0.11 μg/g creatinine, range: 0.05-3.90 μg/g of creatinine), and nearly all (95%) had detectable urinary concentrations of 5-hydroxy-Imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI), a metabolite of imidacloprid (median: 1.28 μg/g creatinine, range: 0.20-27.89 μg/g creatinine). There was a significant correlation (p < 0.001) between imidacloprid in hand wipes and urinary imidacloprid and 5-OH-IMI (rs: 0.67 for imidacloprid and 0.80 for 5-OH-IMI). Hand temperature was significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with imidacloprid concentration on hand wipes (rs: 0.70), and urinary biomarkers (rs: 0.68 for imidacloprid, and 0.60 for 5-OH-IMI) suggesting that working in high temperatures may influence the exposure and absorption of imidacloprid. Thus, research on farm workers would benefit in the future by evaluating imidacloprid exposure in relation to heat stress and other occupational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás López-Gálvez
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Rietta Wagoner
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Robert A Canales
- Interdisciplinary Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Ave. PO Box 210089, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jill de Zapien
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Maria Ospina
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Cecilia Rosales
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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López-Gálvez N, Wagoner R, Beamer P, de Zapien J, Rosales C. Migrant Farmworkers' Exposure to Pesticides in Sonora, Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E2651. [PMID: 30486281 PMCID: PMC6313604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Expanding agribusiness in Sonora, a state in Northern Mexico, has increased the demand for temporary migrant agricultural workers. Sonora is one of the top states in Mexico for pesticide utilization. We conducted an exploratory study to evaluate exposure to organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides among migrant farmworkers. A sample of 20 migrant farmworkers was recruited from a large commercial grape farm during the harvest season. We administered a questionnaire on work activities, exposure characteristics, and socio-demographics. We collected urine samples to quantify pesticide metabolite concentrations. Most participants were originally from the state of Chiapas, Mexico, none had completed high school, and about half spoke an indigenous language as well as Spanish. The majority of participants had detectable concentrations of pyrethroid and organophosphate biomarkers. Geometric mean creatinine-adjusted concentrations for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (1.83 µg/g), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (0.88 µg/g), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (0.94 µg/g), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (3.56 µg/g), and para-nitrophenol (0.63 µg/g) were significantly higher than in the general United States' population and Mexican Americans. Our results also suggest that migrant farmworkers in this region are exposed to pesticides at higher levels than other farmworkers' studies. Farmworkers' age, language, training on personal protective equipment, time at the farm, and season, were significant exposure determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás López-Gálvez
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Rietta Wagoner
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Jill de Zapien
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Cecilia Rosales
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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