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Selvam C, Powell MD, Liland NS, Rosenlund G, Sissener NH. Impact of dietary level and ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on disease progression and mRNA expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) challenged with Paramoeba perurans. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12028. [PMID: 34540364 PMCID: PMC8415286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dietary level and ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (FA) on growth, disease progression and expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following challenge with Paramoeba perurans. Fish (80 g) were fed four different diets with different ratios of n-6/n-3 FA; at 1.3, 2.4 and 6.0 and one diet with ratio of 1.3 combined with a higher level of n-3 FA and n-6 FA. The diet with the n-6/n-3 FA ratio of 6.0 was included to ensure potential n-6 FA effects were revealed, while the three other diets were more commercially relevant n-6/n-3 FA ratios and levels. After a pre-feeding period of 3 months, fish from each diet regime were challenged with a standardized laboratory challenge using a clonal culture of P. perurans at the concentration of 1,000 cells L−1. The subsequent development of the disease was monitored (by gross gill score), and sampling conducted before challenge and at weekly sampling points for 5 weeks post-challenge. Challenge with P. perurans did not have a significant impact on the growth of the fish during the challenge period, but fish given the feed with the highest n-6/n-3 FA ratio had reduced growth compared to the other groups. Total gill score for all surfaces showed a significant increase with time, reaching a maximum at 21 days post-challenge and declined thereafter, irrespective of diet groups. Challenge with P. perurans influenced the mRNA expression of examined genes involved in immune and inflammatory response (TNF-α, iNOS, IL4-13b, GATA-3, IL-1β, p53, COX2 and PGE2-EP4), but diet did not influence the gene expression. In conclusion, an increase in dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio influenced the growth of Atlantic salmon challenged with P. perurans; however, it did not alter the mRNA expression of immune genes or progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Selvam
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India
| | - Mark D Powell
- Marineholmen RAS Lab AS & University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Stenberg OK, Holen E, Piemontese L, Liland NS, Lock EJ, Espe M, Belghit I. Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with insect meal on in vitro bacterial and viral induced gene response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 91:223-232. [PMID: 31121289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the fast growth of today's aquaculture industry, the demand for aquafeeds is expanding dramatically. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of salmonids, could represent a sustainable ingredient for aquaculture feed. The aim of the current study was to test how a partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal affect gene responses involved in inflammation, the eicosanoid pathway and stress response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in isolated head kidney leukocytes after exposure to bacterial or viral mimic. Insect meal (IM) was produced from black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae. Seawater Atlantic salmon were fed three different diets for 8 weeks; a control diet (IM0, protein from fishmeal and plant based ingredients (25:75) and lipid from fish oil and vegetable oil (33:66); and two insect-meal containing diets, IM66 and IM100, where 66 and 100% of the fishmeal protein was replaced with IM, respectively. Leukocytes were isolated from the head kidney of fish (n = 6) from each of the three dietary groups. Isolated leukocytes were seeded into culture wells and added either a bacterial mimic (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or a viral mimic (polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid, poly I: C) to induce an inflammatory response. Controls (Ctl) without LPS and poly I: C were included. The transcription of interleukins IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were elevated in LPS treated leukocytes isolated from salmon fed the three dietary groups (IM0, IM66 and IM100). The inflammatory-related gene expression in head kidney cells were, however, not affected by the pre-fed substitution of fish meal with IM in the diet of salmon. Gene transcriptions of PTGDS and PTGES were neither affected by LPS, poly I: C or the experimental diets fed prior to cell isolation, while salmon fed with IM showed a lower expression of LOX5. The gene expression of TLR22 and C/EBP-β were down-regulated by the LPS treatment in the cells isolated from salmon fed insect-based diets (IM66 and IM100) compared to fish fed the IM0. Similarly, the leukocytes challenged with LPS and isolated from fish fed with IM66 and IM100 down-regulated the expression of Mn-SOD, GPx1, HSP27 and HSP70 compared to salmon fed IM0. In general, these results suggested that replacement of fishmeal with IM in the diets of Atlantic salmon had no effect on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes in the head kidney cells. There was, however, an effect of dietary IM on the transcription of antioxidant and stress related genes in the leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luisa Piemontese
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via delle Cascine 5, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nina S Liland
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
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Liland NS, Pittman K, Whatmore P, Torstensen BE, Sissener NH. Fucosterol Causes Small Changes in Lipid Storage and Brassicasterol Affects some Markers of Lipid Metabolism in Atlantic Salmon Hepatocytes. Lipids 2018; 53:737-747. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina S. Liland
- Research group Requirement and Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes gaten 50; 5005 Bergen Norway
| | - Karin Pittman
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B; 5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Paul Whatmore
- Research group Requirement and Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes gaten 50; 5005 Bergen Norway
| | - Bente E. Torstensen
- Research group Requirement and Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes gaten 50; 5005 Bergen Norway
| | - Nini H. Sissener
- Research group Requirement and Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes gaten 50; 5005 Bergen Norway
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Biancarosa I, Liland NS, Biemans D, Araujo P, Bruckner CG, Waagbø R, Torstensen BE, Lock EJ, Amlund H. Uptake of heavy metals and arsenic in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae grown on seaweed-enriched media. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2176-2183. [PMID: 28960324 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is one of the most promising insect species for use in animal feed. However, studies investigating feed and food safety aspects of using black soldier fly as feed are scarce. In this study, we fed black soldier fly larvae feeding media enriched with seaweed, which contains naturally high concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential transfer of such undesirable substances from the feeding media to the larvae. RESULTS The larvae accumulated cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic. Concentrations of these elements in the larvae increased when more seaweed was added to the feeding media. The highest retention was seen for cadmium (up to 93%) and the lowest for total arsenic (up to 22%). When seaweed inclusion exceeded 20% in the media, this resulted in larval concentrations of cadmium and total arsenic above the current European Union maximum levels for these elements in complete feed. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that insect larvae can accumulate heavy metals and arsenic when present in the feeding media. A broader understanding of the occurrence of these undesirable substances in processed larvae products is needed to assess feed and food safety. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Biancarosa
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina S Liland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daan Biemans
- Protix Biosystems BV, 5107 NC Dongen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Araujo
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Rune Waagbø
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente E Torstensen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Amlund
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
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Biancarosa I, Belghit I, Bruckner CG, Liland NS, Waagbø R, Amlund H, Heesch S, Lock E. Chemical characterization of 21 species of marine macroalgae common in Norwegian waters: benefits of and limitations to their potential use in food and feed. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2035-2042. [PMID: 29193189 PMCID: PMC5888138 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few years, much effort has been invested into developing a new blue economy based on harvesting, cultivating and processing marine macroalgae in Norway. Macroalgae have high potential for a wide range of applications, e.g. as source of pharmaceuticals, production of biofuels or as food and feed. However, data on the chemical composition of macroalgae from Norwegian waters are scant. This study was designed to characterize the chemical composition of 21 algal species. Both macro- and micronutrients were analysed. Concentrations of heavy metals and the metalloid arsenic in the algae were also quantified. RESULTS The results confirm that marine macroalgae contain nutrients which are relevant for both human and animal nutrition, the concentrations whereof are highly dependent on species. Although heavy metals and arsenic were detected in the algae studied, concentrations were mostly below maximum allowed levels set by food and feed legislation in the EU. CONCLUSION This study provides chemical data on a wide range of algal species covering the three taxonomic groups (brown, red and green algae) and discusses both benefits of and potential limitations to their use for food and feed purposes. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Biancarosa
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Ikram Belghit
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
| | | | - Nina S Liland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
| | - Rune Waagbø
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Heidi Amlund
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
| | - Svenja Heesch
- Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Erik‐Jan Lock
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
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Liland NS, Biancarosa I, Araujo P, Biemans D, Bruckner CG, Waagbø R, Torstensen BE, Lock EJ. Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183188. [PMID: 28837591 PMCID: PMC5570497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are a promising source of protein and lipid for animal feeds. The nutritional composition of the BSF larvae depend partly on the composition of the feeding medium. The BSF lipid profile in part mimics the feeding media lipid profile, and micronutrients, like minerals and vitamins, can readily accumulate in black soldier fly larvae. However, investigative studies on bioconversion and accumulation of nutrients from media to black soldier fly larvae are scarce. Here we show that inclusion of the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum in the substrate for black soldier fly larvae can introduce valuable nutrients, commonly associated with the marine environment, into the larvae. The omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), iodine and vitamin E concentrations increased in the larvae when more seaweed was included in the diet. When the feeding media consisted of more than 50% seaweed, the larvae experienced poorer growth, lower nutrient retention and lower lipid levels, compared to a pure plant based feeding medium. Our results confirm the plasticity of the nutritional make-up of black soldier fly larvae, allowing it to accumulate both lipid- and water-soluble compounds. A broader understanding of the effect of the composition of the feeding media on the larvae composition can help to tailor black soldier fly larvae into a nutrient profile more suited for specific feed or food purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S. Liland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene Biancarosa
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pedro Araujo
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daan Biemans
- Protix Biosystems BV, Industriestraat 3, Dongen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rune Waagbø
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Erik-Jan Lock
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
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Sanden M, Liland NS, Sæle Ø, Rosenlund G, Du S, Torstensen BE, Stubhaug I, Ruyter B, Sissener NH. Minor lipid metabolic perturbations in the liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) caused by suboptimal dietary content of nutrients from fish oil. Fish Physiol Biochem 2016; 42:1463-1480. [PMID: 27154233 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects on Atlantic salmon hepatic lipid metabolism when fed diets with increasing substitution of fish oil (FO) with a vegetable oil (VO) blend. Four diets with VOs replacing 100, 90, 79 and 65 % of the FO were fed for 5 months. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) in the experimental diets ranged from 1.3 to 7.4 % of fatty acids (FAs), while cholesterol levels ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 g kg(-1). In hepatocytes added [1-(14)C] α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), more ALA was desaturated and elongated to EPA and DHA in cells from fish fed 100 % VO, while in fish fed 65 % VO, ALA was elongated to eicosatrienoic acid (ETE; 20:3n-3), indicating reduced Δ6 desaturation activity. Despite increased desaturation activity and activation of the transcription factor Sp1 in fish fed 100 % VO, liver phospholipids contained less EPA and DHA compared with the 65 % VO group. The cholesterol levels in the liver of the 100 % VO group exceeded the levels in fish fed the 65 % VO diet, showing an inverse relationship between cholesterol intake and liver cholesterol content. For the phytosterols, levels in liver were generally low. The area as a proxy of volume of lipid droplets was significantly higher in salmon fed 100 % VO compared with salmon fed 65 % VO. In conclusion, the current study suggests that suboptimal dietary levels of cholesterol in combination with low levels of EPA and DHA (1.3 % of FAs) can result in minor metabolic perturbations in the liver of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanden
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Nina S Liland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Sæle
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Shishi Du
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente E Torstensen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Nini H Sissener
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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Liland NS, Simonsen AC, Duelund L, Torstensen BE, Berntssen MHG, Mouritsen OG. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons do not disturb liquid-liquid phase coexistence, but increase the fluidity of model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 184:18-24. [PMID: 25181555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a group of compounds, many of which are toxic, formed by incomplete combustion or thermal processing of organic material. They are highly lipophilic and thus present in some seed oils used for human consumption as well as being increasingly common in aquaculture diets due to inclusion of vegetable oils. Cytotoxic effects of PAHs have been thought to be partly due to a membrane perturbing effect of these compounds. A series of studies were here performed to examine the effects of three different PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene) with different molecular sizes (two, three and five rings, respectively) and fat solubility (Kow 3.29, 4.53 and 6.04, respectively) on membrane models. The effects of PAHs on liquid-liquid phase coexistence in solid-supported lipid bilayers (dioleoylphosphocholine:dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine:cholesterol) were assessed using fluorescence microscopy. Benzo[a]pyrene had a slight affinity for the liquid-ordered phase, but there were no effects of adding any of the other PAHs on the number or size of the liquid domains (liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered). Benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene, but not naphthalene, lowered the transition temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy (ΔH) characterising the transition from the solid to the liquid-crystalline phase in DPPC vesicles. The membrane effects of the PAH molecules are likely related to size, with bigger and more fat-soluble molecules having a fluidising effect when embedded in the membrane, possibly causing some of the observed toxic effects in fish exposed to these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Liland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Strandgaten 229, Bergen 5817, Norway.
| | - Adam C Simonsen
- MEMPHYS, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense-M DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - Lars Duelund
- MEMPHYS, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense-M DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - Bente E Torstensen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Strandgaten 229, Bergen 5817, Norway.
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029, Strandgaten 229, Bergen 5817, Norway.
| | - Ole G Mouritsen
- MEMPHYS, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense-M DK-5230, Denmark.
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Midtbø LK, Ibrahim MM, Myrmel LS, Aune UL, Alvheim AR, Liland NS, Torstensen BE, Rosenlund G, Liaset B, Brattelid T, Kristiansen K, Madsen L. Intake of farmed Atlantic salmon fed soybean oil increases insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53094. [PMID: 23301026 PMCID: PMC3534660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To ensure sustainable aquaculture, fish derived raw materials are replaced by vegetable ingredients. Fatty acid composition and contaminant status of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are affected by the use of plant ingredients and a spillover effect on consumers is thus expected. Here we aimed to compare the effects of intake of Atlantic salmon fed fish oil (FO) with intake of Atlantic salmon fed a high proportion of vegetable oils (VOs) on development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice. Methodology/principal findings Atlantic salmon were fed diets where FO was partly (80%) replaced with three different VOs; rapeseed oil (RO), olive oil (OO) or soy bean oil (SO). Fillets from Atlantic salmon were subsequently used to prepare Western diets (WD) for a mouse feeding trial. Partial replacement of FO with VOs reduced the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichloro-diphenyl-tricloroethanes (DDT) with more than 50% in salmon fillets, in WDs containing the fillets, and in white adipose tissue from mice consuming the WDs. Replacement with VOs, SO in particular, lowered the n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and increased n−6 PUFA levels in the salmon fillets, in the prepared WDs, and in red blood cells collected from mice consuming the WDs. Replacing FO with VO did not influence obesity development in the mice, but replacement of FO with RO improved glucose tolerance. Compared with WD-FO fed mice, feeding mice WD-SO containing lower PCB and DDT levels but high levels of linoleic acid (LA), exaggerated insulin resistance and increased accumulation of fat in the liver. Conclusion/Significance Replacement of FO with VOs in aqua feed for farmed salmon had markedly different spillover effects on metabolism in mice. Our results suggest that the content of LA in VOs may be a matter of concern that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kolden Midtbø
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mohammad Madani Ibrahim
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayStavanger, Norway
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ulrike Liisberg Aune
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Nina S. Liland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Bjørn Liaset
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Brattelid
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (LM); (KK)
| | - Lise Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (LM); (KK)
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