A Comprehensive Review on Drug Therapies and Nanomaterials used in Orthodontic Treatment

Orthodontic treatment typically requires an extended duration of 1-2 years to complete the treatment. Accelerating the rate of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment is essential for shortening the overall treatment duration. After the completion of orthodontic treatment, a prominent concern arises in the form of orthodontic relapse, where the teeth tend to revert to their original positions. This issue affects approximately 60% of the global population, underscoring the importance of implementing effective measures to address orthodontic relapse. An approach in this regard involves the targeted administration of herbal and synthetic drugs applied directly to the specific area of interest to facilitate tooth movement and prevent orthodontic relapse. Apart from this, researchers are investigating the feasibility of utilizing different types of nanoparticles to improve the process of orthodontic tooth movement. In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of studies examining the effects of various drugs on orthodontics. However, the currently available literature does not provide significant evidence relating to orthodontic tooth movement. In this review, the authors provide valuable information about the drugs and nanomaterials that are capable of further enhancing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and reducing the risk of orthodontic relapse. However, a notable hurdle remains, i.e., there is no marketed formulation available that can enhance orthodontic tooth movement and reduce treatment time. Therefore, researchers should try herbal-synthetic approaches to achieve a synergistic effect that can enhance orthodontic tooth movement. In this nutshell, there is an urgent need to develop a non-invasive, patient-compliant, and cost-effective formulation that will provide quality treatment and ultimately reduce the treatment time. Another critical issue is orthodontic relapse, which can be addressed by employing drugs that slow down osteoclastogenesis, thereby preventing tooth movement after treatment. Nevertheless, extensive research is still required to overcome this challenge in the future.

Assessing the optimal imaging modality in the diagnosis of jaw osteomyelitis. A meta-analysis

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory infectious disease that affects bone and bone marrow. Histopathology remains the gold standard method for diagnosis, but imaging modalities also play an important role. We systematically reviewed five articles with comparative studies on plain films, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), scintigraphy, and SPECT/CT. Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT has the highest sensitivity of 100%. PET is only to be used in cases of follow up. Orthopantomography (OPG) is the most common initial diagnostic tool despite its low sensitivity. CT provides the necessary specificity needed for radionuclide imaging, which has the highest negative predictive value of 100% and a positive predictive value >95%. SPECT/CT with 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity can be considered as the imaging modality of choice for initial diagnosis and follow up.

Identical and Nonidentical Twins: Risk and Factors Involved in Development of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE

There are variable reports of risk of concordance for progression to islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes in identical twins after one twin is diagnosed. We examined development of positive autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes and the effects of genetic factors and common environment on autoantibody positivity in identical twins, nonidentical twins, and full siblings.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Subjects from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (N = 48,026) were screened from 2004 to 2015 for islet autoantibodies (GAD antibody [GADA], insulinoma-associated antigen 2 [IA-2A], and autoantibodies against insulin [IAA]). Of these subjects, 17,226 (157 identical twins, 283 nonidentical twins, and 16,786 full siblings) were followed for autoantibody positivity or type 1 diabetes for a median of 2.1 years.

RESULTS

At screening, identical twins were more likely to have positive GADA, IA-2A, and IAA than nonidentical twins or full siblings (all P < 0.0001). Younger age, male sex, and genetic factors were significant factors for expression of IA-2A, IAA, one or more positive autoantibodies, and two or more positive autoantibodies (all P ≤ 0.03). Initially autoantibody-positive identical twins had a 69% risk of diabetes by 3 years compared with 1.5% for initially autoantibody-negative identical twins. In nonidentical twins, type 1 diabetes risk by 3 years was 72% for initially multiple autoantibody-positive, 13% for single autoantibody-positive, and 0% for initially autoantibody-negative nonidentical twins. Full siblings had a 3-year type 1 diabetes risk of 47% for multiple autoantibody-positive, 12% for single autoantibody-positive, and 0.5% for initially autoantibody-negative subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Risk of type 1 diabetes at 3 years is high for initially multiple and single autoantibody-positive identical twins and multiple autoantibody-positive nonidentical twins. Genetic predisposition, age, and male sex are significant risk factors for development of positive autoantibodies in twins.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation

A procedure for using citrated fresh plasmas for International Sensitivity Index (ISI) calibration of two types of whole blood point-of-care test (POCT) prothrombin time (PT) monitor systems has been assessed in a multicentre study.

The CoaguChek Mini and TAS PT-NC systems gave higher ISI with whole blood samples than with fresh plasma calibrations. However, there was good agreement between whole blood and fresh plasma monitor system International Normalised Ratio (INR) and the reference INR of target samples.

Reliable INR can therefore be obtained with both whole blood and plasma samples on these two POCT systems based on their respective ISI. With the CoaguChek Mini system, the plasma calibration ISI can also be used to derive reliable INR with whole blood PT results. This was not possible with the TAS PT-NC system.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA): International Normalized Ratio Variability of CoaguChek and TAS Point-of-Care Testing Whole Blood Prothrombin Time Monitors

The object was to assess the variability in displayed International Normalised Ratio (INR) between monitors of the same manufacture using whole blood samples from the same subjects. Two brands of monitor, CoaguChek Mini and the TAS PT-NC were tested.

14 instruments of each brand were tested on the same day at the same laboratory by the same operator using identical blood samples to avoid between-centre differences in samples and operator technique. Whole blood samples from two normal donors and four coumarintreated patients were tested to assess between-instrument variability of INR.

Results have been coded. There was a much wider dispersion of INR on Brand B than on Brand A. One Brand A instrument failed to give a result with one of the two whole blood samples from one patient. One Brand B monitor gave an aberrant result with one of the samples from a normal subject.

On both brands of monitor, INR variability appeared to be due mainly to duplication differences rather than between-instrument variability on both normal and coumarin whole blood samples.

"Low platelet usage" haematology laboratories: To store or not to store?

In the UK, hospitals with annual platelet use of less than 500 pools, like our institution, usually do not store platelets on-site and these are only ordered from the national blood service (NBS) when a transfusion is required. In 2016, we piloted routine on-site storage of one pool of A RhD negative PLT. Data were collected retrospectively on units of PLTs ordered from NBS, units transfused to patients, wastage, requirements for emergency deliveries from NBS and overall cost. These were compared to corresponding data from the four preceding years (2012-2015). There was a 39% reduction in the PLT ordered from NBS in 2016 compared to previous years and a 50% reduction in transfused PLT. Annual wastage for 2016 increased by 23% even though the absolute number of wasted PLT did not alter significantly. Annual cost reduced by 36% in 2016 resulting from reduction in the total amount of PLTs ordered as well as reduction in emergency deliveries.

Radiation therapy outcomes in muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer: A single institution experience

INTRODUCTION

To audit the survival outcomes and loco-regional control in muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer patients treated with external beam radiation therapy (RT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From November 2008 through December 2011, 50 consecutively diagnosed muscle invasive urinary bladder carcinoma (T2-4a N0-2, M0) patients were included in this retrospective study. All these patients received external beam RT to a median dose of 60 Gy (range 30-66 Gy), and were not suitable for radical surgery due to patients' preference or medical comorbidities. A stepwise procedure using proportional hazard regression was used to identify prognostic factors with respect to survival.

RESULTS

Completion trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor was done in 38 (76%) patients of the cohort and 47 (94%) had transitional cell carcinoma on histopathology. Clinical stage T2 was diagnosed in 40 (80%) patients. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 14 ± 8.9 months (range 1-36 months). In conclusion, 24 patients (48%) were free of disease, 5 patients (10%) had residual disease, and 13 patients (26%) had died of disease. Two-year and 3 year overall survival of intact bladder for the entire cohort was 58% and 43.6%, respectively. Cox regression modeling strongly suggested clinical stage (P = 0.01) and RT dose (P = 0.001) as being predictors for overall survival.

CONCLUSION

RT shows reliable outcomes and excellent compliance in this advanced disease. Prescribing a higher RT dose could potentially correlate to better intact bladder control rates while maintaining good quality of life in selected patients.

Parental Causal Explanations and Treatment Seeking in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Perspectives From a Developing Nation Based on Process Theory

Introduction

Cultural factors have an important role in causal model of symptoms, threshold for treatment seeking and acceptability of professional help in ADHD.

Objectives and aims

To explore causal explanations and treatment seeking amongst parents of children with ADHD and understand these in context of a largely collectivistic culture as in India.

Methods

In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 consenting parents; data interpreted using process theory.

Results

Initial reaction to psychiatric referral revealed themes of disbelief/surprise, feeling confused/offended and lag of 6–36 months to consultation. Parents most commonly attributed causality to psychosocial reasons (lack of motivation/volitional, inadequate disciplining), while few gave one or more biomedical explanations (epilepsy, brain damage, low birth weight, nutritional deficiency, maternal ill health, low intelligence) alone or with a psychosocial reason. Despite the initial reaction, all but 1 parent was relieved with medical explanation, accepted diagnosis, and perceived need for treatment. Most parents were willing to start/continue medication if doctor suggested so as “he/she would know the best”. All parents expressed that counseling was needed.

Conclusions

Initial reactions and delay in treatment seeking is understood in light of cultural attitudes towards mental illnesses and psychiatric consultation in developing nations. More importantly, despite initial reluctance, most parents accepted biomedical explanation and treatment. The doctor patient relationship modeled on a guru-chela relation of complete trust in authority can explain this process change. We conclude that cultural attitudes not only influence causal models and initial treatment seeking, but also modify process of help seeking.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Assessing the impact of a program for late surgical intervention in early-blind children

OBJECTIVE

Many blind children in the developing world are unable to obtain timely treatment due to lack of financial and medical resources. Can public health programs that identify and treat such children several years after the onset of blindness enhance their quality of life? The notion that visual development is subject to an early 'critical period' argues against this possibility. However, there are inadequate empirical data from humans on this issue. To address this need, we examined the quality of life of children living in India and who were treated for early-onset blindness (before one year of age), due to cataracts or corneal opacities.

STUDY DESIGN

Survey study.

METHODS

As part of an ongoing scientific effort named Project Prakash, we screened over 40,000 children in rural northern India to identify those suffering from early-onset blindness. They were provided eye surgeries in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in New Delhi. We subsequently surveyed 64 Prakash children, ranging in age from 5 to 22 years and obtained their responses on a multi-dimensional quality of life questionnaire.

RESULTS

Nearly all of the subjects indicated that their quality of life had improved after treatment. Children reported marked enhancement in their mobility, independence, and safety, and also in social integration. Surprisingly, we found no significant correlations between quality of life metrics and factors such as age at treatment, gender, time since treatment, and pre-surgery and post-surgery acuity.

CONCLUSIONS

A key question for public health policy makers is whether a program of surgical intervention for older blind children is likely to be beneficial, or if the resources are better spent on rehabilitation via vocational training and assistive devices. The marked improvements in quality of life we find in our data strongly argue for the provision of surgical care regardless of a child's age.

Population-based cohort study of variation in the use of emergency cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases

Background

The aims of this prospective population-based cohort study were to identify the patient and hospital characteristics associated with emergency cholecystectomy, and the influences of these in determining variations between hospitals.

Methods

Data were collected for consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy in acute UK and Irish hospitals between 1 March and 1 May 2014. Potential explanatory variables influencing the performance of emergency cholecystectomy were analysed by means of multilevel, multivariable logistic regression modelling using a two-level hierarchical structure with patients (level 1) nested within hospitals (level 2).

Results

Data were collected on 4744 cholecystectomies from 165 hospitals. Increasing age, lower ASA fitness grade, biliary colic, the need for further imaging (magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), endoscopic interventions (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) and admission to a non-biliary centre significantly reduced the likelihood of an emergency cholecystectomy being performed. The multilevel model was used to calculate the probability of receiving an emergency cholecystectomy for a woman aged 40 years or over with an ASA grade of I or II and a BMI of at least 25·0 kg/m2, who presented with acute cholecystitis with an ultrasound scan showing a thick-walled gallbladder and a normal common bile duct. The mean predicted probability of receiving an emergency cholecystectomy was 0·52 (95 per cent c.i. 0·45 to 0·57). The predicted probabilities ranged from 0·02 to 0·95 across the 165 hospitals, demonstrating significant variation between hospitals.

Conclusion

Patients with similar characteristics presenting to different hospitals with acute gallbladder pathology do not receive comparable care.

Electrochemical biosensor with graphene oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole interface for the detection of bilirubin

A bilirubin biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of bilirubin oxidase (BOx) on a graphene oxide nanoparticle (GONP) decorated polypyrrole (Ppy) layer electrochemically deposited onto a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass plate.

Synthesis of cadmium oxide and carbon nanotube based nanocomposites and their use as a sensing interface for xanthine detection

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) was immobilized covalently via carbodiimide chemistry onto cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO)/carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (c-MWCNT) composite film electrodeposited onto Au electrode.

Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) in patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

INTRODUCTION

To report on prognostic and treatment factors influencing the response of SVCO and related survival outcomes in advanced non small cell lung cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

From November 2008 through December 2011, 18 consecutively diagnosed NSCLC patients with SVCO were included in this study. The patient, tumor and treatment related factors were analyzed. Median overall survival (OS), Kaplan -Meier survival plots, T-test, Cox Proportional Hazards models were generated by multiple covariates (MVA) and analyzed on SPSS software (version 19.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).

RESULTS

Thirteen patients (72%) had presented with SVCO before the pathological diagnosis of underlying lung malignancy, while 5 (28%) progressed to SVCO after initiating treatment with chemotherapy. Twelve (68%) patients achieved subjective relief from the obstruction at the completion of palliative radiation therapy. Treating oncologists preferred 4 Gy per fraction in 11 (62%), while the median biologically equivalent dose delivered was 28 Gy. Six (33%) patients received chemotherapy during the course of treatment. Median OS of the entire cohort was 3±1.85mths and 1-year survival rate of 7%. Univariate analysis confirmed that SVCO patients with good performance score (p=0.02), and partial response to chemotherapy (p= 0.001) have superior OS. However, Cox regression modeling for MVA demonstrated only good performance SVCO patients (p = 0.05) have a better OS.

CONCLUSION

RT effectively relieves SVCO but overall poor survival associated in our clinical scenario needs to be improved with multimodality approach. Adjuvant chemotherapy is to be considered after initial radiation therapy in good performance patients.

KEYWORDS

superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), BED (biologically equivalent dose).

Investigating the Role of Plasma Glucose Concentration as a Phenotypic Marker for CYP2C9 Genetic Variants, in the Diabetic Population of Gujarat

The present study was aimed to investigate the role of plasma glucose concentration as a phenotypic marker and to study the frequency distribution of CYP2C9 genetic variants in Gujarat state diabetic population. One hundred and nine unrelated diabetes mellitus patients treated with sulfonylureas were genotyped for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles. Their pre- and posttreatment postprandial blood glucose levels were recorded and mean glucose drop per milligram of drug values were calculated and further used as an index for phenotypic correlation. The frequencies of CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles in the Gujarat state diabetic population were 0.84, 0.07 and 0.09, respectively. The distribution of CYP2C9*1/*1, CYP2C9*1/*2, CYP2C9*1/*3, CYP2C9*2/*2, CYP2C9*2/*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 genotypes were 0.73, 0.08, 0.13, 0.0, 0.06 and 0.0, respectively. Patients with CYP2C9*1/*2 genotype did not show any significant difference in the mean glucose drop per milligram of drug values when compared with wild-type patients in glipizide-treatment group. Patients with CYP2C9*1/*3 genotype showed greater mean glucose drop per milligram of drug values than patients with CYP2C9*1/*1 wild-type genotype for both glipizide and glimepiride while patients with CYP2C9*2/*3 genotype showed greater drop than patients with CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype only in the glipizide-treatment group. The presence of CYP2C9*3 allele significantly affected plasma glucose drop per milligram of drug values in patients taking glipizide and glimepiride, while effects of CYP2C9*2 allele were insignificant. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of CYP2C9*2 allele on plasma glucose drop per milligram of drug values. However, plasma glucose concentration is a complex physiological marker that cannot be used to establish perfect genotype-phenotype correlation. Hence studies exploring robust phenotypic markers must be initiated.

A young healthy male with syncope and complete heart block

Introduction

It is rare to see heart block as the first-and-only presentation of Lyme disease, the reported incidence being just 1% in untreated patients.

Case presentation

We report a patient who presented with syncope secondary to a fluctuating heart block. He had no previous manifestations of Lyme disease. Lyme carditis was suspected after the other usual etiologies of heart block were ruled out. Later, serologies came positive and patient’s heart block resolved on ceftriaxone therapy.

Conclusion

In at-risk individuals, clinicians should rule out this readily-treatable cause of heart block before proceeding with permanent pacemaker implantation due to enormous clinical and cost implications involved. Missing the diagnosis also exposes the patient to the risk of developing the late complications of Lyme disease. Diagnosis of isolated Lyme carditis is a challenge because the clinician does not have the diagnostic-clues that can usually be gleaned from the more common stigmata of Lyme disease.

α-Pinene Rich Volatile Constituents of Cupressus torulosa D. Don from Uttarakhand Himalaya

The aim of the present study was to investigate the various chemical components present in the volatile oil of the leaf of Cupressus torulosa and to find variation of essential oil components among the populations. Twenty-two, 17 and 20 compounds were identified with 95.45, 95.45 and 91.45% in Kalsi, Joshimath and Jeharikhal, respectively were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantify by gas chromatography and flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The major compound identified was α-pinene in all the populations and it varied between 30.30 and 34.26%. Results of the study stated that α-pinene, δ- 3-carene, limonene and sabinene components were detected in high concentration, thus competent for use in related industries and as a favourite ornamental aromatic tree.

Prognostic significance of HER-2/neu over-expression on the incidence of brain metastasis in newly diagnosed breast cancer

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Background: As systemic therapy improves, brain metastases (BM) from breast cancer are becoming increasingly evident. An increased risk of BM in HER-2/neu over-expressing metastatic breast cancer patients has been suggested. However, the relationship between HER-2/neu over-expression and the risk of BM in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients is unknown. Methods: To determine incidence of BM in HER-2/neu over-expressing breast cancer patients, a cohort of patients between 01/1998 and 12/2003 with uniform HER-2/neu testing were identified from a cancer registry. A total of 460 patients with HER-2/neu over-expression and 500 patients with HER-2/neu negative disease were reviewed. Patients were excluded if there was breast cancer diagnosed before 01/1998 or others cancer. A total of 301 HER-2/neu over-expressing and 363 HER-2/neu negative patients were included for this analysis. The association between histological features and the occurrence of BM were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: BM were identified in 8% (24 patients) of HER-2/neu over-expressing breast cancer patients compared to only 1.7% (6 patients) in the HER-2/neu negative patients (hazard ratio 5.15 [2.079–12.78], p=0.0001). In patients with recurrent disease, the proportion of BM for HER-2/neu over-expressing patients was 24% compared to 10% in HER-2/neu negative patients. HER-2/neu over-expression, tumor size >2cm, ≥ 4 nodes positive and grade 2/3 were predictors of BM in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, HER-2/neu over-expression and tumor size>2cm were an independent prognostic factors for the development of BM, while hormone receptors expressions was protective (p=0.02). Conclusions: Our population based study show that newly diagnosed HER-2/neu over-expressing breast cancer patients are at significantly increased risk for BM. As most BM occur in HER-2/neu over-expressing patients with systemic metastatic disease, these findings could prompt consideration of brain prophylaxis strategies and/or serial radiologic screening to detect asymptomatic BM.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Neuroprotection and neurogenesis: Modulation of cornus ammonis 1 neuronal survival after transient forebrain ischemia by prior fimbria-fornix deafferentation

Severe transient forebrain ischemia causes selective neuronal death in the hippocampal cornus ammonis 1 region. We tested the hypothesis that fimbria-fornix deafferentation can provide long-term protection to cornus ammonis 1 neurons and modulate neurogenesis following ischemia. Fimbria-fornix lesion or sham-fimbria-fornix lesion was performed on Wistar rats 13 days prior to 10 min forebrain ischemia or sham ischemia. Temperature was regulated and rats survived for 7, 14 or 28 days. Immunofluorescent bromodeoxyuridine and neuron specific nuclear protein staining and immunochemistry terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling staining were performed. At 7 days after ischemia, 73%+/-14% of cornus ammonis 1 neurons were damaged, while deafferentation reduced the injury to 36%+/-17% of cornus ammonis 1 neurons. This protection persisted for at least 28 days. Ischemia significantly increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells (85-90 cells/section in stroke group vs. 6 to 11 cells/section in normal or sham stroke group), with very few terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-stained cells adjacent to the hippocampal cornus ammonis 1. Fimbria-fornix lesioning followed by ischemia increased the percentage of new neurons 13-fold over ischemia alone and 6.5-fold over sham lesion plus ischemia. The results indicate that fimbria-fornix deafferentation provides long-term neuroprotection in cornus ammonis 1 following forebrain ischemia and promotes neurogenesis after ischemic insults.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation. A multicentre calibration study of WHO international reference preparations for thromboplastin, rabbit (RBT/90) and human (rTF/95)

A 10 centre calibration was performed after six years to determine the international sensitivity index (ISI) of rTF/95 relative to RBT/90, and to assess any international normalised ratio (INR) bias compared with the original multicentre calibration. After exclusion of one outlying centre, the follow up calibration gave a mean ISI for rTF/95 of 0.99, which although a small difference, is significantly greater than the mean ISI of 0.94 obtained previously. The change in ISI for international reference preparation (IRP) rTF/95 relative to RBT/90 would lead to a slight bias in INR for human compared with rabbit thromboplastins. At a theoretical INR of 3.0, the INR bias is 6.0%, and this is below the accepted 10% level of clinical relevance. Ongoing stability monitoring of World Health Organisation thromboplastin IRP is advised.

Screening interspecific hybrids of Populus (P. ciliata x maximowiczii) using AFLP markers

Hybrids of Populus ciliata x maximowiczii are very vigorous and outperform both the parents in growth performance and yield. Genetic evaluation of 24 of these interspecific hybrids along with the two mother trees ( Populus ciliata), and five male-parent ( Populus maximowiczii) genotypes was carried out using the AFLP marker assay. Eight AFLP primer combinations detected 428 markers, of which 280 (66%) were polymorphic. Genetic relationships within the samples were evaluated by generating the similarity matrix based on Jaccard's coefficient. The phenetic dendrograms, as well as the PCO plots, separated the hybrids and the two parent species into three distinct clusters. The hybrids grouped closer to the P. ciliata (female parent) cluster as compared to the P. maximowiczii (male parent) cluster. The hybrid cluster contained internal groupings, which correlated to some extent with growth performance. The four best performing hybrids (42m1, 65m1, 23m2, Cm2-5-20/91) formed a distinct sub-cluster. Data from a single primer combination was sufficient for distinguishing the hybrids from the parents and assigning paternity. The hybrids showed 22 markers that were absent in P. ciliata but were monomorphically present in all the hybrids, suggesting outcrossing and common paternity. Further, these 22 markers were found in all the P. maximowiczii genotypes confirming it as the male parent. These male-specific markers can be converted to SCAR markers and used for rapid screening of the P.ciliata x maximowiczii hybrids. The primer combination E-AAC x M-CAA was identified as most suitable for ascertaining true hybridity. AFLP proves to be a useful tool for screening of P. ciliata x maximowiczii hybrids at the early stages of development.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA): an assessment of a method for ISI calibration of two whole blood point-of-care PT monitor systems based on lyophilized plasmas using whole blood equivalent PT

Previously, the attempt to simplify the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) calibration of the CoaguChek Mini whole blood point-of-care test prothrombin time (PT) monitor system was successful using lyophilized plasmas from coumarin-treated patients but not with lyophilized artificially depleted plasmas. With the TAS PT-NC monitor system, both types of plasma failed to provide reliable calibrations. The present study assesses a procedure for the ISI calibration of a TAS PT-NC and CoaguChek Mini whole blood point-of-care test PT monitor systems using lyophilized plasmas. Using lyophilized artificially depleted and coumarin plasma calibrations, we have evaluated a correction for the monitor displayed PT. This was based on a 'line of equivalence' derived from the relationship between whole blood and fresh plasma PT with both types of monitor system. With the TAS PT-NC, the use of this 'line of equivalence' resulted in reliable ISI with both lyophilized coumarin and artificially depleted plasmas. There was no significant difference between mean monitor and mean reference International Normalized Ratio (INR) with the artificially depleted plasmas. With the lyophilized coumarin plasma calibrations there was only a small INR difference. Correction with the 'line of equivalence' therefore facilitates calibration of the TAS PT-NC with lyophilized plasmas. With the CoaguChek Mini, the correction based on the 'line of equivalence' did not improve results but was not required with this system.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA). An assessment of lyophilised plasmas for ISI calibration of CoaguChek and TAS whole blood prothrombin time monitors

AIMS

The recommended method for the international sensitivity index (ISI) calibration of whole blood point of care testing (POCT) prothrombin time (PT) systems was originally described by Tripodi et al in 1993 but is too complex and demanding. The present European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA) study aimed to assess the reliability of simpler ISI calibration using lyophilised plasma samples.

METHODS

ISI calibrations using three different types of ECAA lyophilised plasma samples (artificially depleted, individual, and pooled coumarin) were compared with whole blood calibrations on CoaguChek Mini and TAS PT-NC POCT monitors at 10 centres.

RESULTS

With CoaguChek Mini systems, lyophilised coumarin plasma samples (both single donation and pooled) gave ISI and international normalised ratio (INR) values comparable to whole blood. With artificially depleted plasma, ISI and INR values were too high. With TAS PT-NC systems, all three types of lyophilised plasma samples gave inaccurate ISI and unreliable INR results, similar to previous ECAA findings with fresh plasma calibrations.

CONCLUSIONS

With CoaguChek Mini systems, ISI calibration can be simplified by the use of ECAA lyophilised plasma samples from coumarin treated patients. Further study is needed to devise a simpler calibration method for the TAS PT-NC system.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA): International Normalized Ratio variability of CoaguChek and TAS point-of-care testing whole blood prothrombin time monitors

The object was to assess the variability in displayed International Normalised Ratio (INR) between monitors of the same manufacture using whole blood samples from the same subjects. Two brands of monitor, CoaguChek Mini and the TAS PT-NC were tested. 14 instruments of each brand were tested on the same day at the same laboratory by the same operator using identical blood samples to avoid between-centre differences in samples and operator technique. Whole blood samples from two normal donors and four coumarin-treated patients were tested to assess between-instrument variability of INR. Results have been coded. There was a much wider dispersion of INR on Brand B than on Brand A. One Brand A instrument failed to give a result with one of the two whole blood samples from one patient. One Brand B monitor gave an aberrant result with one of the samples from a normal subject. On both brands of monitor, INR variability appeared to be due mainly to duplication differences rather than between-instrument variability on both normal and coumarin whole blood samples.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA). Minimum number of centres for reliable International Sensitivity Index calibration of CoaguChek and TAS point-of-care whole blood monitors

INTRODUCTION

Prothrombin time (PT) test systems require multicentre calibration for reliable International Sensitivity Index (ISI). Multicentre calibration of CoaguChek Mini and TAS PT-NC point-of-care test (POCT) systems is less precise than conventional PT testing. The aim of the present study was to determine the number of centres required to give reliable ISI and International Normalised Ratio (INR) with these two POCT whole blood PT monitors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A simulation study, based on results of a 10-centre calibration exercise, was performed to assess reliability of ISI and INR when the number of centres was reduced from 10 to 2.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

With both systems, the range of ISI and INR deviation increased as the number of centres was reduced. For the CoaguChek Mini, at least five centres were needed for satisfactory INR deviation in 95% of calibrations. With the TAS PT-NC, three centres gave satisfactory INR at this level. The number of centres required for multicentre calibration of these two POCT PT systems is greater than the two proposed by World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for conventional PT testing.

European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation--comparison of fresh plasma and whole blood multicentre ISI calibrations of CoaguChek Mini and TAS PT-NC whole blood prothrombin time point-of-care monitors

A procedure for using citrated fresh plasmas for International Sensitivity Index (ISI) calibration of two types of whole blood point-of-care test (POCT) prothrombin time (PT) monitor systems has been assessed in a multicentre study. The CoaguChek Mini and TAS PT-NC systems gave higher ISI with whole blood samples than with fresh plasma calibrations. However. there was good agreement between whole blood and fresh plasma monitor system International Normalised Ratio (INR) and the reference INR of target samples. Reliable INR can therefore be obtained with both whole blood and plasma samples on these two POCT systems based on their respective ISI. With the CoaguChek Mini system, the plasma calibration ISI can also be used to derive reliable INR with whole blood PT results. This was not possible with the TAS PT-NC system.