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DeFrates KG, Engström J, Sarma NA, Umar A, Shin J, Cheng J, Xie W, Pochan D, Omar AK, Messersmith PB. The influence of molecular design on structure-property relationships of a supramolecular polymer prodrug. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208593119. [PMID: 36279462 PMCID: PMC9636931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208593119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies of hydrophilic macromolecules functionalized with hydrophobic, structure-directing components have long been used for drug delivery. In these systems, loading of poorly soluble compounds is typically achieved through physical encapsulation during or after formation of the supramolecular assembly, resulting in low encapsulation efficiencies and limited control over release kinetics, which are predominately governed by diffusion and carrier degradation. To overcome these limitations, amphiphilic prodrugs that leverage a hydrophobic drug as both the therapeutic and structure-directing component can be used to create supramolecular materials with higher loading and controlled-release kinetics using biodegradable or enzymatically cleavable linkers. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a library of supramolecular polymer prodrugs based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and the proregenerative drug 1,4-dihydrophenonthrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid (DPCA). Structure-property relationships were elucidated through experimental characterization of prodrug behavior in both the wet and dry states using scattering techniques and electron microscopy and corroborated by coarse-grained modeling. Molecular architecture and the hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic ratio of PEG-DPCA conjugates strongly influenced their physical state in water, ranging from fully soluble to supramolecular spherical assemblies and nanofibers. Molecular design and supramolecular structure, in turn, were shown to dramatically alter hydrolytic and enzymatic release and cellular transport of DPCA. In addition to potentially expanding therapeutic options for DPCA through control of supramolecular assemblies, the design principles elaborated here may inform the development of other supramolecular prodrugs based on hydrophobic small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey G. DeFrates
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Joakim Engström
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nivedina A. Sarma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Athiyya Umar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Weiran Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Darrin Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Ahmad K. Omar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Gupta A, Ondry JC, Chen M, Hudson MH, Coropceanu I, Sarma NA, Talapin DV. Diffusion-Limited Kinetics of Isovalent Cation Exchange in III-V Nanocrystals Dispersed in Molten Salt Reaction Media. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6545-6552. [PMID: 35952655 PMCID: PMC9413424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to determine the kinetic factors that govern isovalent cation exchange in III-V colloidal quantum dots using molten salts as the solvent and cation source. We focus on the reactions of InP + GaI3→ In1-xGaxP and InAs + GaI3→ In1-xGaxAs to create technologically important ternary III-V phases. We find that the molten salt reaction medium causes the transformation of nearly spherical InP nanocrystals to tetrahedron-shaped In1-xGaxP nanocrystals. Furthermore, we determine that the activation energy for the cation exchange reaction is 0.9 eV for incorporation of Ga into InP and 1.2 eV for incorporation of Ga into InAs, both much lower than the measured values in bulk semiconductors. Next, we use powder XRD simulations to constrain our understanding of the structure of the In1-xGaxP nanocrystals. Together our results reveal several important features of molten salt-mediated cation exchange and provide guidance for future development of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritrajit Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Justin C. Ondry
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Margaret H. Hudson
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nivedina A. Sarma
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V. Talapin
- Department
of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
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Coropceanu I, Janke EM, Portner J, Haubold D, Nguyen TD, Das A, Tanner CPN, Utterback JK, Teitelbaum SW, Hudson MH, Sarma NA, Hinkle AM, Tassone CJ, Eychmüller A, Limmer DT, Olvera de la Cruz M, Ginsberg NS, Talapin DV. Self-assembly of nanocrystals into strongly electronically coupled all-inorganic supercrystals. Science 2022; 375:1422-1426. [PMID: 35324292 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals of metals, semiconductors, and other functional materials can self-assemble into long-range ordered crystalline and quasicrystalline phases, but insulating organic surface ligands prevent the development of collective electronic states in ordered nanocrystal assemblies. We reversibly self-assembled colloidal nanocrystals of gold, platinum, nickel, lead sulfide, and lead selenide with conductive inorganic ligands into supercrystals exhibiting optical and electronic properties consistent with strong electronic coupling between the constituent nanocrystals. The phase behavior of charge-stabilized nanocrystals can be rationalized and navigated with phase diagrams computed for particles interacting through short-range attractive potentials. By finely tuning interparticle interactions, the assembly was directed either through one-step nucleation or nonclassical two-step nucleation pathways. In the latter case, the nucleation was preceded by the formation of two metastable colloidal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric M Janke
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joshua Portner
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Danny Haubold
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Trung Dac Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Avishek Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - James K Utterback
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samuel W Teitelbaum
- Department of Physics and Beus CXFEL Labs, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Margaret H Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nivedina A Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex M Hinkle
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christopher J Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Naomi S Ginsberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60517, USA
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