Measuring the burden of cystic fibrosis: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Cystic fibrosis (CF) contributes a significant economic burden on individuals, healthcare systems, and society. Understanding the economic impact of CF is crucial for planning resource allocation.

METHODS

We conducted a scoping review of literature published between 1990 and 2022 that reported the cost of illness, and/or economic burden of CF. Costs were adjusted for inflation and reported as United States dollars.

RESULTS

A total of 39 studies were included. Direct healthcare costs (e.g., medications, inpatient and outpatient care) were the most frequently reported. Most studies estimated the cost of CF using a prevalence-based (n = 18, 46.2 %), bottom-up approach (n = 23, 59 %). Direct non-healthcare costs and indirect costs were seldom included. The most frequently reported direct cost components were medications (n = 34, 87.2 %), inpatient care (n = 33, 84.6 %), and outpatient care (n = 31, 79.5 %). Twenty-eight percent (n = 11) of studies reported the burden of CF from all three perspectives (healthcare system (payer), individual, and society). Indirect costs of CF were reported in approximately 20 % of studies (n = 8). The reported total cost of CF varied widely, ranging from $451 to $160,000 per person per year (2022 US$). The total cost depended on the number of domains and perspectives included in each study.

CONCLUSIONS

Most studies only reported costs to the healthcare system (i.e., hospitalizations and healthcare encounters) which likely underestimates the total costs of CF. The wide range of costs reported highlights the importance of standardizing perspectives, domains and costs when estimating the economic burden of CF.

[Transition, fertility and options for preservation of fertility]

Oftentimes ignored or infrequently expressed, some transgender persons harbor a desire for parenthood. Given the evolution of medical techniques and the enacting of legislative reforms, it is henceforth possible to propose fertility preservation strategies in the overall context of gender transidentity. During the "female to male" (FtM) transition pathway, androgen therapy has an impact on gonadic function, generally inducing blockage of the ovarian function, with amenorrhea. Even though these events may be reversed on cessation of treatment, the possible long-term effects on future fertility and on the health of children yet to be born are little known. Moreover, transition surgeries definitively compromise the possibility of pregnancy insofar as they involve bilateral adnexectomy and/or hysterectomy. Options for fertility preservation in the framework of FtM transition are premised on cryopreservation of oocytes and/or ovarian tissue. In a comparable manner, even though relevant documentation is lacking, hormonal treatments for persons transitioning from male to female (MtF) can have an impact on future fertility. In the event of surgery involving bilateral orchidectomy in which spermatozoid cryopreservation has not been carried out, fertility is definitively impossible. In both cases and under present-day legislation, numerous legal and regulatory barriers render highly problematic the reutilization of cryopreserved gametes. Given these different constraints, it is indispensable to closely supervise these types of treatment by proposing psychological support.

Barriers and enablers of vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) in physically inactive adults: a focus group study

BACKGROUND

Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity (VILPA) refers to brief bouts of vigorous intensity physical activity performed as part of daily living. VILPA has been proposed as a novel concept to expand physical activity options among the least active. As a nascent area of research, factors which impede or encourage VILPA in physically inactive adults are yet to be explored. Such information is pertinent in the design of future interventions. We examined the barriers and enablers of VILPA among physically inactive adults using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior (COM-B) model as a conceptual framework.

METHODS

We recruited a sample of self-identified physically inactive middle-aged and older adults (N = 78) based in Australia to take part in 19 online focus groups across three age groups: young-middle (age 35-44), middle (age 45-59) and old (age 60-76). We analyzed interviews using a critical realist approach to thematic analysis. Identified barriers and enablers were subsequently mapped onto the COM-B model components.

RESULTS

The data generated 6 barriers and 10 enablers of VILPA that corresponded to COM-B concepts. Barriers included physical limitations (physical capability), perceptions of aging, need for knowledge (psychological capability), environmental constraints (physical opportunity), perceptions of effort and energy, and fear (automatic motivation). Enablers included convenience, reframing physical activity as purposeful movement, use of prompts and reminders (physical opportunity), normalization of taking the active option, gamification (social opportunity), sense of achievement, health improvements, personally salient rewards (reflective motivation), identity fit, and changing from effortful deliberation to habitual action (automatic motivation).

CONCLUSION

The barriers and enablers of VILPA span capability, opportunity, and motivation beliefs. Promoting the time-efficient nature and simplicity of VILPA requiring no equipment or special gym sessions, the use of prompts and reminders at opportune times, and habit formation strategies could capitalize on the enablers. Addressing the suitability of the small bouts, the development of specific guidelines, addressing safety concerns, and explicating the potential benefits of, and opportunities to do, VILPA could ameliorate some of the barriers identified. Future VILPA interventions may require limited age customization, speaking to the potential for such interventions to be delivered at scale.

Childhood-Onset Lupus Nephritis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry: Short-Term Kidney Status and Variation in Care

OBJECTIVE

The goal was to characterize short-term kidney status and describe variation in early care utilization in a multicenter cohort of patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) and nephritis.

METHODS

We analyzed previously collected prospective data from North American patients with cSLE with kidney biopsy-proven nephritis enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry from March 2017 through December 2019. We determined the proportion of patients with abnormal kidney status at the most recent registry visit and applied generalized linear mixed models to identify associated factors. We also calculated frequency of medication use, both during induction and ever recorded.

RESULTS

We identified 222 patients with kidney biopsy-proven nephritis, with 64% class III/IV nephritis on initial biopsy. At the most recent registry visit at median (interquartile range) of 17 (8-29) months from initial kidney biopsy, 58 of 106 patients (55%) with available data had abnormal kidney status. This finding was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.88, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.21-12.46) and age at cSLE diagnosis (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.49). Patients with class IV nephritis were more likely than class III to receive cyclophosphamide and rituximab during induction. There was substantial variation in mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab ever use patterns across rheumatology centers.

CONCLUSION

In this cohort with predominately class III/IV nephritis, male sex and older age at cSLE diagnosis were associated with abnormal short-term kidney status. We also observed substantial variation in contemporary medication use for pediatric lupus nephritis between pediatric rheumatology centers. Additional studies are needed to better understand the impact of this variation on long-term kidney outcomes.

Dihydroartemisinin-induced ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia: links to iron metabolism and metallothionein

Artemisinin is an anti-malarial drug that has shown anticancer properties. Recently, ferroptosis was reported to be induced by dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and linked to iron increase. In the current study, we determined the effect of DHA in leukemic cell lines on ferroptosis induction and iron metabolism and the cytoprotective effect triggered in leukemic cells. We found that treatment of DHA induces early ferroptosis by promoting ferritinophagy and subsequent iron increase. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that DHA activated zinc metabolism signaling, especially the upregulation of metallothionein (MT). Supportingly, we showed that inhibition MT2A and MT1M isoforms enhanced DHA-induced ferroptosis. Finally, we demonstrated that DHA-induced ferroptosis alters glutathione pool, which is highly dependent on MTs-driven antioxidant response. Taken together, our study indicated that DHA activates ferritinophagy and subsequent ferroptosis in AML and that MTs are involved in glutathione regenerating and antioxidant response.

[Fertility preservation for transmen]

The evolution of medical techniques as well as legislative changes currently allow to propose fertility preservation strategies in the context of transidentity. During "female to male" transition, androgen therapy has an impact on gonadal function since it usually induces a blockage of ovulation with amenorrhea. Although this effect is reversible when treatment is stopped, the possible long-term effects of testosterone treatment on future fertility or health of future children are poorly known. In addition, transitional surgeries definitely compromise fecundity when they include bilateral ovariectomy and/or hysterectomy. Yet, although long ignored or poorly expressed, the desire for parenthood is a reality in transgender men. Fertility preservation options in FtM transition rely on oocyte or ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature regarding fertility preservation in transgender men. Although series remain limited, the increase in the number of recently published articles reflects the interest in improving the management of fertility issues in transgender men.

Intraarticular steroids as DMARD-sparing agents for juvenile idiopathic arthritis flares: Analysis of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry

BACKGROUND

Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who achieve a drug free remission often experience a flare of their disease requiring either intraarticular steroids (IAS) or systemic treatment with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). IAS offer an opportunity to recapture disease control and avoid exposure to side effects from systemic immunosuppression. We examined a cohort of patients treated with IAS after drug free remission and report the probability of restarting systemic treatment within 12 months.

METHODS

We analyzed a cohort of patients from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry who received IAS for a flare after a period of drug free remission. Historical factors and clinical characteristics and of the patients including data obtained at the time of treatment were analyzed.

RESULTS

We identified 46 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of those with follow up data available 49% had restarted systemic treatment 6 months after IAS injection and 70% had restarted systemic treatment at 12 months. The proportion of patients with prior use of a biologic DMARD was the only factor that differed between patients who restarted systemic treatment those who did not, both at 6 months (79% vs 35%, p < 0.01) and 12 months (81% vs 33%, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

While IAS are an option for all patients who flare after drug free remission, it may not prevent the need to restart systemic treatment. Prior use of a biologic DMARD may predict lack of success for IAS. Those who previously received methotrexate only, on the other hand, are excellent candidates for IAS.

Predicting Success on ASCP-BOC by Using Existing Data

Introduction/Objective

The MLS Program at tUAMS is housed within the College of Health Professions. Our graduates take the ASCP BOC certification exam as a graduation requirement and the vast majority of students will take the exam.

Methods/Case Report

For this study, we examined online MLT to MLS students who took their ASCP BOC certification exam in late 2019 thru April of 2020 and used this data to build a multiple regression model to predict ASCP scores . This model was used to predict ASCP MLS scores of students graduating in the next cohort in December of 2021.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

103 students took the ASCP MLS certification exam in early 2022. In early 2018, the MLS program created a database to store pre-admission information that was routinely collected. In addition, we also gathered academic information as the student progressed thru the program and post-graduation. There were a total of over 50 variables included in the database. The goal of this database was to provide insight to help both faculty and students succeed. We used a simple multiple regression model to determine which variables were correlated with the ASCP BOC score. We also used this data to develop a simple predictive model to prospectively estimate a student’s ASCP BOC score. 6 variables were identified as potentially useful in a simple model. For the initial student ASCP score prediction, a blended model using the average predicted score of the six models in Table 2 was used. The performance of the model is shown in Table 3. At the individual level, the model was accurate 82% of the time.

Conclusion

Based on our initial findings, we believe that this model may be useful to help gauge student readiness for passing the ASCP BOC exam. Several students expressed their gratitude, including one who stated that this information spurred them to study harder. There was one interesting finding. 8 of the 12 students (67%) who were predicted to fail passed the exam on the first attempt. However, only 64% of students (11/17) predicted to pass, but with a predicted score of &lt;430, passed. Subsequently, 2 of these 6 failures passed on their second attempt. We may need to investigate a more powerful way to communicate the results of the model for all of those in the “danger area”. 98% of students with a predicted score of 470 or above passed on their first attempt. The model is currently being refined to include 2021-2 certification scores which should improve the academic utility of the model.

Using Early Exam Results to Predict Online MLS Program Success

Introduction/Objective

The objective of this effort is to demonstrate the impact of early didactic exam results for potential early intervention for students in an online medical laboratory science bridge program.

Methods/Case Report

For this study, we took retrospective data of 299 students from 2018 to 2021 who took MLSC 4312, Hematology, in their first semester. We then analyzed their first exam score and then used this data to evaluate its potential use as an early predictor of overall student success in both this course and the program. Specifically, the exam one score in the course was used to evaluate progression to the second semester, graduation, UAMS GPA, and ASCP Board of Certification total score and Hematology sub-score. Descriptive statistics and 2-sample T-tests were calculated using Number Cruncher Statistical System. Fisher’s exact test was performed using Graphpad software.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

Of the 296 students whose records were examined, 49 scored below a 76% on Hematology exam 1. 247 students scored above 75%.35 students who scored below 76% progressed to the second semester and of those, 33 (94.2%) graduated on time. 14 students were dismissed from the program after the first semester. The overall graduation rate of students who started the program and scored less than 76% on the first hematology exam was 67%. Of the 247 students who scored above 76% on exam 1, 229 (93%) progressed to the second semester and of those, 214 graduated on time (93.4%). 18 of these students were dismissed from the program. The overall graduation rate of students who started the program and scored greater than 76% on the first hematology exam was 86.70%. The overall ASCP Board of Certification pass rate was almost 19 percent higher, 81.7% vs. 62.9% in those who scored greater than 76% on the first hematology exam. Each of the comparisons was statistically significant (P=&lt;0.05) using a 2-sample T-test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

Conclusion

This study revealed the importance of doing well on the first major didactic exam in the Medical Laboratory Sciences program. Students who score &lt; 76% on their first exam fail to progress to the second semester at four times the rate of those who score &gt;76%. In addition, those who score &lt;76% and progress fail the ASCP Board of Certification Exam at almost double the rate of those who score &gt;76% on the first hematology exam. In the future, we will reach out earlier and offer targeted help to these students.

221 BEFRIENDING SERVICES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LESS DECLINE IN HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE, BUT NOT COGNITIVE FUNCTION, OVER TIME

Background

Befriending services are commonly deployed in the support of older people living alone, but lack an established evidence base, particularly in relation to their association with health outcomes.

Methods

To explore the potentially therapeutic impact of befriending on Health-Related Quality-of-Life (HR-QoL) and cognitive function, we used a single case experimental design. Data were collected from 85 new users of ALONE’s befriending service between 2019 and 2021 in an AB multiple baseline design. Generalised additive modelling was then used to assess trajectories of HR-QoL and cognitive function (semantic fluency) over the course of six months, and its association with the onset of the befriending service intervention

Results

The befriending service was associated with less decline over time in HR-QoL, and with a mitigated impact of loneliness on HR-QoL too. No such effects were observed for cognitive function as an outcome, which did not change over time.

Conclusion

Befriending may exert a positive effect on health-related quality of life, and reduce the negative impact that loneliness has on this outcome.

O-305 SPIRIT long-term extension study: two-year efficacy and safety of relugolix combination therapy in women with endometriosis-associated pain

Study question

To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily Relugolix combination therapy (Relugolix-CT) in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain over two years.

Summary answer

Relugolix-CT previously demonstrated sustained improvement of endometriosis-associated pain and was generally well tolerated over 52 weeks. Research is ongoing: two-year results will be reported.

What is known already

SPIRIT 1&2 were international, Phase 3, replicate, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of Relugolix-CT (relugolix 40mg, estradiol 1mg, norethisterone acetate 0.5mg) in premenopausal women with moderate-to-severe endometriosis-associated pain, which were followed by the open-label, 80-week, long-term extension. 52-week results showed sustained improvement in dysmenorrhea and non-menstrual pelvic pain (NMPP) with 84.8% and 73.3% of responders, respectively. Efficacy was evidenced by reductions in dysmenorrhea (82.8%,) NMPP (62.9%,) proportion of women using opioids, and improvements in function. Relugolix-CT was generally well tolerated. Bone mineral density (BMD) assessment showed minimal initial decline (&lt;1%) from baseline followed by stabilization from Week 24 to 52.

Study design, size, duration

Women who completed the 24-week pivotal studies (SPIRIT 1&2) were eligible to enroll in an 80-week open-label, single-arm, long-term extension study of safety and efficacy, representing up to 104 weeks of treatment in total. All women enrolled in the long-term extension study received once-daily oral Relugolix-CT. Analyses were performed based on the initial randomized treatment groups in pivotal studies: Relugolix-CT, delayed Relugolix-CT (relugolix 40mg alone for 12 weeks, then Relugolix-CT for 12 weeks), or placebo.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Primary endpoints are proportion of dysmenorrhea and NMPP responders at Weeks 52 and 104 based on daily Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable) and analgesic use. Responders are women who achieved a predefined, clinically meaningful reduction from baseline in NRS score and no increase in analgesic use. Secondary efficacy endpoints include change in Endometriosis Health Profile-30 pain domain scores, use of opioids/analgesics. Safety endpoints include adverse events and BMD (percent change).

Main results and the role of chance

Of 1251 randomized patients in SPIRIT 1&2, 1044 (83.4%) completed the pivotal studies; 802 (76.8%) enrolled in the long-term extension, and 681 (84.9%) completed 52 weeks of treatment. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the long-term extension population were consistent with those of the pivotal study population. The study remains ongoing at the time of writing. Efficacy and safety data with Relugolix-CT for up to Week 104, will be presented at the scientific session of the 2022 congress.

Limitations, reasons for caution

The study was conducted as an open-label study without a control group over the 80 weeks of the extension period.

Wider implications of the findings

Through 52 weeks of treatment, Relugolix-CT demonstrated sustained improvement of dysmenorrhea, NMPP, function, and reduced need for opiates in women with endometriosis-associated pain. No new safety concerns were identified, and treatment was associated with BMD loss &lt;1%. Data from 104 weeks of treatment will be presented at the 2022 congress.

Trial registration number

NCT03654274

POS1257 READING THE WAVES: IDENTIFYING DISTINCT PHENOTYPES OF MULTISYSTEM INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN CHILDREN IN A SINGLE CANADIAN CENTER DURING THE 2020-2021 COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background

The COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is characterized by Kawasaki disease (KD)-like features and circulatory shock [1]. The genesis of SARS-CoV-2 variants triggered successive waves of mass infections followed by MIS-C outbreaks.

Objectives

To compare MIS-C phenotypes across the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify predictors of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and treatment with biologic agents.

Methods

Youth aged 0-18 years, fulfilling the WHO case definition of MIS-C, and admitted to the Alberta Children’s Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020-December 2021) were included. Clinical, laboratory, imaging, and treatment data were captured (KD-like manifestations, signs of shock and/or hypotension, peak C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin, platelet count nadir, peak NT-proBNP and troponin, liver enzyme abnormalities, sodium and albumin nadir, echocardiogram findings, biologic agents).

Results

57 consecutive MIS-C patients (median age 6 years, IQR 4-6; 72% males) were included. 31 patients (54%) required PICU admission. All received immunoglobulins, 44 (77%) received corticosteroids, 8 patients (14%) were treated with biologic agents. Patients presenting during the third (mainly driven by Alpha variant) or fourth wave (mainly driven by Delta variant) presented with higher ferritin and NT-proBNP levels, and more liver enzyme abnormalities, hypoalbuminemia and thrombocytopenia compared to those presenting during the first or second wave (Table 1, Figure 1). PICU admission was associated with the presence of shock/hypotension, higher CRP, ferritin, and NT-proBNP levels, lower albumin levels, and the presence of ventricular dysfunction on echocardiogram (Table 1). A logistic regression model combining peak NT-proBNP, troponin and ferritin levels explained 70% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in PICU admission and correctly classified 91% of the cases. NT-proBNP was the sole significant contributor (p=0.017). Treatment with biologic agents was associated with higher CRP (mean 148.8 mg/l versus 251.7 mg/l; p=0.024) and ferritin (797 μg/l versus 1280 μg/l; p=0.049) levels.

Table 1.

Upper panel: Differences in MIS-C features of patients presenting during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (first + second wave) compared to those presenting during the second phase (third + fourth wave) (*one missing value). Lower panel: Differences regarding MIS-C features between patients admitted to PICU compared to those managed on the general ward.

Phase 1(n = 31)Phase 2(n = 26)P-valuePeak ferritin, μg/l (mean, SD)548 (529)1129 (724)<0.001Liver enzyme abnormalities (n, %)10 (32)18 (69)0.008Peak NT-proBNP, ng/l (mean, SD)5250 (4721)13366 (11211)0.012Hypoalbuminemia (n, %)24 (80)*25 (100)*0.027Thrombocytopenia (n, %)11 (35)18 (69)0.017PICUNo(n = 26)Yes(n = 31)P-valueShock/hypotension (n, %)19 (73)31 (100)0.002Peak CRP, mg/l (mean, SD)140.7 (92)203.8 (84)0.008Peak ferritin, μg/l (mean, SD)612 (676)1183 (627)0.002Peak NT-proBNP, ng/l (mean, SD)3772 (5074)15584 (9662)<0.001Albumin nadir, g/l (mean, SD)24 (4)19 (3)0.014Ventricular dysfunction (n, %)2 (8)18 (58)<0.001Figure 1.

Violin plots depicting differences in key laboratory MIS-C features between the waves (A) and both phases (phase 1 = wave 1 + 2, phase 2 = wave 3 + 4; B) of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

A shift in MIS-C phenotype was identified across the successive COVID-19 waves, including the predominance of features associated with macrophage activation syndrome in later stages. These findings may reflect the impact of distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. NT-proBNP emerged as the most important MIS-C feature predicting PICU admission, underscoring the importance of monitoring.

References

[1]Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, et al. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2020;395(10237):1607–8

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Social determinants of health influence disease activity and functional disability in Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

BACKGROUND

Social determinants of health (SDH) greatly influence outcomes during the first year of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, a disease similar to polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA). We investigated the correlation of community poverty level and other SDH with the persistence of moderate to severe disease activity and functional disability over the first year of treatment in pJIA patients enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry.

METHODS

In this cohort study, unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear mixed effects models analyzed the effect of community poverty and other SDH on disease activity, using the clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score-10, and disability, using the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire, measured at baseline, 6, and 12 months.

RESULTS

One thousand six hundred eighty-four patients were identified. High community poverty (≥20% living below the federal poverty level) was associated with increased odds of functional disability (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.28-2.60) but was not statistically significant after adjustment (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 0.81-1.86) and was not associated with increased disease activity. Non-white race/ethnicity was associated with higher disease activity (aOR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.41-4.36). Lower self-reported household income was associated with higher disease activity and persistent functional disability. Public insurance (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.06-2.29) and low family education (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.14-3.12) was associated with persistent functional disability.

CONCLUSION

High community poverty level was associated with persistent functional disability in unadjusted analysis but not with persistent moderate to high disease activity. Race/ethnicity and other SDH were associated with persistent disease activity and functional disability.

Is there a unique cardiac deformation behaviour in COVID-patients? The SARS-2-DEFORM Study

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

OnBehalf

SARS-2-DEFORM

Myocardial dysfunction is common and associated with worse outcomes in patients with ARDS, pulmonary embolism or severe sepsis due to pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction. Thrombotic events, myocarditis and endothelial dysfunction may contribute to these effects in COVID-19 infection. The evaluation of myocardial function can provide prognostic information regarding the severity of a current COVID-19 infection, but scarce data available on the role of Deformation Indices obtained by Speckle Tracking Analysis to describe unique features of myocardial dysfunction in COVID-19 pneumonitis. AIMS: to evaluate the value of ventricular and atrial Deformation Imaging in patients with COVID-19 infection and hypoxia who had preserved systolic function in comparison with age-, gender-, BSA, hypoxia-matched control subjects with respiratory disease on oxygen therapy, thus excluding the effects of pulmonary vasoconstriction. We also assessed the impact of biochemical and inflammatory markers on the Echo-Indices. METHODS: 21 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-pneumonitis (15 males, age:60.1 ± 16.1yrs, range:43-89) and 31 control, PCR-negative subjects (age:62.8 ± 15.5yrs, range:22-92) on oxygen with matched biometric data were compared. 2 examiners, blinded to the clinical data performed off-line standard Echocardiographic assessment and Deformation Imaging by 2D-Speckle Tracking Analysis with the TomTec Arena software package (Unterschleissheim, Germany) in both ventricles and atria. Plasma chemistry data were compared between the groups. RESULTS: No differences found in the biometric data and the cardiac chamber sizes between the groups. The global systolic strain indices were reduced in the COVID-group in the LV, but not the EF (LV-GLS -13.6 ± 2.9 vs -16 ± 1.1%, LV-GCS -24.8 ± 2.4 vs -28.9 ± 2.8%, p = 0.001, LVEF 61 ± 3.7 vs 60.7 ± 4.9%, p = NS), and these were reduced in the RV and RA, but not the TAPSE and TDI-S` when compared to the controls (RV-FWS -12.3 ± 2.9 vs -16.2 ± 1.5%, RV-GLS -14.6 ± 3.4 vs -17.1 ± 1.7%, RASr 18.5 ± 6 vs 22.3 ± 4.8% p = 0.005. Interestingly, the dispersion of contraction was increased in the COVID-patients in both the LV (LV-SD 416.2 ± 81.8 vs 309.8 ± 69.8ms, p &lt; 0.001) and the RV and the RA (RV-SD 414.9 ± 117 vs 303.8 ± 61ms, RA-SD 33.5 ± 6.7 vs 26.1 ± 4.7ms, p &lt; 0.001). The right heart indices correlated well with the biochemical data (RV-FWS and RV-SD with Ferritin r = 0.54 and -0.46, p = 0.003, RASr with GLS r = 0.64, p = 0.002, RA-SD with Troponin, p = 0.01 and with the RV-coupling Index r = 0.72, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial dysfunction is common among severely ill and hypoxic COVID-19 patients. The conventional Echo-parameters of systolic function or pulmonary pressures do not appear being specific but the Deformation Indices can provide tools to detect unique changes of the myocardial function and dys-synchrony imposed by the COVID-19 infection, independently from the impact of hypoxia or raised pulmonary pressures, hence they can predict outcome more accurately.

1001 Intra-Articular Distal Radius Fracture Surgical Intervention Threshold Origins and Development

Background

Treatment of intra-articular distal radius fractures is guided by the displacement of the articular fragments. Symptomatic post-traumatic arthritis is expected to occur if step displacement is &gt; 2mm; this value is often used as an indication for surgery if closed reduction is not possible.

Method

A systematic review was performed to establish the origin and adaptations of the threshold, with papers screened and relevant citations reviewed. Orthopaedic textbooks were reviewed to ensure no earlier mention of the threshold was present.

Results

Knirk and Jupiter, 1986, are the first to quantify a threshold, with all their patients developing arthritis with &gt;2mm displacement. Some papers have discussed using 1mm, although 2mm is most widely reported. Current guidance from the British Society for Surgery of the Hand supports 2mm. Although this paper is still widely cited, the authors published a re-examination of the data showing methodological flaws which is not as widely reported. They claim their conclusions are still relevant today; however, the radiological arthritis does not correlate with the clinical presentation.

Conclusions

Knirk and Jupiter originated the threshold value of 2mm. The lack of correlation between the radiological and clinical presentations warrants further investigation. The principle of treatment remains restoration of normal anatomical position.

[Fertility preservation for transwomen]

The evolution of medical care for transgender people currently makes it possible to propose fertility preservation. Fertility preservation should be initiated before the start of hormonal treatments and/or surgical procedures. The "reproductive" aspect and the desire for parenthood among transgender people have long been ignored. However, these aspects are important to consider and fertility preservation should be discussed before the start of the physical transition. The aim of this review is to assess the literature on fertility preservation for transgender women ("male to female"). Many uncertainties remain regarding the impact of hormonal treatments on the reproductive functions of transgender women and their reversibility. However, the significant increase in the number of recently published articles is evidence of the improvement in the conditions of access to these procedures for women starting a transition process. Nevertheless, there are still a number of barriers that can prevent or delay this process.

Revascularization decisions in patients with stable angina and intermediate lesions: results of the second International Survey on Interventional Strategy (ISIS-2)

Background

ISIS-1 survey (conducted in 2012–2013) demonstrated a significant disconnect between guideline recommendations on invasive functional and imaging assessment of coronary stenosis severity and effective intention to adoption in patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ever since, more evidences and new indexes/tools have become available, supposedly resulting into a simplified adoption. Therefore, six years later the second survey was repeated (ISIS-2) with the aim to evaluate a possible evolution in the intended adoption of invasive diagnostic tools.

Methods

ISIS-2 was conducted via a web-based platform from June to December 2019. Here, five complete angiograms were provided, presenting only focal intermediate stenoses. FFR and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) values were known and kept concealed to the participants. Estimation of stenosis significance was asked for each lesion. In case of uncertainty, the most appropriate adjunctive invasive diagnostic method among QCA, intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, or invasive functional test (i.e. with FFR or a non-hyperemic index) was to be selected. Primary endpoint of the study was the rate of requested adjunctive functional or imaging assessment, as indicated by guideline recommendations. Secondary endpoint was the rate and accuracy of purely angiography-based decisions.

Results

A total of 411 participants performed 3749 lesion evaluations in ISIS-2: 2237 (60%) decisions were taken solely on angiogram and expressed no need for further evaluation with adjunctive tools. This rate of angiographic reliance was significantly reduced in ISIS-2 as compared with ISIS-1 (3139 [71%]; p&lt;0.001). Here the decision (significant or non-significant) was discordant with the known functional significance in 870 (39%) cases, markedly less as in ISIS-1 (1459, 46%; p&lt;0.001). In ISIS-2, participants expressed the need for either invasive functional assessment or intravascular imaging in 1110 (29%) and 379 (11%) cases, respectively. These rates were significantly higher as compared with ISIS-1 (928 [21%]; p&lt;0.001 and 354 [8%]; p&lt;0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

ISIS-2 survey suggests an evolving pattern over 6 years in the intention to integrate coronary angiography with invasive coronary physiology and imaging testing in patients with CCS.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Unrestricted grant from Abbott Medical

Brca1 mutations in the coiled-coil domain impede Rad51 loading on DNA and mouse development

We recently developed a Brca1 coiled-coil mutant mouse model (Brca1^CC). Brca1^CC/CC results in embryonic lethality, with a fraction of mice reaching birth but with defects that parallel Fanconi anemia. Brca1^CC/CC cells lacked Rad51 foci and were PARP inhibitor sensitive. Strikingly, inter-crossing with Brca1^Δ11 generated Brca1^CC/Δ11 mice that were developmentally normal.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Culex modestus across Europe: does recent appearance in the United Kingdom reveal a tendency for geographical spread?

In mainland Europe, the mosquito species Culex modestus Ficalbi (1890) is a bridge vector for West Nile virus (WNV) from its natural bird-mosquito cycle to mammals. The present study assessed the genetic diversity of Cx. modestus, as well as related Culex species, using the mitochondrial COI DNA barcoding region and compared this with the population structure across Europe. A haplotype network was mapped to determine genealogical relationships among specimens. The intraspecific genetic diversity within individual Culex species was below 2%, whereas the interspecific genetic divergence varied from 2.99% to 13.74%. In total, 76 haplotypes were identified among 198 sequences. A median-joining network determined from 198 COI sequences identified two major lineages that were separated by at least four mutation steps. A high level of intraspecific genetic diversity was not detected in Cx. modestus in samples submitted from different European populations, which indicates that morphologically identified specimens represent a single species and not a species complex. Therefore, it is deduced that different populations of Cx. modestus will show a similar potential to transmit WNV, lending support to concerns that the population present in southeast England represents a risk of transmission to humans.

A scoping review of the role of primary care providers and primary care-based interventions in the treatment of pediatric eating disorders

Youth with eating disorders are often cared for by specialized interdisciplinary teams in pediatric tertiary care centers. Enhanced involvement of primary care providers may provide added benefits to patients because it offers improved access, better continuity of care, and possibly less financial burden. This paper aims to synthesize and assess the literature on the role of the primary care provider in treating pediatric eating disorders in order to identify an optimal model of shared care. Sources were identified by entering search terms in 10 databases. Eligible sources were English publications focusing on primary care-based interventions for eating disorders in youth (=<24 years). The search yielded 5,516 unique citations. Of these, 61 were ultimately included. Sources fell into two categories: (1) primary research (n = 3) and (2) reviews with recommendations for primary care providers (n = 58). The primary studies considered the primary care provider conducting behavioral therapy and guided self-help. Review articles suggested providing education, assessing for hospitalization, aiding in weight restoration, managing complications, referring, and coordinating care. Limited evidence exists that can guide effective primary care-based interventions for the treatment of pediatric eating disorders. Further research is needed to develop and evaluate interventions for the treatment of pediatric eating disorders in primary care settings so that best practices can be identified.

Continuous-variable tomography of solitary electrons

A method for characterising the wave-function of freely-propagating particles would provide a useful tool for developing quantum-information technologies with single electronic excitations. Previous continuous-variable quantum tomography techniques developed to analyse electronic excitations in the energy-time domain have been limited to energies close to the Fermi level. We show that a wide-band tomography of single-particle distributions is possible using energy-time filtering and that the Wigner representation of the mixed-state density matrix can be reconstructed for solitary electrons emitted by an on-demand single-electron source. These are highly localised distributions, isolated from the Fermi sea. While we cannot resolve the pure state Wigner function of our excitations due to classical fluctuations, we can partially resolve the chirp and squeezing of the Wigner function imposed by emission conditions and quantify the quantumness of the source. This tomography scheme, when implemented with sufficient experimental resolution, will enable quantum-limited measurements, providing information on electron coherence and entanglement at the individual particle level.

Quantum tomographic techniques enable the complete characterisation of continuous variable quantum states. Here the authors demonstrate a broadband tomography protocol for single electrons that goes beyond the bandwidth restrictions of existing methods.

The impact of ectoparasitism on thermoregulation in Yarrow’s Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii)

Parasites are ubiquitous and can have large impacts on the fitness of their hosts. The effects of ectoparasites on physiology, behaviour, and immune function suggest that they could be part of the factors which impact thermoregulation. We tested the hypothesis that ectoparasites impact thermoregulation in Yarrow’s Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii Cope in Yarrow, 1875) living along an elevational gradient. We predicted a positive association between ectoparasite load and body temperature (Tb), and a negative association between ectoparasite load and effectiveness of thermoregulation (de – db index). We also predicted that the impacts of ectoparasites would be greatest at high elevation where thermal quality of the environment is low because the costs of thermoregulation increase with elevation and these costs can impact thermal immune responses. We found a significant association between the number of chiggers (Trombiculoidea) harboured by lizards and Tb that depended on elevation, but no association between ectoparasite load and de – db index. The mean chigger infection rate was associated with a ΔTb of +0.18 °C at low elevation (consistent with fever) and of –1.07 °C at high elevation (consistent with hypothermia). These findings suggest that parasitism by chiggers impacts lizard Tb in a way that depends on environmental thermal quality.

Correction to: Pelvic fat volume reduction with preoperative very low energy diet (VLED): implications for rectal cancer surgery in the obese

Due to substantial contributions by Dr. Phillip Malouf and Dr. Stephen Bell.

Pelvic fat volume reduction with preoperative very low energy diet (VLED): implications for rectal cancer surgery in the obese

BACKGROUND

Obese patients have higher complication rates after pelvic surgery. Laparoscopic rectal surgery may not be possible in the obese individual due to mesorectal, total pelvic and general visceral fat volumes. Very low energy diets reduce visceral fat but the changes within the pelvis and mesorectum are unknown. The aim of the present study was to quantify the proportion of fat lost from total pelvic and mesorectal fat with a very low energy diet (VLED) and define simple, accessible measurements that correlate with expected volume reduction.

METHODS

A study was conducted on proportion change in mesorectal and intrapelvic fat volumes in patients on a VLED prior to bariatric surgery at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne. The VLED was a standardized 4-week meal replacement. Proportion change in mesorectal and intrapelvic fat volumes were measured. Patients had standardized pre-diet and post-diet magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. Body mass index, weight and girth measures were obtained. Adipose quantification analysis was performed using Q-Fat.

RESULTS

Nine patients were included in this study, who were preparing for bariatric (not colorectal) surgery (5 females, median age 42 years, range 27-59 years) pre-protocol body mass index was 55.8 (range 39.5-60.6 kg/m²); median weight was 163 kg. Median mesorectal fat reduction was 29.9% (range 11.6-66.6%). Linear regression showed a relationship between the amount of mesorectal fat reduction and two variables: patient height and the distance from S1 to the posterior aspect of the rectum on MRI. The relationship predicted response to the diet (R² 67%, p = 0.040).

CONCLUSIONS

Very low energy diets result in a clinically significant reduction in mesorectal fat with a lesser change in total pelvic fat, suggesting that very low energy diets may be useful for preparation for pelvic surgery in the obese. The distance from S1 to the posterior rectum correlates well with mesorectal reduction, making this a valuable clinical tool when volumetric analysis is not possible. This analysis is limited to the quantification of the effect of the diet and cannot comment on the safety of this approach before pelvic cancer surgery.

Introduction History of rabies control by vaccination

Since antiquity, rabies has remained one of the deadliest infectious diseases known to humankind, with a case fatality rate approaching 100% following the onset of clinical disease. It is present on all continents where terrestrial mammals exist, with the majority of animal and human cases being reported in the resourcelimited countries of Africa and Asia, with thousands of human rabies deaths being recorded annually. It is likely, however, that the global figure of approximately 59,000 annual human rabies fatalities is an underestimate. The impact of the disease has been reduced substantially across vast regions of the globe since the development of effective rabies vaccines. The success of different vaccines and vaccination policies in the defined 'at risk' populations has been born out of scientific innovation. Mass vaccination campaigns of animals, using parenteral vaccines to immunise companion animals, and advances in oral vaccines for wildlife, have allowed the elimination of rabies in terrestrial carnivores in several regions worldwide, including Western Europe and much of North America. In addition, human vaccines, largely used for post-exposure treatments, have reduced the burden of rabies in endemic areas.

The impact of paralytic bovine rabies transmitted by vampire bats in Latin America and the Caribbean

The effective control of dog rabies in Latin America is justifiably seen as a major success in the struggle to limit this devastating zoonosis. However, rabies remains a problem, due to the presence of the virus in bat populations throughout the region, including vampire bats. Vampire bats obtain nutrition exclusively through consuming blood by biting mammals and birds. This makes the species a highly efficient vector of the rabies virus, responsible for sporadic outbreaks of rabies in human populations and numerous cases of rabies in livestock. This, in turn, causes economic losses to the farming industry in countries throughout the region. For over four decades, efforts to control rabies have been directed at controlling the reservoir species and vaccinating cattle. However, this approach has not eliminated rabies in livestock. A major barrier to innovation in vampire rabies control is a lack of consistent surveillance to establish the extent of the problem. This precludes any calculation of its cost to the economy or the cost of potential solutions, such as vaccinating livestock. This paper outlines the problem of livestock rabies in Latin America and considers factors that influence the economic cost of potential solutions to this continuing challenge to human and livestock health.

Abstract PD3-08: Assessment of the tumor immune environment in inflammatory breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant dual-HER2 blockade

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that remains relatively understudied. We examined the efficacy of neoadjuvant dual-HER2 blockade (trastuzumab (H) and pertuzumab (P)) combined with paclitaxel (T) in HER2+ IBC, including a planned analysis to elucidate associations between the tumor immune microenvironment profile and response to therapy.

Methods: An IRB-approved, single-arm phase II trial for patients (pts) with newly diagnosed HER2+ IBC was conducted. Pts had a pre-treatment biopsy of the affected breast (D1) followed by a loading dose of HP. A second biopsy was performed 1 week (wk) later (D8), when T (80mg/m2/wk x 16 wks) was added to HP. Responding pts underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) where residual disease was collected. The primary objective was to determine the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) defined as ypT0/isN0. Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) was also determined. Tumor specimens from D1, D8 and MRM were assessed for disease cellularity and scored for percentage of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs): low=0-10%, intermediate=11-59%, high&gt;60%. RNA-sequencing was performed on tumor tissue from D1 and D8 to explore the impact of short-term HP treatment on the tumor transcriptomic profile and to identify potential predictors of pCR.

Results: 23 pts with HER2+ IBC were enrolled between 8/2013-6/2017. Mean age was 48 years (range 32-74); 11 pts (48%) had estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) negative disease. Matched tumor biopsies (D1, D8) were obtained in all 23 pts; 21 underwent MRM; 1 was lost to follow-up and 1 had disease progression. In the intent to treat analysis, 10/23 (43%) pts achieved a pCR and 7 (30%) had RCB-1. Ten of the 22 evaluable pts achieved a pCR (45.5%). TILs were evaluable in 20/23 (87%) matched tumor biopsies (D1, D8). Among the D1 biopsy specimens: 19 (95%) had low levels, 2 (10%) had intermediate levels, and none had high levels. When D1 TIL levels were compared with D8 levels, 3(15%) had an increase in TILs, 16(80%) had no change in TIL levels, and 1(5%) had a decrease in the level of TILs. Both samples with intermediate levels and 2 of 3 samples with high levels of TILs on D1 and D8 were seen in ER/PR negative disease. An evaluation of biopsy specimens associated with subsequent pCR using GO enrichment analysis from the RNA-Seq data showed significant upregulation of several immune-process related gene expression signatures both at D1 and D8 (e.g. antigen processing and presentation, TCR signaling, NK cell cytotoxicity, p-value: 2.99E-48 to 1.39E-16) when compared with those associated with residual disease at the time of MRM. Across the entire cohort, D8 biopsies showed evidence of upregulated anti-tumor immunity compared to D1 biopsies (p-value: 9.57E-06 to 0.012). Notably, this change from D1 to D8 was largely restricted to tumors that achieved a pCR.

Conclusion: THP for 16 weeks was a highly effective treatment for HER2+ IBC. Immune activation as determined by gene expression signatures predicted pCR, and moreover upregulation of anti-tumor immunity after 1 wk of HP might further predict a complete pathologic response to therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01796197

Citation Format: Pernas S, Goel S, Harrison BT, Hu J, Johnson N, Regan M, Chichester LA, Nakhlis F, Schlosnagle EJ, Winship G, Guerriero JL, Parsons H, Mittendorf EA, Overmoyer B. Assessment of the tumor immune environment in inflammatory breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant dual-HER2 blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD3-08.

Has the red sheep tick, Haemaphysalis punctata, recently expanded its range in England?

The red sheep tick, Haemaphysalis punctata (Ixodida: Ixodidae), has been reported as present in the U.K. for more than a century; however, very little has been written about its distribution. In recent years, numbers of detections of this tick species reported to the Public Health England (PHE) Tick Surveillance Scheme have increased. This rise in the number of records may be attributable to increased tick surveillance activities or to the increased distribution of this species of tick in parts of England. This paper reviews published reports of H. punctata and all data held by the Biological Records Centre and PHE, and summarizes a number of field studies conducted by PHE and the Animal and Plant Health Agency over the past 8 years. It would appear from the evidence presented here that H. punctata may be expanding its range across the eastern part of the South Downs National Park, where there have also been reports of this tick species biting humans. It is possible that the movement of sheep between grassland sites is facilitating this spread. Further studies that better elucidate the ecology of this tick and its possible role as a vector of human and veterinary diseases are now warranted.

Quantifying the Immense Burden of OPMDS and of Oral Cancer in South Asia: Time for Action

Background: Cancer of head and neck is sixth most common malignancy worldwide https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27245686 . ∼90% are squamous cell carcinomas [HNSCC]. Of H&N sites, mouth is most common [∼300,373 cases pa, cf oropharynx ∼142,387; larynx ∼156,877; nasopharynx 86,691]. Across south Asia, cancer of lip & mouth [oral cancer: OSCC] is a serious public health problem. In many, it is the most common cancer among men, 5th/6th in women, second overall. Five year survival rates are < 50%. Treatment is devastating. It is difficult to get authorities and public to recognize the problem: this is not a “glamorous” cancer. Yet we know the major causes so most disease is preventable. In south Asia, the major causes are tobacco - mostly chewed, areca [erroneously called betel] nut, mostly as component of betel quid, and heavy alcohol use in a background of diets lacking adequate antioxidant vitamins/minerals. To this is added the global epidemic of human papillomavirus [HPV]-driven nonkeratinising squamous epithelial head/neck cancer, particularly in lymphoid tissues of Waldyer's ring. Though data vary by country, high-risk [hr]HPVs are likely associated with up to 30% of OSCC too. We need detailed local information, especially as hrHPV-driven SCC respond well to radio/chemotherapy. Next-generation molecular methods are now examining roles for fungi and bacterial consortia. Across Asia, most OSCC arise from long-standing changes in oral mucosa: oral potentially malignant disorders [OPMD]. Leukoplakia is commonest, though with lowest risk. Risk is greater in red or mixed red/white lesions. Oral submucous fibrosis is prevalent and devastating. It has a high rate of malignant transformation and causes immense suffering: burning mouth, taste disturbances and severe sclerosis of soft tissues resulting in restricted mouth opening. The major etiology is areca nut. There is genetic and inherited propensity: very young children encouraged to chew areca can be seriously affected. There are no truly successful treatments, be it surgery to relieve trismus, physiotherapy to improve mouth opening and dietary supplements with numerous antioxidants, most commonly curcumin. Strategy: Primary prevention is possible. Improve diet; no tobacco; no areca nut [we need a WHO Framework Convention on areca]: to nip in the bud a serious epidemic of HPV-related cancers, sexual hygiene and widespread vaccination of girls - in my opinion also of boys. Public education is key. Legal controls on tobacco, areca & alcohol are needed - a tremendous challenge especially for areca, given the ancient cultural importance of this masticatory in myriad forms. It is time for effective action. Outcomes: In India and Sri Lanka we have made great progress with public awareness and with regulations on advertising and sale of smokeless tobacco and some areca products. Southeast Asia lags behind. HPV vaccination requires greater uptake across the region. What was learned: Both top-down and bottom-up approaches are needed.

LO-Phonon Emission Rate of Hot Electrons from an On-Demand Single-Electron Source in a GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructure

Using a recent time-of-flight measurement technique with 1 ps time resolution and electron-energy spectroscopy, we develop a method to measure the longitudinal-optical-phonon emission rate of hot electrons traveling along a depleted edge of a quantum Hall bar. Comparison to a single-particle model implies the scattering mechanism involves a two-step process via an intra-Landau-level transition. We show that this can be suppressed by control of the edge potential profile, and a scattering length >1  mm can be achieved, allowing the use of this system for scalable single-electron device applications.