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Yuan W, Goldstein LD, Durinck S, Chen YJ, Nguyen TT, Kljavin NM, Sokol ES, Stawiski EW, Haley B, Ziai J, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S. S100a4 upregulation in Pik3caH1047R;Trp53R270H;MMTV-Cre-driven mammary tumors promotes metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:152. [PMID: 31881983 PMCID: PMC6935129 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PIK3CA mutations are frequent in human breast cancer. Pik3caH1047R mutant expression in mouse mammary gland promotes tumorigenesis. TP53 mutations co-occur with PIK3CA mutations in human breast cancers. We previously generated a conditionally activatable Pik3caH1047R;MMTV-Cre mouse model and found a few malignant sarcomatoid (spindle cell) carcinomas that had acquired spontaneous dominant-negative Trp53 mutations. Methods A Pik3caH1047R;Trp53R270H;MMTV-Cre double mutant mouse breast cancer model was generated. Tumors were characterized by histology, marker analysis, transcriptional profiling, single-cell RNA-seq, and bioinformatics. Cell lines were developed from mutant tumors and used to identify and confirm genes involved in metastasis. Results We found Pik3caH1047R and Trp53R270H cooperate in driving oncogenesis in mammary glands leading to a shorter latency than either alone. Double mutant mice develop multiple histologically distinct mammary tumors, including adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid (spindle cell) carcinoma. We found some tumors to be invasive and a few metastasized to the lung and/or the lymph node. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the tumors identified epithelial, stromal, myeloid, and T cell groups. Expression analysis of the metastatic tumors identified S100a4 as a top candidate gene associated with metastasis. Metastatic tumors contained a much higher percentage of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-signature positive and S100a4-expressing cells. CRISPR/CAS9-mediated knockout of S100a4 in a metastatic tumor-derived cell line disrupted its metastatic potential indicating a role for S100a4 in metastasis. Conclusions Pik3caH1047R;Trp53R270H;MMTV-Cre mouse provides a preclinical model to mimic a subtype of human breast cancers that carry both PIK3CA and TP53 mutations. It also allows for understanding the cooperation between the two mutant genes in tumorigenesis. Our model also provides a system to study metastasis and develop therapeutic strategies for PIK3CA/TP53 double-positive cancers. S100a4 found involved in metastasis in this model can be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Steffen Durinck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ying-Jiun Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Thong T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Department of Cancer Signaling, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Foundation Medicine Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Eric W Stawiski
- Research and Development Department, MedGenome Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - James Ziai
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,SciGenom Research Foundation, Bangalore, 560099, India.
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2
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Pahuja KB, Nguyen TT, Jaiswal BS, Prabhash K, Thaker TM, Senger K, Chaudhuri S, Kljavin NM, Antony A, Phalke S, Kumar P, Mravic M, Stawiski EW, Vargas D, Durinck S, Gupta R, Khanna-Gupta A, Trabucco SE, Sokol ES, Hartmaier RJ, Singh A, Chougule A, Trivedi V, Dutt A, Patil V, Joshi A, Noronha V, Ziai J, Banavali SD, Ramprasad V, DeGrado WF, Bueno R, Jura N, Seshagiri S. Actionable Activating Oncogenic ERBB2/HER2 Transmembrane and Juxtamembrane Domain Mutations. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:792-806.e5. [PMID: 30449325 PMCID: PMC6248889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated HER2 is a target of many approved cancer drugs. We analyzed 111,176 patient tumors and identified recurrent mutations in HER2 transmembrane domain (TMD) and juxtamembrane domain (JMD) that include G660D, R678Q, E693K, and Q709L. Using a saturation mutagenesis screen and testing of patient-derived mutations we found several activating TMD and JMD mutations. Structural modeling and analysis showed that the TMD/JMD mutations function by improving the active dimer interface or stabilizing an activating conformation. Further, we found that HER2 G660D employed asymmetric kinase dimerization for activation and signaling. Importantly, anti-HER2 antibodies and small-molecule kinase inhibitors blocked the activity of TMD/JMD mutants. Consistent with this, a G660D germline mutant lung cancer patient showed remarkable clinical response to HER2 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Bajaj Pahuja
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thong T Nguyen
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bijay S Jaiswal
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Tarjani M Thaker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kate Senger
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Subhra Chaudhuri
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Aju Antony
- Department of Molecular Biology, SciGenom Labs, Cochin, Kerala 682037, India
| | - Sameer Phalke
- Research Division, MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar
- Research Division, MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Marco Mravic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric W Stawiski
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Derek Vargas
- Research and Development Department, MedGenome Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Steffen Durinck
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Bioinformatics Department, MeGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Arati Khanna-Gupta
- Research Division, MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Sally E Trabucco
- Foundation Medicine Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Foundation Medicine Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ryan J Hartmaier
- Foundation Medicine Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ashish Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore 632004, India
| | | | | | - Amit Dutt
- ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhaba National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Vijay Patil
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | | | - James Ziai
- Pathology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Vedam Ramprasad
- Research Division, MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raphael Bueno
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Lung Center and the International Mesothelioma Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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3
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Hagenbeek TJ, Webster JD, Kljavin NM, Chang MT, Pham T, Lee HJ, Klijn C, Cai AG, Totpal K, Ravishankar B, Yang N, Lee DH, Walsh KB, Hatzivassiliou G, de la Cruz CC, Gould SE, Wu X, Lee WP, Yang S, Zhang Z, Gu Q, Ji Q, Jackson EL, Lim DS, Dey A. The Hippo pathway effector TAZ induces TEAD-dependent liver inflammation and tumors. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/547/eaaj1757. [PMID: 30206136 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaj1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates organ size and plays critical roles in maintaining tissue growth, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysregulated in a wide spectrum of cancers, in mammals, this pathway is regulated by two key effectors, YAP and TAZ, that may functionally overlap. We found that TAZ promoted liver inflammation and tumor development. The expression of TAZ, but not YAP, in human liver tumors positively correlated with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Hyperactivated TAZ induced substantial myeloid cell infiltration into the liver and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines through a TEAD-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, tumors with hyperactivated YAP and TAZ had distinct transcriptional signatures, which included the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in TAZ-driven tumors. Our study elucidated a previously uncharacterized link between TAZ activity and inflammatory responses that influence tumor development in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Hagenbeek
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew T Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trang Pham
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ho-June Lee
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Allen G Cai
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Klara Totpal
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Buvana Ravishankar
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Naiying Yang
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kevin B Walsh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Cecile C de la Cruz
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stephen E Gould
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shuqun Yang
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qingyang Gu
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qunsheng Ji
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Erica L Jackson
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Anwesha Dey
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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4
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Bainbridge TW, Dunshee DR, Kljavin NM, Skelton NJ, Sonoda J, Ernst JA. Selective Homogeneous Assay for Circulating Endopeptidase Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP). Sci Rep 2017; 7:12524. [PMID: 28970566 PMCID: PMC5624913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound serine protease whose expression is often elevated in activated fibroblasts associated with tissue remodeling in various common diseases such as cancer, arthritis and fibrosis. Like the closely related dipeptidyl peptidase DPPIV, the extracellular domain of FAP can be released into circulation as a functional enzyme, and limited studies suggest that the circulating level of FAP correlates with the degree of tissue fibrosis. Here we describe a novel homogeneous fluorescence intensity assay for circulating FAP activity based on a recently identified natural substrate, FGF21. This assay is unique in that it can effectively distinguish endopeptidase activity of FAP from that of other related enzymes such as prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) and was validated using Fap-deficient mice. Structural modeling was used to elucidate the mechanistic basis for the observed specificity in substrate recognition by FAP, but not by DPPIV or PREP. Finally, the assay was used to detect elevated FAP activity in human patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and to determine the effectiveness of a chemical inhibitor for FAP in mice. We propose that the assay presented here could thus be utilized for diagnosis of FAP-related pathologies and for the therapeutic development of FAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas J Skelton
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Junichiro Sonoda
- Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - James A Ernst
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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5
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Dunshee DR, Bainbridge TW, Kljavin NM, Zavala-Solorio J, Schroeder AC, Chan R, Corpuz R, Wong M, Zhou W, Deshmukh G, Ly J, Sutherlin DP, Ernst JA, Sonoda J. Fibroblast Activation Protein Cleaves and Inactivates Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5986-5996. [PMID: 26797127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a stress-induced hormone with potent anti-obesity, insulin-sensitizing, and hepatoprotective properties. Although proteolytic cleavage of recombinant human FGF21 in preclinical species has been observed previously, the regulation of endogenously produced FGF21 is not well understood. Here we identify fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as the enzyme that cleaves and inactivates human FGF21. A selective chemical inhibitor, immunodepletion, or genetic deletion of Fap stabilized recombinant human FGF21 in serum. In addition, administration of a selective FAP inhibitor acutely increased circulating intact FGF21 levels in cynomolgus monkeys. On the basis of our findings, we propose selective FAP inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to increase endogenous FGF21 activity for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Justin Ly
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and
| | - Daniel P Sutherlin
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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6
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Chen H, Lee J, Kljavin NM, Haley B, Daemen A, Liang Y, Johnson L. Abstract 2259: Requirement for BUB1B in tumor progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is often discovered as metastatic disease with very poor prognosis. However, much remains unknown about the mechanisms of lung adenocarcinoma tumor progression. In this study we showed that knockdown of BUB1B, a critical mitotic checkpoint protein, significantly inhibited anchorage-independent growth of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. In allograft and tail vein mouse model studies, BUB1B suppression inhibited primary tumor growth and reduced metastasis to the lung and lymph nodes, resulting in prolonged survival in both tumor prevention and tumor intervention settings. Mechanistic studies revealed that BUB1B knockdown sensitized cells to anoikis. The N-terminal region of BUB1B was required for its functions in both anchorage-independent growth and anoikis resistance, whereas the kinase domain was less critical. Overexpression of BUB1B is associated with disease progression and poor survival in human lung adenocarcinoma patients. Collectively, these data reveal a novel function for BUB1B in mediating anchorage-independent survival and growth, thereby facilitating lung adenocarcinoma dissemination during metastasis. Thus, targeting BUB1B could provide potential therapeutic benefit in suppressing metastasis and prolonging survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
Citation Format: Honglin Chen, James Lee, Noelyn M. Kljavin, Benjamin Haley, Anneleen Daemen, Yuxin Liang, Leisa Johnson. Requirement for BUB1B in tumor progression of lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2259. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2259
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7
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Chen H, Lee J, Kljavin NM, Haley B, Daemen A, Johnson L, Liang Y. Requirement for BUB1B/BUBR1 in tumor progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:106-18. [PMID: 26000094 PMCID: PMC4426948 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is often discovered as metastatic disease with very poor prognosis. However, much remains unknown about the mechanisms of lung adenocarcinoma tumor progression. In this study we showed that knockdown of BUB1B/BUBR1, a critical mitotic checkpoint protein, significantly inhibited anchorage-independent growth of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. In allograft and tail vein mouse model studies, BUB1B suppression inhibited primary tumor growth and reduced metastasis to the lung and lymph nodes, resulting in prolonged survival in both tumor prevention and tumor intervention settings. Mechanistic studies revealed that BUB1B knockdown sensitized cells to anoikis. The N-terminal region and GLEBS domain of BUB1B were required for its functions in both anchorage-independent growth and anoikis resistance, whereas the kinase domain was less critical. Overexpression of BUB1B is associated with disease progression and poor survival in human lung adenocarcinoma patients. Collectively, these data reveal a novel function for BUB1B in mediating anchorage-independent survival and growth, thereby facilitating lung adenocarcinoma dissemination during metastasis. Thus, targeting BUB1B could provide potential therapeutic benefit in suppressing metastasis and prolonging survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Chen
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James Lee
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anneleen Daemen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leisa Johnson
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Jaiswal BS, Kljavin NM, Stawiski E, Durinck S, Chaudhuri S, Eigenbrot C, Schaefer G, Sauvage FJD, Seshagiri S. Abstract 4428: Oncogenic ERBB3 mutations in human cancers. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of tyrosine kinases are deregulated in multiple cancers either through amplification, overexpression or mutation. ERBB3/HER3, the only ERBB family member with an impaired kinase domain, upon ligand binding heterodimerizes with ERBB2 to promote signaling. While amplification and overexpression of ERBB3 is observed in some cancers, occurrence and relevance of ERBB3 somatic mutations in oncogenesis is not established. Here we report the identification of ERBB3 somatic mutations in ∼11% of colon and gastric cancers. We found that the ERBB3 mutants together with ERBB2 promote oncogenic signaling and transformed colonic and breast epithelial cells in a ligand independent manner. Further, we found that multiple target therapeutics that acts on ERBB3, ERBB2 or their downstream signaling components are effective in blocking ERBB3-mutant mediated oncogenic signaling and disease progression in vivo. Identification of activating ERBB3 mutations along with the established contribution of ERBB3 to acquired resistance to EGFR/ERBB2-targeted drugs provides a rational to therapeutically target ERBB3.
Citation Format: Bijay S. Jaiswal, Noelyn M. Kljavin, Eric Stawiski, Steffen Durinck, Subhra Chaudhuri, Charles Eigenbrot, Gabriele Schaefer, Frederic J. de Sauvage, Somasekar Seshagiri. Oncogenic ERBB3 mutations in human cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4428. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4428
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Shih VFS, Cox J, Kljavin NM, Dengler HS, Reichelt M, Kumar P, Rangell L, Kolls JK, Diehl L, Ouyang W, Ghilardi N. Homeostatic IL-23 receptor signaling limits Th17 response through IL-22-mediated containment of commensal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13942-7. [PMID: 25201978 PMCID: PMC4183330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323852111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hosts are colonized with commensal microbes in various mucosal and epithelial tissues, including the intestinal tract. In mice, the presence of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) promotes Th17 differentiation and the development of autoimmune disease. Here, we demonstrate that the IL-23 pathway dynamically regulates the abundance of SFB as well as mucosal barrier function in the adult animal. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of the pathway selectively perturbs the abundance of a small group of commensals, including SFB, and results in an impaired mucosal barrier. Defective barrier function leads to systemic dissemination of microbial products, provoking induction of the IL-23 pathway with dual consequences: IL-23 drives IL-22 production to reinforce mucosal barrier function and elicit antimicrobial activities, and it also drives the differentiation of Th17 cells in an attempt to combat escaped microbes in the lamina propria and in distal tissues. Thus, barrier defects generate a systemic environment that facilitates Th17 development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mike Reichelt
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Linda Rangell
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lauri Diehl
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
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10
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Lee GY, Haverty PM, Li L, Kljavin NM, Bourgon R, Lee J, Stern H, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S, Zhang Z, Davis D, Stokoe D, Settleman J, de Sauvage FJ, Neve RM. Comparative oncogenomics identifies PSMB4 and SHMT2 as potential cancer driver genes. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3114-26. [PMID: 24755469 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer genomes maintain a complex array of somatic alterations required for maintenance and progression of the disease, posing a challenge to identify driver genes among this genetic disorder. Toward this end, we mapped regions of recurrent amplification in a large collection (n=392) of primary human cancers and selected 620 genes whose expression is elevated in tumors. An RNAi loss-of-function screen targeting these genes across a panel of 32 cancer cell lines identified potential driver genes. Subsequent functional assays identified SHMT2, a key enzyme in the serine/glycine synthesis pathway, as necessary for tumor cell survival but insufficient for transformation. The 26S proteasomal subunit, PSMB4, was identified as the first proteasomal subunit with oncogenic properties promoting cancer cell survival and tumor growth in vivo. Elevated expression of SHMT2 and PSMB4 was found to be associated with poor prognosis in human cancer, supporting the development of molecular therapies targeting these genes or components of their pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genee Y Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Peter M Haverty
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Li Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - James Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Howard Stern
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - David Davis
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - David Stokoe
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey Settleman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard M Neve
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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11
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Metcalfe C, Kljavin NM, Ybarra R, de Sauvage FJ. Lgr5+ stem cells are indispensable for radiation-induced intestinal regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 14:149-59. [PMID: 24332836 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium continually self-renews and can rapidly regenerate after damage. Lgr5 marks mitotically active intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Importantly, intestinal homeostasis can be maintained after depletion of Lgr5(+) cells due to the activation of Lgr5(-) reserve ISCs. The Lgr5(-) ISC populations are thought to play a similar role during intestinal regeneration following radiation-induced damage. We tested this regeneration hypothesis by combining depletion of Lgr5(+) ISCs with radiation exposure. In contrast to the negligible effect of Lgr5(+) ISC loss during homeostasis, depletion of Lgr5(+) cells during radiation-induced damage and subsequent repair caused catastrophic crypt loss and deterioration of crypt-villus architecture. Interestingly though, we found that crypts deficient for Lgr5(+) cells are competent to undergo hyperplasia upon loss of Apc. These data argue that Lgr5(-) reserve stem cells are radiosensitive and that Lgr5(+) cells are crucial for robust intestinal regeneration following radiation exposure but are dispensable for premalignant hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Metcalfe
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ryan Ybarra
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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12
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium continually self-renews and can rapidly regenerate after damage. Lgr5 marks mitotically active intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Importantly, intestinal homeostasis can be maintained after depletion of Lgr5(+) cells due to the activation of Lgr5(-) reserve ISCs. The Lgr5(-) ISC populations are thought to play a similar role during intestinal regeneration following radiation-induced damage. We tested this regeneration hypothesis by combining depletion of Lgr5(+) ISCs with radiation exposure. In contrast to the negligible effect of Lgr5(+) ISC loss during homeostasis, depletion of Lgr5(+) cells during radiation-induced damage and subsequent repair caused catastrophic crypt loss and deterioration of crypt-villus architecture. Interestingly though, we found that crypts deficient for Lgr5(+) cells are competent to undergo hyperplasia upon loss of Apc. These data argue that Lgr5(-) reserve stem cells are radiosensitive and that Lgr5(+) cells are crucial for robust intestinal regeneration following radiation exposure but are dispensable for premalignant hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Metcalfe
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ryan Ybarra
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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13
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Jaiswal BS, Kljavin NM, Stawiski EW, Chan E, Parikh C, Durinck S, Chaudhuri S, Pujara K, Guillory J, Edgar KA, Janakiraman V, Scholz RP, Bowman KK, Lorenzo M, Li H, Wu J, Yuan W, Peters BA, Kan Z, Stinson J, Mak M, Modrusan Z, Eigenbrot C, Firestein R, Stern HM, Rajalingam K, Schaefer G, Merchant MA, Sliwkowski MX, de Sauvage FJ, Seshagiri S. Oncogenic ERBB3 mutations in human cancers. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:603-17. [PMID: 23680147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of tyrosine kinases is deregulated in multiple cancers either through amplification, overexpression, or mutation. ERBB3/HER3, the only member with an impaired kinase domain, although amplified or overexpressed in some cancers, has not been reported to carry oncogenic mutations. Here, we report the identification of ERBB3 somatic mutations in ~11% of colon and gastric cancers. We found that the ERBB3 mutants transformed colonic and breast epithelial cells in a ligand-independent manner. However, the mutant ERBB3 oncogenic activity was dependent on kinase-active ERBB2. Furthermore, we found that anti-ERBB antibodies and small molecule inhibitors effectively blocked mutant ERBB3-mediated oncogenic signaling and disease progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay S Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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14
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Chen H, Lee J, Kljavin NM, Johnson L, Liang Y. Abstract 3015: Identification of a novel gene target involved in tumor growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have discovered a potential oncogenic role of a gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using RNAi technology. Silencing of the gene significantly inhibits soft agar colony formation of NSCLC cell lines, whereas its inhibition on cell proliferation in liquid culture is modest. This effect was observed in multiple murine and human NSCLC cell lines with varied Kras and p53 status. The inhibition on soft agar colony formation is reversed with ectopic overexpression of a cDNA encoding the full-length gene. Knocking down the expression of the gene also significantly impairs migration and enhances detachment-induced anoikis of NSCLC cells. An investigation of the molecular mechanisms reveals that silencing of the gene cytoskeleton signaling network. In xenograft studies using stable luciferase-expressing inducible shRNA cell lines, silencing of the gene upon doxycycline treatment leads to a modest reduction in tumor volumes while significantly decreases bioluminescent signals at metastatic sites including lung and lymph nodes. Furthermore, gene expression analyses in KrasG12D/p53 deletion-driven mouse tumors and clinical tumor samples show significantly increased expression of the gene in lung cancer as well as multiple other cancer types. Taken together, we have uncovered a novel oncogenic function of a gene in NSCLC, which could provide a potential new therapeutic target for cancer intervention.
Citation Format: Honglin Chen, James Lee, Noelyn M. Kljavin, Leisa Johnson, Yuxin Liang. Identification of a novel gene target involved in tumor growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3015. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3015
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
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15
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Cox JH, Kljavin NM, Ota N, Leonard J, Roose-Girma M, Diehl L, Ouyang W, Ghilardi N. Opposing consequences of IL-23 signaling mediated by innate and adaptive cells in chemically induced colitis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:99-109. [PMID: 22089030 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-23 (IL-23) pathway has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease. Although the pathogenic role of IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) on T lymphocytes is well established, its function on innate immune cells has not been thoroughly examined. Here we investigate the consequence of IL-23R deletion in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In IL23R(-/-) and IL23p19(-/-) mice, we observed decreased weight loss and reduced leukocyte infiltrate following DSS exposure. Surprisingly, when the IL-23R(-/-) allele was crossed into Rag2(-/-) mice, we observed exacerbated disease, increased epithelial damage, reduced pSTAT3 in the epithelium, and delayed recovery of IL23R(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice. This phenotype was rescued with exogenous IL22-Fc, and epithelial pSTAT3 was restored. Depletion of Thy1(+) innate lymphoid cells eliminated the majority of IL-22 production in the colon lamina propria of DSS-treated Rag2(-/-) mice, suggesting that these are the major IL-23 responsive innate cells in this context. In summary, we provide evidence for opposing consequences of IL-23R on innate and adaptive lymphoid cells in murine colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Cox
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Abstract
T cells lacking the IL-27 receptor generate less severe colitis in mice, and more readily up-regulate Foxp3 expression. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a cytokine known to have both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. The latter appear to dominate in vivo, where IL-27 suppresses TH17 responses and promotes the differentiation of Tr1 cells expressing interferon-γ and IL-10 and lacking forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Accordingly, IL-27 receptor α (Il27ra)–deficient mice suffer from exacerbated immune pathology when infected with various parasites or challenged with autoantigens. Because the role of IL-27 in human and experimental mouse colitis is controversial, we studied the consequences of Il27ra deletion in the mouse T cell transfer model of colitis and unexpectedly discovered a proinflammatory role of IL-27. Absence of Il27ra on transferred T cells resulted in diminished weight loss and reduced colonic inflammation. A greater fraction of transferred T cells assumed a Foxp3+ phenotype in the absence of Il27ra, suggesting that IL-27 functions to restrain regulatory T cell (Treg) development. Indeed, IL-27 suppressed Foxp3 induction in vitro and in an ovalbumin-dependent tolerization model in vivo. Furthermore, effector cell proliferation and IFN-γ production were reduced in the absence of Il27ra. Collectively, we describe a proinflammatory role of IL-27 in T cell–dependent intestinal inflammation and provide a rationale for targeting this cytokine in pathological situations that result from a breakdown in peripheral immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Cox
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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17
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Batten M, Ramamoorthi N, Kljavin NM, Ma CS, Cox JH, Dengler HS, Danilenko DM, Caplazi P, Wong M, Fulcher DA, Cook MC, King C, Tangye SG, de Sauvage FJ, Ghilardi N. IL-27 supports germinal center function by enhancing IL-21 production and the function of T follicular helper cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2895-906. [PMID: 21098093 PMCID: PMC3005229 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 signaling directly into T cells is needed for follicular T helper cell survival, germinal center formation, and the production of T cell–dependent high-affinity antibodies in mice. Maturation and selection of high-affinity B cell clones in the germinal center (GC) relies on support from T follicular helper (TFH) cells. TFH cells are characterized by their localization to the B cell follicle and their high expression of the costimulatory molecules ICOS and PD1 and the cytokine IL-21, which promotes immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching and production by B cells. We show that the heterodimeric cytokine IL-27 is critical for the function of TFH cells and for normal and pathogenic GC responses. IL-27 signaling to T cells results in the production of IL-21, a known autocrine factor for the maintenance of TFH cells, in a STAT3-dependent manner. IL-27 also enhances the survival of activated CD4+ T cells and the expression of TFH cell phenotypic markers. In vivo, expression of the IL-27Rα chain is required to support IL-21 production and TFH cell survival in a T cell–intrinsic manner. The production of high-affinity antibodies is reduced, and pristane-elicited autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis are significantly diminished, in Il27ra−/− mice. Together, our data show a nonredundant role for IL-27 in the development of T cell–dependent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Batten
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia.
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18
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Cox JH, Kljavin NM, Ramamoorthi N, Diehl L, Ghilardi N. PS1-20 IL-27 promotes T-cell dependent colitis through restriction of regulatory T-cell differentiation. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Jaiswal BS, Janakiraman V, Chaudhuri S, Stern HM, Kljavin NM, Wang W, Kan Z, Bowman K, Wu J, Kaminker J, Yue P, de Sauvage FJ, Backer J, Seshagiri S. Abstract 305: Frequent PIK3R1 somatic mutations promote oncogenic signaling. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We performed a systematic analysis of human fresh frozen tumors for somatic mutations in the RAS-effector pathways and have identified frequent mutations (>8%) in PIK3R1 (p85α) regulatory subunit of PI3K (p110) enzyme complex. Mutations in other members of the PI3K regulatory subunits, along with mutations in additional components of the pathway were also identified in this study. An integrated analysis of somatic mutations and genomic copy number variations identified by comparative genome hybridization revealed distinct mutation patterns across tumor types. In order to understand the functional consequence of p85α mutations, we generated mutant p85α constructs and tested them for activity in biochemical and cellular assays. In this studies, we found that all the mutants that contain an intact p110-binding domain were able to interact with p110α, p110β and p110δ. Also, all these mutants stabilized expression of p110 class IA members when tested in pan-p85 null fibroblasts, indicating that the p110-stabilizing activity of p85 mutants was still intact. However, in un-stimulated cells, some of the p85α mutants were not as effective as wild-type p85α in inhibiting the activity of p110. Furthermore, these p85α somatic mutants activated AKT signaling leading to cell survival. Additionally, cells expressing the p85α mutants when transplanted in vivo promote a leukemia-like disease leading to decreased overall survival of the mice compared to wild-type p85α. These data demonstrate an alternate mechanism for activation of class IA PI3Ks in tumors through somatic mutations in p85α that abrogates its p110 regulatory activity while maintaining its p110-stabilizing activity. The frequent occurrence of p85α mutations and its ability to promote survival signaling suggest that tumors with such mutations are likely candidates for inhibitors that target the components of the PI3K pathway.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 305.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Weiru Wang
- 1Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peng Yue
- 1Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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20
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Jaiswal BS, Janakiraman V, Kljavin NM, Chaudhuri S, Stern HM, Wang W, Kan Z, Dbouk HA, Peters BA, Waring P, Vega TD, Kenski DM, Bowman K, Lorenzo M, Li H, Wu J, Modrusan Z, Stinson J, Eby M, Yue P, Kaminker J, de Sauvage FJ, Backer JM, Seshagiri S. Somatic mutations in p85alpha promote tumorigenesis through class IA PI3K activation. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:463-74. [PMID: 19962665 PMCID: PMC2804903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the mammalian phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K) family of proteins are critical regulators of various cellular process including cell survival, growth, proliferation, and motility. Oncogenic activating mutations in the p110alpha catalytic subunit of the heterodimeric p110/p85 PI3K enzyme are frequent in human cancers. Here we show the presence of frequent mutations in p85alpha in colon cancer, a majority of which occurs in the inter-Src homology-2 (iSH2) domain. These mutations uncouple and retain p85alpha's p110-stabilizing activity, while abrogating its p110-inhibitory activity. The p85alpha mutants promote cell survival, AKT activation, anchorage-independent cell growth, and oncogenesis in a p110-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay S. Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - Noelyn M. Kljavin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Subhra Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Howard M. Stern
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Weiru Wang
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Zhengyan Kan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Hashem A. Dbouk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Brock A. Peters
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Paul Waring
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Trisha Dela Vega
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Denise M. Kenski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Krista Bowman
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Maria Lorenzo
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jeremy Stinson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Michael Eby
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Peng Yue
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Josh Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Frederic J. de Sauvage
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jonathan M. Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA WAY, South San Francisco, CA 94080
- Correspondence: ; phone: 650-225-1000; fax: 650-225-1762
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21
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Jaiswal BS, Janakiraman V, Kljavin NM, Eastham-Anderson J, Cupp JE, Liang Y, Davis DP, Hoeflich KP, Seshagiri S. Combined targeting of BRAF and CRAF or BRAF and PI3K effector pathways is required for efficacy in NRAS mutant tumors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5717. [PMID: 19492075 PMCID: PMC2683562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogenic RAS is a highly validated cancer target. Attempts at targeting RAS directly have so far not succeeded in the clinic. Understanding downstream RAS-effectors that mediate oncogenesis in a RAS mutant setting will help tailor treatments that use RAS-effector inhibitors either alone or in combination to target RAS-driven tumors. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we have investigated the sufficiency of targeting RAS-effectors, RAF, MEK and PI3-Kinase either alone or in combination in RAS mutant lines, using an inducible shRNA in vivo mouse model system. We find that in colon cancer cells harboring a KRASG13D mutant allele, knocking down KRAS alone or the RAFs in combination or the RAF effectors, MEK1 and MEK2, together is effective in delaying tumor growth in vivo. In melanoma cells harboring an NRASQ61L or NRASQ61K mutant allele, we find that targeting NRAS alone or both BRAF and CRAF in combination or both BRAF and PIK3CA together showed efficacy. Conclusion/Significance Our data indicates that targeting oncogenic NRAS-driven melanomas require decrease in both pERK and pAKT downstream of RAS-effectors for efficacy. This can be achieved by either targeting both BRAF and CRAF or BRAF and PIK3CA simultaneously in NRAS mutant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay S. Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vasantharajan Janakiraman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Noelyn M. Kljavin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Eastham-Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James E. Cupp
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David P. Davis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Klaus P. Hoeflich
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Polson AG, Calemine-Fenaux J, Chan P, Chang W, Christensen E, Clark S, de Sauvage FJ, Eaton D, Elkins K, Elliott JM, Frantz G, Fuji RN, Gray A, Harden K, Ingle GS, Kljavin NM, Koeppen H, Nelson C, Prabhu S, Raab H, Ross S, Slaga DS, Stephan JP, Scales SJ, Spencer SD, Vandlen R, Wranik B, Yu SF, Zheng B, Ebens A. Antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: target and linker-drug selection. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2358-64. [PMID: 19258515 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), potent cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to antibodies via chemical linkers, provide a means to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy by targeting the drug to neoplastic cells while reducing side effects. Here, we systematically examine the potential targets and linker-drug combinations that could provide an optimal ADC for the treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We identified seven antigens (CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD72, CD79b, and CD180) for potential treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with ADCs. ADCs with cleavable linkers mediated in vivo efficacy via all these targets; ADCs with uncleavable linkers were only effective when targeted to CD22 and CD79b. In target-independent safety studies in rats, the uncleavable linker ADCs showed reduced toxicity, presumably due to the reduced release of free drug or other toxic metabolites into the circulation. Thus, our data suggest that ADCs with cleavable linkers work on a broad range of targets, and for specific targets, ADCs with uncleavable linkers provide a promising opportunity to improve the therapeutic window for ADCs in humans.
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23
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Batten M, Kljavin NM, Li J, Walter MJ, de Sauvage FJ, Ghilardi N. Cutting edge: IL-27 is a potent inducer of IL-10 but not FoxP3 in murine T cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:2752-6. [PMID: 18292493 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-27 is important for restricting inflammation in response to a wide variety of immune challenges. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-27 induces expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IL-27 relied upon the Th1 transcription factor STAT1 to induce IL-10+IFN-gamma+FoxP3- Th1 cells, which were recently shown to be key negative regulators during certain infections. Il27ra-/- mice generated fewer IL-10+ T cells during both Listeria monocytogenes infection and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The data presented here indicate a novel mechanism for the induction of IL-10 expression by T cells and provide a mechanistic basis for the suppressive effects of IL-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Batten
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080,USA
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Batten M, Li J, Yi S, Kljavin NM, Danilenko DM, Lucas S, Lee J, de Sauvage FJ, Ghilardi N. Interleukin 27 limits autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the development of interleukin 17-producing T cells. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:929-36. [PMID: 16906167 DOI: 10.1038/ni1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 27 (IL-27) was first characterized as a proinflammatory cytokine with T helper type 1-inducing activity. However, subsequent work has demonstrated that mice deficient in IL-27 receptor (IL-27R alpha) show exacerbated inflammatory responses to a variety of challenges, suggesting that IL-27 has important immunoregulatory functions in vivo. Here we demonstrate that IL-27R alpha-deficient mice were hypersusceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and generated more IL-17-producing T helper cells. IL-27 acted directly on effector T cells to suppress the development of IL-17-producing T helper cells mediated by IL-6 and transforming growth factor-beta. This suppressive activity was dependent on the transcription factor STAT1 and was independent of interferon-gamma. Finally, IL-27 suppressed IL-6-mediated T cell proliferation. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the IL-27-mediated immune suppression noted in several in vivo models of inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Interleukins/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Batten
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Helmy KY, Katschke KJ, Gorgani NN, Kljavin NM, Elliott JM, Diehl L, Scales SJ, Ghilardi N, van Lookeren Campagne M. CRIg: a macrophage complement receptor required for phagocytosis of circulating pathogens. Cell 2006; 124:915-27. [PMID: 16530040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement system serves an important role in clearance of pathogens, immune complexes, and apoptotic cells present in the circulation. Complement fragments deposited on the particle surface serve as targets for complement receptors present on phagocytic cells. Although Kupffer cells, the liver resident macrophages, play a dominant role in clearing particles in circulation, complement receptors involved in this process have yet to be identified. Here we report the identification and characterization of a Complement Receptor of the Immunoglobulin superfamily, CRIg, that binds complement fragments C3b and iC3b. CRIg expression on Kupffer cells is required for efficient binding and phagocytosis of complement C3-opsonized particles. In turn, Kupffer cells from CRIg-deficient mice are unable to efficiently clear C3-opsonized pathogens in the circulation, resulting in increased infection and mortality of the host. CRIg therefore represents a dominant component of the phagocytic system responsible for rapid clearance of C3-opsonized particles from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Y Helmy
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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