1
|
Jackson JJ, Shibuya GM, Ravishankar B, Adusumilli L, Bradford D, Brockstedt DG, Bucher C, Bui M, Cho C, Colas C, Cutler G, Dukes A, Han X, Hu DX, Jacobson S, Kassner PD, Katibah GE, Ko MYM, Kolhatkar U, Leger PR, Ma A, Marshall L, Maung J, Ng AA, Okano A, Pookot D, Poon D, Ramana C, Reilly MK, Robles O, Schwarz JB, Shakhmin AA, Shunatona HP, Sreenivasan R, Tivitmahaisoon P, Xu M, Zaw T, Wustrow DJ, Zibinsky M. Potent GCN2 Inhibitor Capable of Reversing MDSC-Driven T Cell Suppression Demonstrates In Vivo Efficacy as a Single Agent and in Combination with Anti-Angiogenesis Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12895-12924. [PMID: 36127295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) protein kinase is a cellular stress sensor within the tumor microenvironment (TME), whose signaling cascade has been proposed to contribute to immune escape in tumors. Herein, we report the discovery of cell-potent GCN2 inhibitors with excellent selectivity against its closely related Integrated Stress Response (ISR) family members heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), protein kinase R (PKR), and (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), as well as good kinome-wide selectivity and favorable PK. In mice, compound 39 engages GCN2 at levels ≥80% with an oral dose of 15 mg/kg BID. We also demonstrate the ability of compound 39 to alleviate MDSC-related T cell suppression and restore T cell proliferation, similar to the effect seen in MDSCs from GCN2 knockout mice. In the LL2 syngeneic mouse model, compound 39 demonstrates significant tumor growth inhibition (TGI) as a single agent. Furthermore, TGI mediated by anti-VEGFR was enhanced by treatment with compound 39 demonstrating the complementarity of these two mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Jackson
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Grant M Shibuya
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Buvana Ravishankar
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Lavanya Adusumilli
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Delia Bradford
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Dirk G Brockstedt
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Cyril Bucher
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Minna Bui
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Cynthia Cho
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Christoph Colas
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Gene Cutler
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Adrian Dukes
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Xinping Han
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Dennis X Hu
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Scott Jacobson
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Paul D Kassner
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - George E Katibah
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Michelle Yoo Min Ko
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Urvi Kolhatkar
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Paul R Leger
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Anqi Ma
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Lisa Marshall
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Jack Maung
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Andrew A Ng
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Akinori Okano
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Deepa Pookot
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Daniel Poon
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Chandru Ramana
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Maureen K Reilly
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Omar Robles
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Jacob B Schwarz
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Anton A Shakhmin
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Hunter P Shunatona
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Raashi Sreenivasan
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | | | - Mengshu Xu
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Thant Zaw
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - David J Wustrow
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| | - Mikhail Zibinsky
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marshall L, Ravishankar B, Kolhatkar U, Xu M, Adusumilli L, Pookot D, Zaw T, Ramana C, Sreenivasan R, Zibinsky M, Jackson J, Shibuya G, Leger P, Robles O, Ma A, Ng A, Shakhmin A, Guagua J, Jacobson S, Wong S, Bradford D, McGaha TL, Ciudad MT, Talmadge JE, Britton HC, Katibah G, Cutler G, Wustrow D, Kassner PD, Brockstedt DG. Abstract 3153: Targeting the stress response kinase GCN2 to restore immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer metabolism suggest that targeting amino acid metabolism represents a promising strategy for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Tumor, stromal and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) create a nutrient-poor environment that inhibit immune function and support tumor growth. GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2), a stress response kinase, plays a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under a wide range of stressors. Phosphorylation of GCN2 (pGCN2) in response to stress leads to inhibition of global protein synthesis and subsequently leads to 1) T cell anergy and apoptosis, 2) enhanced MDSC-dependent immune suppression and 3) tumor cell survival. Collectively, these roles suggest that GCN2 inhibition could have both a direct anticancer and an immune-activating effect. Treating nutrient-deprived T cells in vitro with a RAPT GCN2 inhibitor (RPT-GCN2i) rescued CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and effector functions. The RPT-GCN2i also reversed T cell suppression mediated by MDSCs derived from healthy donors or cancer patients. Using syngeneic mouse tumor models, we demonstrated that translational induction of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a strong marker of GCN2 pathway activation in vivo. Oral administration of an RPT-GCN2i exhibited notable drug-target occupancy and potently inhibited GCN2 kinase and ATF4 in the TME. RPT-GCN2i as a single agent and in combination with checkpoint blockade or angiogenesis inhibitor (anti-VEGFR) led to delays in tumor growth rate in various syngeneic tumor models. In addition, GCN2 inhibition redirected MDSC within the TME from a suppressive to inflammatory phenotype through downregulation of Arg1 and iNOS. Our results show that inhibition of GCN2 is an attractive approach for enhancing antitumor immune response and therefore GCN2 is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
Citation Format: Lisa Marshall, Buvana Ravishankar, Urvi Kolhatkar, Mengshu Xu, Lavanya Adusumilli, Deepa Pookot, Thant Zaw, Chandru Ramana, Raashi Sreenivasan, Mikhail Zibinsky, Jeffrey Jackson, Grant Shibuya, Paul Leger, Omar Robles, Anqi Ma, Andrew Ng, Anton Shakhmin, Justy Guagua, Scott Jacobson, Steve Wong, Delia Bradford, Tracy L. McGaha, M Teresa Ciudad, James E. Talmadge, Holly C. Britton, George Katibah, Gene Cutler, David Wustrow, Paul D. Kassner, Dirk G. Brockstedt. Targeting the stress response kinase GCN2 to restore immunity in the tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 3153.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengshu Xu
- 1RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Thant Zaw
- 1RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Leger
- 1RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Anqi Ma
- 1RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew Ng
- 1RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Steve Wong
- 1RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kori VK, Ravishankar B, Patel KS. Evaluation of Punarnavadi Mandura for haematinic activity against mercuric chloride-induced anemia in albino rats. Ayu 2021; 42:103-109. [PMID: 37153070 PMCID: PMC10158649 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_294_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Punarnavadi Mandura, a compound Ayurvedic formulation, is one of the most commonly used medicine in the treatment of anemia (Pandu) in Ayurveda. The safety profile of this formulation is well established; however, no pharmacological study has been reported to provide the scientific basis for its use in the treatment of anemia. Aim To evaluate the hematinic effect of Punarnavadi Mandura against mercuric chloride-induced anemia in albino rats. Materials and methods The test drug (Punarnavadi Mandura) was suspended in distilled water and administered orally in a dose of 450 mg/kg for 30 days in rats. Anemia was induced by simultaneous administration of mercuric chloride (9 mg/kg) for 30 consecutive days. Body weight was noted for each animals. At the end, haematological parameters, anaemia markers like serum iron, ferritin, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC), as well as relative weight of organs and histopathology investigation, were examined. Results Exposure of mercuric chloride to rats for 30 days resulted in a significant decrease of body weight, an increase in the weight of the liver and kidney and a decrease in hemoglobin content. It also decreased serum ferritin to a significant extent and increased serum TIBC. Histopathology of the liver shows macro fatty changes, vacuolization, marked necrosis, and severe degenerative changes, while the kidney shows cell infiltration. All these changes were significantly attenuated by the administration of Punarnavadi Mandura. Conclusion The present data indicate that Punarnavadi Mandura has possessing marked cytoprotective activity, significantly attenuated the HgCl2-induced adverse changes on red blood cell related parameters, and showing hematinic activity in albino rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. K. Kori
- Department of Kaumarabhritya, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B. Ravishankar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - K. S. Patel
- Department of Kaumarabhritya, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh A, Daemen A, Nickles D, Jeon SM, Foreman O, Sudini K, Gnad F, Lajoie S, Gour N, Mitzner W, Chatterjee S, Choi EJ, Ravishankar B, Rappaport A, Patil N, McCleland M, Johnson L, Acquaah-Mensah G, Gabrielson E, Biswal S, Hatzivassiliou G. NRF2 Activation Promotes Aggressive Lung Cancer and Associates with Poor Clinical Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:877-888. [PMID: 33077574 PMCID: PMC10867786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stabilization of the transcription factor NRF2 through genomic alterations in KEAP1 and NFE2L2 occurs in a quarter of patients with lung adenocarcinoma and a third of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. In lung adenocarcinoma, KEAP1 loss often co-occurs with STK11 loss and KRAS-activating alterations. Despite its prevalence, the impact of NRF2 activation on tumor progression and patient outcomes is not fully defined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We model NRF2 activation, STK11 loss, and KRAS activation in vivo using novel genetically engineered mouse models. Furthermore, we derive a NRF2 activation signature from human non-small cell lung tumors that we use to dissect how these genomic events impact outcomes and immune contexture of participants in the OAK and IMpower131 immunotherapy trials. RESULTS Our in vivo data reveal roles for NRF2 activation in (i) promoting rapid-onset, multifocal intrabronchiolar carcinomas, leading to lethal pulmonary dysfunction, and (ii) decreasing elevated redox stress in KRAS-mutant, STK11-null tumors. In patients with nonsquamous tumors, the NRF2 signature is negatively prognostic independently of STK11 loss. Patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma with low NRF2 signature survive longer when receiving anti-PD-L1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo modeling establishes NRF2 activation as a critical oncogenic driver, cooperating with STK11 loss and KRAS activation to promote aggressive lung adenocarcinoma. In patients, oncogenic events alter the tumor immune contexture, possibly having an impact on treatment responses. Importantly, patients with NRF2-activated nonsquamous or squamous tumors have poor prognosis and show limited response to anti-PD-L1 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anneleen Daemen
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Dorothee Nickles
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Oded Foreman
- Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kuladeep Sudini
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Florian Gnad
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Stephane Lajoie
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naina Gour
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samit Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eun-Ji Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Amy Rappaport
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Namrata Patil
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark McCleland
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Leisa Johnson
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - George Acquaah-Mensah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rajagopala M, Ravishankar B, Ashok BK, Varun BG. Prevention of in vitro glucose-induced cataract by Vasanjana prepared by Yashtimadhu Kalka (paste of Glycyrrhyza glabra Linn). Ayu 2020; 41:136-141. [PMID: 34908799 PMCID: PMC8614204 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_99_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cataract is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Researchers received much attention from the traditional systems such as Ayurveda for the solutions of cataract through antioxidant activities apart from the surgical extraction. Aims: A To study, the anti-cataract activity of Vasanjana (VK) prepared with Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhyza glabra Linn) Kalka (paste) in Vasa (fat) of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) on glucose-induced cataract in ovine (sheep) lenses. Materials and methods: Artificial aqueous humor with 55 mM glucose was used to induce cataract in sheep eye lenses. Treatment was given with cow ghee (CG), plain fat, Vasanjana, and Vitamin E to the same media and lenses were incubated at the room temperature for 72 h. Biochemical parameters studied in the lens were total proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+ K+ ATPase activity and electrolytes (Na+ and K+). Photographic evaluation was also done. Results: The complete opacification induced by the glucose in ovine lens was observed in 72 h. Cataractous lenses showed significant increase in Na+, MDA level and significant decrease in Na+ K+ ATPase activity and total protein content. Lenses treated with Vasanjana showed non-significant increase of total protein content and decreased MDA level and prevented formation and progress of cataract by glucose, as evidenced by photographic evaluation. Glucose-induced biochemical changes were found to be reversed in statistically significant manner in CG and Vitamin E treated lenses. Conclusion: The anti-cataract activity of Vasanjana and CG may be because of the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Further in vitro and in vivo studies in various experimental models are required to validate their anti-cataract activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Rajagopala
- Department of Shalakya Tantra, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Former Director, SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, SDM College of Ayurveda, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Discovery Scientist, Himalaya Drug Company, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B Gupta Varun
- Project Manager, Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luan T, Liu X, Easley J, Ravishankar B, Puttlitz C, Feeley B. Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration after an acute rotator cuff repair in a sheep model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.32098/mltj.02.2015.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Luan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J.T. Easley
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B. Ravishankar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - C. Puttlitz
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B.T. Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Ravishankar B, Ning A, Liu M, Kim H, Feeley B. Knocking-out matrix metalloproteinase-13 exacerbates rotator cuff muscle fatty infiltration. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2019. [DOI: 10.32098/mltj.02.2017.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Liu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - B. Ravishankar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - A. Ning
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - M. Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - H.T. Kim
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - B.T. Feeley
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Joshi S, Ravishankar B, Laron D, Kim H, Feeley B. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.32098/mltj.02.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - S. Joshi
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, USA
| | - B. Ravishankar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - D. Laron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - H.T. Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - B.T. Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nidugala H, Avadhani R, Prabhu A, Ravishankar B. The toxicological and histopathological effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes in ehrlich ascites carcinoma induced in Swiss albino mice. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jasi.jasi_101_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
10
|
Hagenbeek TJ, Webster JD, Kljavin NM, Chang MT, Pham T, Lee HJ, Klijn C, Cai AG, Totpal K, Ravishankar B, Yang N, Lee DH, Walsh KB, Hatzivassiliou G, de la Cruz CC, Gould SE, Wu X, Lee WP, Yang S, Zhang Z, Gu Q, Ji Q, Jackson EL, Lim DS, Dey A. The Hippo pathway effector TAZ induces TEAD-dependent liver inflammation and tumors. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/547/eaaj1757. [PMID: 30206136 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaj1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates organ size and plays critical roles in maintaining tissue growth, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysregulated in a wide spectrum of cancers, in mammals, this pathway is regulated by two key effectors, YAP and TAZ, that may functionally overlap. We found that TAZ promoted liver inflammation and tumor development. The expression of TAZ, but not YAP, in human liver tumors positively correlated with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Hyperactivated TAZ induced substantial myeloid cell infiltration into the liver and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines through a TEAD-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, tumors with hyperactivated YAP and TAZ had distinct transcriptional signatures, which included the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in TAZ-driven tumors. Our study elucidated a previously uncharacterized link between TAZ activity and inflammatory responses that influence tumor development in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Hagenbeek
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew T Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trang Pham
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ho-June Lee
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Allen G Cai
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Klara Totpal
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Buvana Ravishankar
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Naiying Yang
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kevin B Walsh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Cecile C de la Cruz
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stephen E Gould
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shuqun Yang
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qingyang Gu
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qunsheng Ji
- Oncology Business Unit, Research Service Division, WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Erica L Jackson
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Anwesha Dey
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shinde R, Hezaveh K, Halaby MJ, Kloetgen A, Chakravarthy A, da Silva Medina T, Deol R, Manion KP, Baglaenko Y, Eldh M, Lamorte S, Wallace D, Chodisetti SB, Ravishankar B, Liu H, Chaudhary K, Munn DH, Tsirigos A, Madaio M, Gabrielsson S, Touma Z, Wither J, De Carvalho DD, McGaha TL. Apoptotic cell-induced AhR activity is required for immunological tolerance and suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice and humans. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:571-582. [PMID: 29760532 PMCID: PMC5976527 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor AhR modulates immunity at multiple levels. Here we report phagocytes exposed to apoptotic cells exhibited rapid activation of AhR, which drove production of interleukin 10. Activation of AhR was dependent on interactions between apoptotic-cell DNA and the pattern-recognition receptor TLR9 that was required for prevention of immune responses to DNA and histones in vivo. Moreover, disease progression in murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) correlated with strength of the AhR signal, and disease course could be altered by modulation of AhR activity. Deletion of AhR in the myeloid lineage caused systemic autoimmunity in mice and an increased AhR transcriptional signature correlated with disease in patients with SLE. Thus, AhR activity induced by apoptotic cell phagocytes maintains peripheral tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shinde
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Jo Halaby
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Kloetgen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ankur Chakravarthy
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reema Deol
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kieran P Manion
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Eldh
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lamorte
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Drew Wallace
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Immunology, Pennsylvania State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kapil Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David H Munn
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Madaio
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zahi Touma
- University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhaskar R, Doshi MA, Anjana S, Pai SR, Ravishankar B, Kumar N, Mundugaru R, Hemalatha S. Histological Evaluation of the Effect of Tamra Bhasma (Copper Based Metallic) and Jasada Bhasma (Zinc Based Mineral) Formulations on Testis of Wistar Albino Rats. J Clin Diagn Res 2018. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2018/38377.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Kamath S, Sharma M, Ravishankar B, Mundugaru R. In-vivo study of tissue reaction to Crotalaria pallida and Sansevieria roxburghiana fibers. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 8:82-87. [PMID: 28600167 PMCID: PMC5496995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A suture material producing least tissue reaction is considered as ideal. Other characteristics like tensile strength, capacity to sustain sterilization process enhance its acceptability. In the present situation there is a need to reascertain the relevance and utility of these materials. Among the suture materials mentioned by Sushrutacharya, Moorva (Sansevieria roxburghiana) and Shana (Crotalaria pallida) have been showed insignificant tissue reaction in operated cases of inguinal hernia. An experimental study to confirm the extent of tissue reaction in deeper planes is needed before extending the use of materials in the deep tissues. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyze deep tissue reaction and tensile strengths of plant fibres extracted from Crotalaria pallida and Sansevieria roxburghiana. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 18 albino rats, 3 groups of 6 rats each for a period of 21 days inserting the suture materials in deeper tissue, studying histopathology changes of the deeper connective tissues, hydroxyproline content and blood parameters on 7th, 14th, 21st days of the study. The tensile strength of the two materials was also assessed on 7th day in three different conditions. Statistical analysis was carried out using paired and unpaired t tests. RESULTS S. roxburghiana had least tissue reaction. C. pallida showed greater tensile strength in comparison to Moorva. CONCLUSION C. pallida can be used for deep tissue approximation because of its moderate tissue reaction and tensile strength, successive increase in hydroxyproline content and its capacity to sustain sterilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Kamath
- Department of Shalyatantra, SDM College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Udupi 574118, India.
| | - Muralidhara Sharma
- SDM Ayurveda Hospital, Department of Shalyatantra, SDM College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Udupi 574118, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi 574118, India
| | - Ravi Mundugaru
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SDM Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi 574118, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shinde RS, Hezaveh K, Utsch L, Lamorte S, Ravishankar B, Liu H, Chaudhary K, Medina T, Kloetgen A, Halaby MJ, Madaio M, Wither J, Tsirigos A, De Carvalho D, Munn D, McGaha T. Apoptotic cell driven ROS burst drives AhR dependent immunologic tolerance and suppression of lupus. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.224.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (MΦ) are crucial in driving tolerance and preventing systemic autoimmunity. We have previously shown that exposure to apoptotic cells triggers a regulatory circuit dependent on IL-10 production in resident MΦ. However, key molecular mechanisms driving the regulatory response to apoptosis are not clear. RNA transcriptome analysis of MΦs after exposure to apoptotic cells identified strong transcript association with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway, an association that was confirmed by phenotypic and biochemical analysis. When AhR activity was blocked, apoptotic cells induced an alteration in the mRNA signature enhancing proinflammatory effector expression. Functional analysis revealed that the DNA from apoptotic cells activated AhR in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent mechanism and AhR is required for IL-10 production. Consequently, inhibition or deletion of AhR signals fundamentally altered immune responses to apoptotic cells in vivo resulting in proinflammatory cytokine production, increased effector T cell responses, and failure of long-term tolerance to apoptotic cell-associated antigens. Surprisingly, mice lacking AhR developed progressive systemic autoimmunity characterized by excessive MΦ and lymphocyte activation and renal pathology. Similarly, SLE-prone mice treated with AhR antagonist exhibited poor survival, while agonist treatment ablated disease pathology. Finally, an AhR transcriptional signature was significantly associated with active SLE flare in SLE patients. Thus, the data demonstrates the AhR pathway is a key molecular circuit responsible for apoptotic cell driven tolerance and suppression of inflammatory autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lara Utsch
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sunil Kumar KN, Ravishankar B, Yashovarma B, Rajakrishnan R, Thomas J. Development of quality standards of medicinal mistletoe - Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser employing Pharmacopoeial procedures. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 23:674-686. [PMID: 27872562 PMCID: PMC5109044 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser (Loranthaceae), commonly known as Indian mango mistletoe, is a parasitic shrub found widely growing on mango trees in southern India. Development of monographic quality standards is need of the hour for Pharmacopoeial/extra-Pharmacopoeial and folk medicinal plants. Systematic pharmacognostical evaluation of leaves of H. elastica has been carried out employing Pharmacopoeial procedures of testing herbal drugs. Macro–microscopic features of H. elastica leaf were recorded. Ethanolic extract was tested positive for alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins and phenols. HPTLC fingerprint profile was developed for the identification of extracts using reference standard β-sitosterol glucoside. Results of the present investigation would serve as a source of pharmacognostical information and a document to control the quality of H. elastica (Desr.) Danser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K N Sunil Kumar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Laxminarayana Nagar, Kuthpady, Udupi 574 118, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Laxminarayana Nagar, Kuthpady, Udupi 574 118, India
| | - B Yashovarma
- SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire, Belthangady Taluq, Dakshina Kannada, 574 240, India
| | - R Rajakrishnan
- Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Thomas
- Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sunil Kumar KN, Pushpendra P, Holla BS, Ravishankar B, Yashovarma B. High performance thin layer chromatography qualitative densitometry as a sensitive method to assess shelf life of polyherbal formulations: A study on Hutabhugadi Churna. Ayu 2016; 36:303-10. [PMID: 27313418 PMCID: PMC4895758 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.182745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Measuring chemical stability of polyherbal formulations is very challenging due to diversity in phytochemical composition. As there are no comprehensive guidelines for stability testing of herbal products, there is a need for a sensitive tool to detect how the quality of herbal products varies with time under the influence of environmental conditions. Aims: To validate the employability of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for real-time stability of Hutabhugadi Churna (HC). Materials and Methods: The chromatograms were developed using toluene/ethyl acetate/formic acid (10:5:1) and ethyl acetate/formic acid (10:1) as a mobile phase for chloroform and ethanolic extract, respectively. The plates were scanned under 254, 366, 540 (pre-derivatization) and 540 nm (post-derivatization). Samples were analyzed immediately after preparation and after 3rd and 6th months of storage. Alteration of fingerprint profiles from the initial pattern, in terms of number of peaks, was employed as diagnostic tools. Percentage variation in composition at given period was calculated. Results: HC is found to be stable at room temperature up to 1.3 months using the method of calculation of 10% degradation period employing slope and intercept values for the initial, 3rd and 6th months’ deviation in number of bands. The data obtained were subjected to regression analysis in context to number of bands obtained. The curve was found to be linear with R2 value of 0.89–0.96 supported by their tolerance range of 0.04–0.11. Conclusion: The proposed model is a new logic with prospects to become working method for stability assessment of polyherbal formulations under controlled conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K N Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | | | - B S Holla
- Department of Chemistry, SDM College, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Department of Pharmacology, SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - B Yashovarma
- Department of Botany, SDM College, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ruknuddin G, Patgiri BJ, Prajapati PK, Ashok BK, Ravishankar B. Anti-arthritic Activity of Dashanga Ghana (An Ayurvedic Compound Formulation) Against Freund's Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Charles Foster Albino Rats. Toxicol Int 2016; 22:141-6. [PMID: 26862275 PMCID: PMC4721162 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.172279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Arthritis is the most common cause of disability, limiting the activities of adults throughout the world. Apart from the conventional treatment strategies using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and glucocorticoids, newer and safer drugs are continuously being searched, as long-term usage of these drugs have resulted in adverse effects. Besides this, currently a number of medicinal plants are under scientific evaluation to develop a promising remedy in these cases. There is a need to investigate the complete therapeutic potential of these herbals for providing newer and safer treatment options with minimum side effects. Considering this, a polyherbal Ayurvedic compound formulation (Dashanga Ghana) has been studied in experimental animals to evaluate anti-arthritic activity. Materials and Methods: Dashanga Ghana has been prepared in the laboratory by following standard guidelines. Charles Foster albino rats were used to evaluate the activity through Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis model. Results and Conclusions: Dashanga Ghana is found to possess significant anti-arthritic activity. Further studies are required to identify and characterize exact active phyto-constituents and to elucidate the exact mechanism of action, which is responsible for the observed pharmacological profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galib Ruknuddin
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B J Patgiri
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - P K Prajapati
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Drug Discovery Group, R&D Centre, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yallappa S, Manjanna J, Dhananjaya BL, Vishwanatha U, Ravishankar B, Gururaj H, Niranjana P, Hungund BS. Phytochemically Functionalized Cu and Ag Nanoparticles Embedded in MWCNTs for Enhanced Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties. Nanomicro Lett 2015; 8:120-130. [PMID: 30460271 PMCID: PMC6223673 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-015-0066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field concerned with the use of precision engineered nanomaterials, which leads to the development of novel remedial and diagnostic modalities for human use. In this study, Cu(NO3)2 and AgNO3 precursors were reduced to copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Terminalia arjuna bark extracts under microwave irradiation in the presence of well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in aqueous medium. The formation of CuNPs or AgNPs and their functionalization with MWCNTs via bioactive molecules of plant extract were evidenced from UV-Vis spectra, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and TEM images. The phytochemically functionalized Cu-MWCNTs and Ag-MWCNTs nanomaterials showed enhanced biocide activity, and the inhibitory activity for bacteria was higher than that of fungus. Furthermore, these biohybrid nanomaterials are non-toxic to normal epithelial cells (Vero), whereas they are highly toxic for tested human cancer cells of MDA-MB-231, HeLa, SiHa, and Hep-G2. The cell viability was found to decrease with the increasing dose from 10 to 50 µg mL-1, as well as incubation time from 24 to 72 h. For instance, the cell viability was found to be ~91 % for normal Vero cells and ~76 % for cancer cells for lower dose of 10 µg mL-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Yallappa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga-Dist, 577 451 India
| | - J. Manjanna
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591 156 India
| | - B. L. Dhananjaya
- Toxicology and Drug Discovery Centre for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Ramanagara, 562 112 India
| | - U. Vishwanatha
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, 574 118 India
| | - B. Ravishankar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, 574 118 India
| | - H. Gururaj
- Department of Electronics, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577 451 India
| | - P. Niranjana
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, 577 451 India
| | - B. S. Hungund
- Department of Biotechnology, B.V.B. College of Engineering & Technology, Hubli, 580 031 India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yallappa S, Manjanna J, Dhananjaya BL, Vishwanatha U, Ravishankar B, Gururaj H. Phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Mappia foetida leaves extract and their conjugation with folic acid for delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26:235. [PMID: 26395360 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mappia foetida leaves extract is used as bioreductant for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their application in the efficient delivery of doxorubicin to human cancer cells is reported here. The formation of gold nanoparticles is evident from their characteristic optical absorption at ~560 nm. X-ray diffraction pattern of gold nanoparticles confirmed their fcc structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the bioactive molecules from plant extract capped on the surface of gold nanoparticles and conjugation of doxorubicin along with activated folic acid as navigational molecules for targeted drug delivery. Such a conjugation of gold nanoparticles is characterized by their weight loss, ~35-40 %, due to thermal degradation of plant biomass and conjugated drug along with receptor, as observed in thermogravimetric analysis. The spherical shaped gold nanoparticles (Φ 10-20 nm) are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images and the expected elemental composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with activated folic acid and doxorubicin complex is found to be toxic for human cancer cells viz., MDA-MB-231, HeLa, SiHa and Hep-G2. Furthermore, the amount of drug released was maximum at pH 5.3 (an ambient condition for intravenous cancer drugs) followed by pH 7.2 and pH 6.8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yallappa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, India
| | - J Manjanna
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591 156, India.
| | - B L Dhananjaya
- Toxicology and Drug Discovery Centre for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Ramanagara, 562 112, India
| | - U Vishwanatha
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, 574 118, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, 574 118, India
| | - H Gururaj
- Department of Electronics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chaturvedi A, Rao PN, Kumar MA, Ravishankar B, Rao N, Ravi M. Effect and Mechanism of Virechana Karma (Therapeutic Purgation) Over Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome: An Experimental Study. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015. [PMID: 26207023 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215596283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panchakarma (biopurification methods) is one of the modes of ayurveda to treat disorders of the body. Virechana karma (therapeutic purgation), one among the Panchakarma, is a purification process that is commonly used to treat metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes mellitus. Hence this study was planned to provide evidence through animal experiments. METHODS Albino rats were subject to Virechana karma (therapeutic purgation) to evaluate the influence of therapy and its mechanism over fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Results show that Virechana is effective in the management of the metabolic syndrome with decrease in the fecal fat content, fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and reduced fatty changes in liver, heart, and kidney in comparison with the positive control group. CONCLUSION Experimental evaluation showed decrease in fatty acid in the storage like liver, kidney, heart, and muscle adipose tissue can indirectly increase the insulin sensitivity in insulin receptor present at skeletal muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Niranjan Rao
- SDM College of Ayurveda, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - M Ravi
- SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rajashekhara N, Ashok BK, Sharma PP, Ravishankar B. Evaluation of acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic study of rhizome starch of two source plants of Tugaksheeree (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. and Maranta arundinacea Linn.). Ayu 2015. [PMID: 26195908 PMCID: PMC4492030 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.159013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disorders like hyperacidity and gastric ulcers are found very frequently now days because of a faulty lifestyle. Starches (Satwa) obtained from the rhizomes of two plants namely, Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Fam. Zingiberaceae) and Maranta arundinacea Linn. (Fam. Marantaceae) are used in folklore practice, as Tugaksheeree, for the treatment of the above-mentioned complaints. Aim: To assess the acute toxicity potential of the C. angustifolia and M. arundinacea along with their assessment for adaptogenic activity, by noting their effect on forced swimming-induced hypothermia and gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and Methods: For acute toxicity study, the effect of test drugs C. angustifolia and M. arundinacea rhizome starch were studied after a single administration of up to three dose levels, with 4400 mg/kg as the maximum dose. The animals were observed for 72 hours periodically and mortality was recorded up to seven days. The adaptogenic and anti-ulcer activities were assessed by determining and comparing the changes in rectal temperature, ponderal changes, ulcer index and histopathological parameters in the test drug group with that of stress control group. Results: Both the drugs did not produce any toxic symptoms or mortality even up to the maximum dose level of 4400 mg/kg. Both the test drugs significantly reversed the stress-induced gastric ulceration in comparison to stress-control rats. Starch from rhizome of C. angustifolia reversed forced swimming-induced hypothermia apparently, but not to a significant extent. However, the reversal of hypothermia found statistically significant in the rhizome starch of the M. arundinacea treated group. Conclusion: M. arundinacea had better anti-stress activity in comparision to C. angustifolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rajashekhara
- Department of Dravyaguna Vijnana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia, Dakshina Kannada, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Drug Discovery Group, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parmeshwar P Sharma
- Department of Dravyaguna, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching and Research in Ayurved, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Research and Development, S. D. M. Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chaudhary K, Shinde R, Liu H, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Huang L, Ravishankar B, Bradley J, Kvirkvelia N, McMenamin M, Xiao W, Kleven D, Mellor AL, Madaio MP, McGaha TL. Amino acid metabolism inhibits antibody-driven kidney injury by inducing autophagy. J Immunol 2015; 194:5713-24. [PMID: 25980011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory kidney disease is a major clinical problem that can result in end-stage renal failure. In this article, we show that Ab-mediated inflammatory kidney injury and renal disease in a mouse nephrotoxic serum nephritis model was inhibited by amino acid metabolism and a protective autophagic response. The metabolic signal was driven by IFN-γ-mediated induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme activity with subsequent activation of a stress response dependent on the eIF2α kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2). Activation of GCN2 suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production in glomeruli and reduced macrophage recruitment to the kidney during the incipient stage of Ab-induced glomerular inflammation. Further, inhibition of autophagy or genetic ablation of Ido1 or Gcn2 converted Ab-induced, self-limiting nephritis to fatal end-stage renal disease. Conversely, increasing kidney IDO1 activity or treating mice with a GCN2 agonist induced autophagy and protected mice from nephritic kidney damage. Finally, kidney tissue from patients with Ab-driven nephropathy showed increased IDO1 abundance and stress gene expression. Thus, these findings support the hypothesis that the IDO-GCN2 pathway in glomerular stromal cells is a critical negative feedback mechanism that limits inflammatory renal pathologic changes by inducing autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chaudhary
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Rahul Shinde
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Jaya P Gnana-Prakasam
- Signaling and Angiogenesis Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | - Lei Huang
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Radiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Buvana Ravishankar
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Jillian Bradley
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Nino Kvirkvelia
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Malgorzata McMenamin
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Wei Xiao
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Daniel Kleven
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Michael P Madaio
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rajashekhara N, Ashok BK, Sharma PP, Ravishankar B. The evaluation of anti-ulcerogenic effect of rhizome starch of two source plants of Tugaksheeree (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. and Maranta arundinacea Linn.) on pyloric ligated rats. Ayu 2015; 35:191-7. [PMID: 25558167 PMCID: PMC4279328 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.146251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the present era, because of the life-style, the disorders such as hyperacidity and gastric ulcers are found very frequently. Satwa (starch) obtained from the rhizomes of two plants namely Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. and Maranta arundinacea Linn. are used in folklore practice for the treatment of above complaints under the name Tugaksheeree. Aim: To compare the anti-ulcerogenic activity of the above two drugs in pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer in albino rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 Wistar strain albino rats of both sexes grouped into three groups. Group C served as pyloric ligated control group, Group I received starch of C. angustifolia suspension and Group II received starch of M. arundinacea for seven days. On 8th day pylorus was ligated. After ligation the animals were deprived of food and water and sacrificed at the end of 14 h. The collected gastric contents were used for biochemical estimation and ulcer index was calculated from excised stomach. Results: Both the test drugs showed statistically significant decrease in the volume, increase in the pH, reduced the free acidity of gastric juice and decreased the peptic activity. The starch of C. angustifolia reduced a total acidity non-significantly while M. arundinacea reduced it significantly. Among the two drugs the M. arundinacea has effectively reduced the peptic activity, which is statistically significant. M. arundinacea shown statistically significant increase of total carbohydrates. Conclusion: Both the test drugs proved anti-ulcer activity and prevents the chance of gastric ulcer. Among these two M. arundinacea is more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rajashekhara
- Department of Dravyaguna Vignana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia, Dakshina Kannada, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parmeshwar P Sharma
- Department of Dravyaguna, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Singh KS, Ashok BK, Kaur M, Ravishankar B, Chandola HM. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Saptarangyadi Ghanavati: An Ayurvedic compound formulation. Ayu 2015; 35:187-90. [PMID: 25558166 PMCID: PMC4279327 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.146248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a persistent health problem that requires innovative strategies to improve health and needs a multifactorial approach for the treatment. Saptarangyadi Ghanavati, a formulated Ayurvedic compound consists of herbs with anti-diabetic potential. Aim: To evaluate the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of Saptarangydi Ghanavati. Materials and Methods: For hypoglycemic activity 18 Swiss albino mice were divided into three groups (6 in each). First group served as normal control, second group is the test drug and third is the standard control group. For antihyperglycemic activity 24 Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups (6 in each). First group served as water control, second negative control, third test drug and fourth as standard control group. Test drug Saptarangydi Ghanavati was suspended in water and administered to animals at the dose of 400 mg/kg. Glibenclamide was used as reference standard in both the models at the dose of 0.65 mg/kg. Results: Saptarangyadi Ghanavati showed mild reduction in Blood Sugar Level (BSL) at all the time intervals in normoglycemic mice; however, the observed decrease of BSL was found to be statistically non significant. In antihyperglycemic activity, even though the drug failed to cease the hyperglycemia in the first hour after the glucose overload, it attenuated the same in later hours in nonsignificant extent. Conclusion: The study reveals that Saptarangydi Ghanavati has moderate hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Samrat Singh
- Department of Kayachikitsa, SKSS Ayurvedic College, Sarabha, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mandip Kaur
- Department of Kayachikitsa, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- SDM Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
IgG4 related disease is a fibro-inflammatory condition with involvement of renal and extra renal organs, characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with organ dysfunction. We describe three cases of IgG4 related renal disease from a tertiary care hospital in south India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rohan
- Department of Nephrology, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Department of Nephrology, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Vishwanath
- Department of Nephrology, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Vankalakunti
- Department of Pathology, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B Kishore
- Department of Nephrology, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H S Ballal
- Department of Nephrology, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Patgiri B, Umretia BL, Vaishnav PU, Prajapati PK, Shukla VJ, Ravishankar B. Anti-inflammatory activity of Guduchi Ghana (aqueous extract of Tinospora Cordifolia Miers.). Ayu 2014; 35:108-10. [PMID: 25364210 PMCID: PMC4213960 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.141958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Guduchi Ghana is one of the unique Ayuvedic classical preparation which is prepared from aqueous of extract of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.) stem. It is one of the frequently used drugs to treat the Madhumeha, Pandu, Kamala, Amlapitta, Grahani, Kustha, Jirna Jwara and Viswamjwara, Trishna, Shool, Yakritavikara, etc. Looking to these indications, in market most of the Pharma industries prepared Guduchi Ghana by applying the various extraction process. Aim: To evaluate comparative anti-inflammatory activity of classically prepared and market sample of Guduchi Ghana. Materials and Methods: Both samples were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw edema model in rats. Animals were divided in three groups, having six animals in each. Group A received test drug, Group B received market sample at a dose of 50 mg/kg orally, while Group C (control group) received tap water. Results: Reduction in edema was observed in Group A and B at 3 h interval by 33.06% and 11.71% respectively. Group A showed significant effects (P < 0.05) in comparison to control group. Conclusion: These experimental results have shown anti-inflammatory activity of Guduchi Ghana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajyoti Patgiri
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana including drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India
| | - Bharti L Umretia
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, J.S. Ayurved College, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pradip U Vaishnav
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, J.S. Ayurved College, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana including drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India
| | - Vinay J Shukla
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Research and Development, SDM College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Manoj C, Kishore Babu S, Ballal H, Ravishankar B, Vishwanath S, Augustine R. MPA dosing and MPA levels: Correlation with incidences of rejection and infectious complications in renal allograft recipients. Indian Journal of Transplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijt.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
28
|
Bradley J, Liu H, Ravishankar B, Huang L, Perdue A, Urban J, McGaha T. The role of GCN2 in type-2 mucosal inflammation within the lung (IRM7P.483). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.126.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Infection with the parasitic roundworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis causes lung damage associated with an inflammatory response dominated by alternative (type-2) inflammation. Macrophages are requisite mediators of lung inflammation and pathology resolution in the N. brasiliensis infection model. Metabolic stress resulting from enzymatic consumption of amino acids engages the GCN2 arm of the integrated stress response, which profoundly alters the inflammatory potential of antigen presenting cells, causing them to suppress type-1 cytokine expression and promote type-2 cytokine expression. Thus, we hypothesized that GCN2 activation, as a result of infection driven nutrient stress, may be a key mechanism promoting M2 macrophage differentiation and type-2 inflammatory processes. When we examined cytokine expression in the lungs of GCN2KO mice infected with N. brasiliensis, we found significantly decreased levels of IL-10 relative to WT controls. This was associated with increased lung infiltration of macrophages that expressed reduced expression of FIZZ1 and YM-1, indicative of a skewing towards an M1 phenotype. Moreover, we observed dramatic increases in lung pathology associated with increased cellular infiltrate and fibrosis in infected GCN2KO mice suggestive of severe helminth-driven lung inflammation. Thus, our findings suggest a novel regulatory role for GCN2 kinase during type-2 inflammatory processes in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Bradley
- 1Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- 1Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Buvana Ravishankar
- 1Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Lei Huang
- 1Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Aja Perdue
- 1Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Joseph Urban
- 2Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD
| | - Tracy McGaha
- 1Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gouthamchandra K, Kumar A, Shwetha S, Mukherjee A, Chandra M, Ravishankar B, Khaja MN, Sadhukhan PC, Das S. Serum proteomics of hepatitis C virus infection reveals retinol-binding protein 4 as a novel regulator. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1654-1667. [PMID: 24784414 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are currently diagnosed by invasive liver biopsy. Approximately 15-20 % of cases of chronic liver diseases in India are caused by HCV infection. In North India, genotype 3 is predominant, whereas genotype 1 is predominant in southern parts of India. The aim of this study was to identify differentially regulated serum proteins in HCV-infected Indian patients (genotypes 1 and 3) using a two-dimensional electrophoresis approach. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins by MS. Expression levels of one of the highly upregulated proteins, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), was validated by ELISA and Western blotting in two independent cohorts. We also confirmed our observation in the JFH1 infectious cell culture system. Interestingly, the HCV core protein enhanced RBP4 levels and partial knockdown of RBP4 had a positive impact on HCV replication, suggesting a possible role for this cellular protein in regulating HCV infection. Analysis of RBP4-interacting partners using a bioinformatic approach revealed novel insights into the possible involvement of RBP4 in HCV-induced pathogenesis. Taken together, this study provided information on the proteome profile of the HCV-infected Indian population, and revealed a link between HCV infection, RBP4 and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Gouthamchandra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Shivaprasad Shwetha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anirban Mukherjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, GB-4 (East Wing) 1st Floor, 57, Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Madhavi Chandra
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Sagar Society, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | | | - M N Khaja
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Sagar Society, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Provash Chandra Sadhukhan
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, GB-4 (East Wing) 1st Floor, 57, Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is highly prevalent and is closely related to coronary heart disease which is the most common cause of death. Raised cholesterol is estimated to be responsible for 18% of cerebrovascular disease and 56% of ischemic heart disease. Overall, these diseases account for about 4.4 million deaths (7.9% of the total). Based upon the etiological factors and symptom complexes, hyperlipidemia can be considered as a part of Medoroga. Being a Tikshna formulation, the treatment modality of Lekhana Basti is aimed basically for Apatarpana (emaciation) of the body, as Basti is the fastest Apatarpana. In the present clinical trial, a total of 22 patients were registered of whom 19 patients completed the course of the therapy. Under randomization, the registered patients were divided into two groups of which group A was treated with Lekhana Basti and group B was administered standard control drug, i.e., Triphala Guggulu, for 21 days. The results of the study revealed that in patients treated with Lekhana Basti, there was a decrease of about 4.99% in S. cholesterol, 9.13% in S. low density lipoprotein (LDL), and 0.36% in S. apolipoprotein B. Lekhana Basti was found to have significant effect in reducing the symptoms of Medodushti and in reduction of objective parameters like weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, body circumferences such as chest, abdomen, hip, pelvis, mid-thigh circumference, etc., and skin fold thickness as biceps, triceps, mid-arm, and abdominal skinfold thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil S Auti
- Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anup B Thakar
- Associate Professor and I/C Head, Department of Panchakarma, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vinay J Shukla
- Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute For Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Director, Research and Development, S. D. M. College of Ayurveda Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rajashekhara N, Shukla VJ, Ravishankar B, Sharma PP. Comparative physico-chemical profiles of Tugaksheeree (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. and Maranta arundinacea Linn.). Ayu 2014; 34:401-5. [PMID: 24696578 PMCID: PMC3968704 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.127723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tugaksheeree is as an ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations. The starch obtained from the rhizomes of two plants, is used as Tugaksheeree, Curcuma angustifolia (CA) Roxb. (Family: Zingiberaceae) and Maranta arundinacea (MA) Linn. (Family Marantaceae). In the present study, a comparative physico-analysis of both the drugs has been carried out. The results suggest that the starch from CA and MA has similar organoleptic characters. The percentage of starch content is higher in the rhizome of CA when compared with that of MA and the starch of MA is packed more densely than the starch in CA. The chemical constituents of both the starch and rhizomes are partially similar to each other. Hence, the therapeutic activities may be similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rajashekhara
- Professor and Head, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Dravyaguna, K.V.G. Ayurvedic Medical College, Sullia, India
| | - Vinay J Shukla
- Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Director, Research and Development, S.D.M. Centre for Research and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Parameshwar P Sharma
- Ex. Professor and Head, Department of Dravyaguna, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Over the centuries, herbs have served as a major source of medicines for prevention and treatment of diseases including diabetes mellitus. These herbs are getting more importance around the globe and many studies have provided safety and efficacy of such herbal drugs in different condition. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia [Willd.] Miers) is reported as highly potent Pramehahara (anti-diabetic) herb in Ayurveda and Guduchi Satva (GS) is popularly used to treat Paittika type of Prameha. In the present study, GS prepared from the stem of T. cordifolia was evaluated for hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity in 18 h fasted mice. GS was suspended in distilled water and administered to animals at the dose of 130 mg/kg that showed the marginal reduction in blood sugar level (BSL) at all the time intervals in normoglycemic mice. In anti-hyperglycemic activity, administration of GS prior to glucose over load failed to attenuate BSL at all-time interval in comparison to glucose control group. The study concludes that mild hypoglycemic insignificant anti-hyperglycemic activities of GS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sharma
- Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Gurukul College of Pharmacy, Suratgarh, Rajasthan, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Discovery Scientist, Research and Development, The Himalaya Healthcare, Makali, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R Galib
- Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
- Professor and Head, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Director, Research and Development, SDM Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mashru M, Galib R, Shukla VJ, Ravishankar B, Prajapati PK. Effect of Sameera Pannaga Rasa (arsenomercurial formulation) in the management of Tamaka Shwasa (bronchial asthma) - Randomized double blind clinical study. Ayu 2014; 34:346-51. [PMID: 24696570 PMCID: PMC3968694 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.127692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma represents a profound world-wide public health problem. The most effective anti-asthmatic drugs currently available include β2-agonists and glucocorticoids which can controls asthma in about 90-95% of patients. In Ayurveda, this miserable condition is comparable with Tamaka Shwasa type of Shwasa Roga. In the present study, 52 patients were treated with Sameera Pannaga Rasa at a dose of 30 mg twice a day for 4 weeks along with Nagavallidala (leaf of Piper betel Linn.) The results were assessed in terms of clinical recovery, symptomatic relief, pulmonary function improvement and on subjective and objective parameters. A significant improvement in subjective parameters, control on asthma, recurrence of asthma, increase in peak expiratory flow rate, considerable decrease in total and absolute, acute eosinophil count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed. Overall marked improvement was found in 33.33%, moderate improvement in 44.44% and mild improvement in 20.00% was observed. The study reveals that Sameera Pannaga Rasa can be used as an effective drug in bronchial asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Mashru
- Superintendent, Government Ayurved Hospital Popatpura, Godhra, India
| | - R Galib
- Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vinay J Shukla
- Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Director, Research and Development, S.D.M. Research Center for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
- Professor and Head, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha is a compound Ayurvedic formulation, indicated for the treatment of liver diseases, especially for Kamala (jaundice) and Panduroga (anemia). However, till date, no safety profile of this formulation has been reported; hence, in the present study, freshly prepared and market samples of Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha were evaluated for acute toxicity. Acute toxicity test was evaluated as per OECD 425 guidelines with 5 000 mg/kg as limit test in Wistar strain albino rats. Test formulations were administered to overnight fasted animals and parameters like body weight, behavioral changes, and mortality were assessed for 14 days. Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed on 14th day. Results showed no significant changes in terms of behavioral changes, mortality, and body weight. Both the samples did not affect any of the hematological parameters. However, increase in blood urea level was observed. This study shows that both the samples of Vasaguduchyadi Kwatha are relatively safe up to the dose of 5 g/kg. However, further chronic toxicity evaluation is necessary to establish its safety profile on chronic administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpu N Kotecha
- Lecturer and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B K Kotecha
- Drug Discovery Team, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore, India
| | - Vinay J Shukla
- Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India
| | - Pradipkumar Prajapati
- Professor and Head, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Director, Reseach and Development, SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Lepidium sativum Linn. (Chandrashura) of Family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) is being used by the people of Gujarat for treating inflammatory condition like arthritis. To evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity, Charles Foster albino rats were selected and experiments were carried out in three groups, therapeutic dose group, twice of therapeutic dose group and control group. In Carrageenan-induced paw oedema, the test drug produced moderate anti-inflammatory activity; however, the effect did not show statistically significant activity due to variation in the data of the control group. In formaldehyde-induced paw oedema in rats, the test drug produced moderate to significant suppression. This indicates that Chandrashura has a strong inhibitory effect on proliferation of fibroblasts and also probably has connective tissue modulation effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nita D Raval
- Lecturer, Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurvedic Collage, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - B Ravishankar
- Director, SDM Research Centre for Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi, India
| | - B K Ashok
- Drug Discovery Team, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ayurvedic system of medicine holds a number of drugs that improves the immunity. Āmalaki (Emblica officinalis) is one such drug. Researches with crude extracts of Āmalaki have proven the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. But, works on Āmalaki Rasāyana are not found reported. AIMS Considering this, two samples of Āmalaki Rasāyana (AR7 and AR21) were studied to evaluate comparative immunomodulatory activity against the cyclophosphamide immunosuppression in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Test drugs were prepared by following classical guidelines. Wistar strain albino rats of either sex were used in the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS For comparison of data from cyclophosphamide control group with remaining cyclophosphamide plus test drug administered groups one way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple t-test (DMTT) was employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Āmalaki Rasāyana possesses significant immunostimulant activity and moderate cytoprotective activity. AR21 was found to have better activity profile in terms of both immunostimulant as well as cytoprotective activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Rajani
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jagtap CY, Ashok BK, Patgiri BJ, Prajapati PK, Ravishankar B. Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Tamra Bhasma (Incinerated Copper) prepared from Ashodhita (Unpurified) and Shodhita (Purified) Tamra in Rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75:346-52. [PMID: 24082351 PMCID: PMC3783753 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.117433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of metals in traditional medicines is very often seen as matter of concern these days, especially the Bhasma preparations which are always under stringent observations for containing highly reactive inorganic elements such as lead, mercury, arsenic and others. One of the Bhasma extensively used in routine Ayurvedic practice is Tamra (copper) bhasma. If it is not prepared properly or Shodhana procedure is not done properly, it acts as a poison. To indicate its toxic potential, Ashtamahadoshas (eight major ill effects) have been quoted in classics and due emphasis have been given to its Shodhana procedure. In the present study, Tamra bhasma prepared from Shodhita and Ashodhita Tamra was subjected to oral toxicity study to ascertain the role of Shodhana process on safety profile of Tamra bhasma on subchronic administration to albino rats. Both the samples were administered to rats for 45 consecutive days at the doses of 5.5, 27.5, and 55 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed on 46th day and parameters like hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathology of various organs were studied. Results showed that Tamra bhasma prepared from Ashodhita Tamra has pathological implications on different hematological, serum biochemical and cytoarchitecture of different organs even at therapeutic dose level (5.5 mg/kg). Whereas, Tamra bhasma prepared from Shodhita Tamra is safe even at five-fold to therapeutic equivalent doses (27.5 mg/kg). These observations emphasize the role of Shodhana and importance of dose in expression of toxicity of the medicinal preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Jagtap
- Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar-361 008, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric condition in which there is loss of interest in all pleasurable outlets, viz. food, sex, work, friends, hobbies and entertainment. The prevalence rate of the disease is 6-8% in women and 3-5% in men. Ayurveda, the science of life, provides systematic management principles for depression. Mamsyadi Kwatha is one such formulation stated by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya in Siddha Yoga Sangraha and Bheshaja Samhita, which is said to be effective in psychiatric conditions. The ingredients are Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), Ashwagandh (Withania somnifera) and Parasika Yavani (Hyocymus niger) in an 8:4:1 ratio, respectively. The test drug was subjected for antidepressant activity in experimental models. The models selected for anti depressant activity were behavioral despair test, anti-reserpine test and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) test in albino mice. The test formulation showed significant inhibition of behavioural despair (P < 0.05), weak to moderate anti-reserpine activity - ptosis (P < 0.001), catatonia (P < 0.01), sedation (P < 0.01) and moderate effect in CFS test (P < 0.050). These effects clearly show that Mamsyadi Kwatha has an anti-depressant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shreevathsa
- Professor and Head, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang L, Li L, Lemos H, Chandler PR, Pacholczyk G, Baban B, Barber GN, Hayakawa Y, McGaha TL, Ravishankar B, Munn DH, Mellor AL. Cutting edge: DNA sensing via the STING adaptor in myeloid dendritic cells induces potent tolerogenic responses. J Immunol 2013; 191:3509-13. [PMID: 23986532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensing via the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) adaptor incites autoimmunity by inducing type I IFN (IFN-αβ). In this study, we show that DNA is also sensed via STING to suppress immunity by inducing IDO. STING gene ablation abolished IFN-αβ and IDO induction by dendritic cells (DCs) after DNA nanoparticle (DNP) treatment. Marginal zone macrophages, some DCs, and myeloid cells ingested DNPs, but CD11b(+) DCs were the only cells to express IFN-β, whereas CD11b(+) non-DCs were major IL-1β producers. STING ablation also abolished DNP-induced regulatory responses by DCs and regulatory T cells, and hallmark regulatory responses to apoptotic cells were also abrogated. Moreover, systemic cyclic diguanylate monophosphate treatment to activate STING induced selective IFN-β expression by CD11b(+) DCs and suppressed Th1 responses to immunization. Thus, previously unrecognized functional diversity among physiologic innate immune cells regarding DNA sensing via STING is pivotal in driving immune responses to DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lavekar GS, Ravishankar B, Gaidhani S, Shukla VJ, Ashok BK, Padhi MM. Mahayograj guggulu: Heavy metal estimation and safety studies. Int J Ayurveda Res 2013; 1:150-8. [PMID: 21170206 PMCID: PMC2996572 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7788.72486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the heavy metal profile and determine the safety of Mahayograj guggulu, an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation. Design: Mahayograj guggulu, manufactured by Shree Baidynath Ayurved Bhawan Pvt. Ltd., Gwalior Road, Jhansi - 284 003 (of batch number-07 and manufacturing date October 2004) was procured from the local market. Heavy metal concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A total of 40 Charles Foster strain albino rats of either sex with an average body weight of 160–250 g were divided into four groups (Groups I, II, III and IV), with 10 animals in each group. Group I served as the control, while Group II, III and IV rats received Mahayograj guggulu at a dose of 54 (dose equivalent to human therapeutic dose), 270 (five-times the dose equivalent to the human therapeutic dose) and 540 (10-times the dose equivalent to human therapeutic dose) mg/kg, p.o. for 120 days. The effect of drug administration was noted on the ponderal, biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters. In addition, urine examination was also carried out. At the end of the study, only six rats per group were sacrificed as per the IAEC advice. Results: Mahayograj guggulu was found to be safe at all dose levels tested. No significant behavioral changes were noted in any of the groups studied. The effect on food and water consumption and fecal and urine output remained unaffected in all groups during the study period. No major alterations were observed in hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy and histopathology at the therapeutically advocated dose level. Heavy metal content measurement indicated levels of 25.8 µg/g for lead, 0.07 µg/g for mercury and 5.19 µg/g for arsenic. Conclusions: The test drug is well tolerated as no changes of a serious nature could be observed in any of the parameters assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Lavekar
- CCRAS, 61-65, Institutional Area, Opposite "D" Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pal A, Sharma PP, Pandya TN, Acharya R, Patel BR, Shukla VJ, Ravishankar B. Phyto-chemical evaluation of dried aqueous extract of Jivanti [Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wt. et Arn]. Ayu 2013; 33:557-60. [PMID: 23723676 PMCID: PMC3665201 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wt. et Arn) is a well known climber used for its innumerable therapeutic properties like antioxidant, antibacterial, vasodilator, galactogogue, Jivaniya, etc., Its use in veterinary practice is tremendous due to its lactogenic effect. The Ghana (dried aqueous extract) of the whole plant was prepared and evaluated phyto-chemically by subjecting it to various tests like physico-chemical, qualitative analysis; TLC and HPTLC. Qualitative tests revealed the presence of flavonoids and TLC also inferred positive Rf value (0.30), indicating the presence of quercetin in the Ghana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Pal
- Lecturer, Department of Dravyaguna Vijnana and Rasa Shastra, Biswanath Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shukla DJ, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Ashok BK, Ravishankar B. A comparative study on chronic administration of Go Ghrita (cow ghee) and Avika Ghrita (ewe ghee) in albino rats. Ayu 2013; 33:435-40. [PMID: 23723655 PMCID: PMC3665096 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.108862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrita (ghee) is the foremost substance of Indian cuisine from centuries. Ayurvedic classics described eight kinds of ghee from eight different animal milk, among them ghee made from cow milk is said to be the superior and ghee of ewe milk is said to be the inferior and also detrimental to heart. The present study was undertaken to evaluate chronic administration of cow ghee (Go Ghrita) and ghee of ewe milk (Avika Ghrita) to experimental animals. Experiment was carried out on Wistar strain albino rats and study was done at two dose levels. The test drugs were administered orally for 45 consecutive days. Parameters, such as gross behavior, body weight, weight of important organs, total fecal fat content, electrocardiogram, serum biochemical parameters, and histopathology of different organs were studied. Both the test drugs did not alter the gross behavior, body weight, weight of organs, and cytoarchitecture of different organs to significant extent. Avika Ghrita at a low dose significantly decreased triglyceride content, significantly prolonged QTc and at both dose levels it significantly shortened the PR interval. This study shows chronic administration of Avika Ghrita and Go Ghrita has no marked differences between them except the QTc prolongation in Avika Ghrita. This may be the basis for the classics to categorize Avika Ghrita as Ahridya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali J Shukla
- Lecturer, Department of Basic Principles, Sheth JP, Government Ayurved College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gupta SK, Baghel MS, Bhuyan C, Ravishankar B, Ashok BK, Patil PD. Evaluation of anti-urolithiatic activity of Pashanabhedadi Ghrita against experimentally induced renal calculi in rats. Ayu 2013; 33:429-34. [PMID: 23723654 PMCID: PMC3665093 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Population in an industrialized world is afflicted by urinary stone disease. Kidney stones are common in all kinds of urolithiasis. One distinguished formulation mentioned by Sushruta for management of Ashmari (urolithiasis) is Pashanabhedadi Ghrita (PBG), which is in clinical practice since centuries. Validation of drug is the requirement of time through the experimental study. In this study, trial of PBG has been made against ammonium oxalate rich diet and gentamicin injection induced renal calculi in albino rats. The calculi were induced by gentamicin injection and ammonium oxalate rich diet. Test drug was administered concomitantly in the dose of 900 mg/kg for 15 consecutive days. Rats were sacrificed on the 16th day. Parameters like kidney weight, serum biochemical, kidney tissue and histopathology of kidney were studied. Concomitant treatment of PBG attenuates blood biochemical parameters non-significantly, where as it significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation and enhanced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities. It also decreased crystal deposition markedly into the renal tubules in number as well as size and prevented damage to the renal tubules. The findings showed that PBG is having significant anti-urolithiatic activities against ammonium oxalate rich diet plus gentamicine injection induced urolithiasis in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Associate Professor and I/C Head, Department of Shalya Tantra, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Makaradhwaja is a herbo-minaral drug prepared by Kupipakwa method. In the present study Makaradhwaja was prepared by Triguna and Shadguna Balijarana using Ashtasamskarita Parada. Total five batches of TrigunaMakaradhwaja (TM) were prepared by taking 330 g of Kajjali in each batch, average product obtained was 29.12 g. In the preparation of Shadguna Makaradhwaja (SM) too, five batches were prepared, taking 250 g of Kajjali, average product obtained was 16.8 g. The average time taken for flame in TM was 3.01 h and that in SM was 4.58 h. Kupipaka was carried out for 18 and 36 h in TM and SM, respectively. Inductive Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) revealed the presence of 7.2976 ppm gold in TM, whereas 663.14 ppm in SM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha N Dhundi
- PhD Scholar, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Singh KS, Chandola H, Kaur M, Ravishankar B. Evaluation of Saptarangyadi Ghanavati in the management of Apathyanimittaja Prameha w.s.r. to type-2 diabetes mellitus. Ayu 2013; 33:368-73. [PMID: 23723643 PMCID: PMC3665094 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.108825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a persistent health problem that requires innovative strategies to improve health and needs a multifactorial approach for the treatment. Saptarangyadi Ghanavati, a new formulated Ayurvedic compound consists of herbs with anti-diabetic potential, in addition to a folklore herb Saptarangi (Salacia chinensis) has been evaluated. In a total of 67 patients, 36 patients were of newly detected type-2 diabetes mellitus and 31 patients were of chronic type-2 diabetes mellitus and they were divided into group A and group B, respectively. Group A consisted newly detected subjects of type-2 diabetes and were not taking any regular medication and group B consisted of chronic cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus, who were taking modern ant-diabetic medication, but their blood-glucose level was not controlled to desired level. Patients in group A were administered Saptarangyadi Ghanavati each of 200 mg, 5 Vatis, 3-times a day-after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Patients in group B were administered Saptarangyadi Ghanavati, in the same dose in addition to the concomitant anti-diabetic (Allopathic) medication. Serum insulin investigation, both fasting and post-prandial levels were evaluated in six patients of group B, showed a highly significant increase in first-phase insulin response. Glycosylated hemoglobin (serum HbA1c) evaluated in six patients of group A showed statistically significant reduction. There was also statistically significant reduction in the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and post prandial blood sugar (PPBS) parameters, both in newly detected cases as well as chronic cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Samrat Singh
- Lecturer, Department of Kaya Chikitsa, SKSS Ayurvedic College, Sarabha, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Deole YS, Thakar AB, Chandola H, Ravishankar B. Observational study on external social and lifestyle related factors and their role in pathogenesis of premature ageing and stress. Ayu 2013; 33:378-86. [PMID: 23723645 PMCID: PMC3665085 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.108828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present era of stress, when lifestyle disorders are high on rise, premature ageing is also one of the most prevalent disorders. It is needed to study the external environmental psychological causative factors in premature ageing and stress. An observational study was carried out to evaluate the relationship of lifestyle, occupational and social factors and mental makeup in individuals diagnosed with premature ageing. A total of 108 patients of premature ageing and stress fulfilling the criteria of inclusion as per ageing scale were selected from outpatient Department of Panchakarma and Manasa Roga, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar. The diagnosed patients of premature ageing were subjected to specialized proforma enlisting all the factors as well as ageing scale, Manasa Bhava Pariksha, and Manasa Vibhrama Pariksha. The method of survey was by a questionnaire about the points regarding the lifestyle causative factors. Maximum patients had shown signs of premature ageing with Mana-Buddhi-Smriti-Bhakti Vibhrama (100% each) and involvement of negative Manasa Bhava. The 78.70% patients in this study felt of having excess responsibility on them in family. The 52.77% patients had average good relationship with their family members, while remaining 47.22% narrated history of disturbed relationship. The center of stress was found to be at personal level in all patients; at family level in 73.14%; at professional or work level in 64.81%. Various external, occupational, social and familial factors play significant role in the pathology of premature ageing by disturbing the overall psychological status. This proves the link of Manasa affecting Sharira and vice versa with reference to modern contemporary concept of psycho-neuro endocrinology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S Deole
- Assistant Professor, Department of Kaya Chikitsa, GJ Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ravishankar B, Chandler P, McGaha T. Early events in immunologic tolerance to apoptotic cells are dependent on marginal zone macrophage CCL22 production. (P4081). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.127.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptotic cells (ACs) promote immunologic tolerance but the early innate mechanism(s) involved in the process are not known. Here we report that administration of ACs i/v induced rapid splenic expression of the regulatory T cell chemokine CCL22 by CD169+ marginal zone macrophages (MZMs). Similarly, in-vitro culture with ACs lead to expression of CCL22 in purified MZMs, but not CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and conditioned media from MZM cocultures induced migration of Tregs in a CCL22 dependent manner. Administration of a soluble antagonist for the CCL22 receptor (i.e. CCR4) skewed the early innate immune response to ACs in-vivo shifting the balance from regulatory (IL-10, TGF-β) to inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12) cytokine production in splenic DCs and macrophages. Similarly, CCR4 blockade inhibited splenic accumulation of Tregs after apoptotic cell injection i/v and enhanced effector T cell responses to AC-associated antigens. Short-term CCR4 inhibition at the time of i/v apoptotic cell challenge (i.e. blockade only at the time of apoptotic cell administration) reversed AC-mediated tolerance to skin allografts in both primary recipients and in Treg adoptive transfers to secondary recipients instead promoting more rapid rejection. Suggesting a primary role for CCL22 in AC tolerance. Thus, we show for the first time that selective induction of CCL22 by MZMs is an essential early innate step in the generation of infectious immune tolerance to apoptotic self.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buvana Ravishankar
- 1Cancer Immunology, Infections and Tolerance Programme, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Philip Chandler
- 1Cancer Immunology, Infections and Tolerance Programme, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Tracy McGaha
- 1Cancer Immunology, Infections and Tolerance Programme, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Savrikar SS, Dole V, Ravishankar B, Shukla VJ. A comparative pharmacological investigation of three samples of 'Guduchi ghrita' for adaptogenic activity against forced swimming induced gastric ulceration and hematological changes in albino rats. Int J Ayurveda Res 2013; 1:67-72. [PMID: 20814518 PMCID: PMC2924986 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7788.64399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of formulation factors and adjuvants on the expression of biological activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. The adaptogenic effect of three samples of Guduchi ghrita, prepared using plain ghee (clarified butter) obtained from three different sources was studied in albino rats and compared with expressed juice of stem of Guduchi. The test preparations were evaluated against forced–swimming induced hypothermia, gastric ulceration and changes in the hematological parameters. The test drug given in the form of 'ghrita' produced better effect in comparison to the expressed juice. Among the three 'ghrita' preparations evaluated, only the 'Solapur Guduchi ghrita' (SGG) was found to produce significant inhibition of stress hypothermia and gastric ulceration. The other two preparations 'Nanded Guduchi ghrita' (NGG), and 'Wardha Guduchi ghrita' (WGG) could produce only a marginal effect. In hematological parameters 'Guduchi' juice produced better reversal of the stress-induced changes in comparison to the test 'ghrita' preparations. The present study provides evidence highlighting the importance of formulation factors for the expression of biological activity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The present study has beenundertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of two varieties of Pippali in acute and sub-acute experimental models of inflammation in albino rats. Four different market samples of each variety of Pippali were procured from different regions of India. The samples collected from South India which have given more extractive values were selected for screening of anti-inflammatory activity. Randomly selected animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. The test drugs were administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg and the activity was compared with standard anti-inflammatory drugs in both models. Among the two different test samples studied, it was found that Chhoti variety of Pippali suppressed inflammation of both acute and sub acute phase, while Badi variety of Pippali only of acute phase. Thus for the therapeutic utility, Chhoti variety of Pippali may be considered over the Badi variety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kumari
- Medical Officer, Central Government Health Scheme, Ayurved Dispensary, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Lekhana Basti (medicated enema) is a Tikshna formulation which is basically aimed for Apatarpana of the body. The present study (medicated enema) was undertaken to evaluate its anti-hyperlipidemic activity in diet-induced hyperlipidemia animals. Parameters like changes in body weight, organ weight, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL cholesterol, and serum (LDL + VLDL) cholesterol were studied to assess the effect of therapy in comparison to the control groups. Lekhana Basti was found to be ineffective in producing anti-hyperlipidemic action potently, but still found to have cytoprotective activity against hyperlipidemia induced organ damage, which was also confirmed by attenuation of cell infiltration and microfatty changes on histopathological examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Auti Swapnil
- Ph. D. Scholar, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B. Thakar Anup
- Associate Professor, Department of Panchakarma, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - V. J. Shukla
- Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - B. K. Ashok
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Himalaya Health Care, Makali, Bangalore, India
| | - B. Ravishankar
- Director, Research and Development Unit, SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|