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Patel S, Bhhatarai B, Calses P, Erlanson D, Everley R, Fong S, Gerken P, Hermann JC, Le T, Liu LK, McMahon E, Neve RM, Phan T, Roberts A, Shanafelt M, Siemsgluess S, Staunton J, Wang Y, Wang W, Williams M, Webster KR. Abstract 1142: Discovery of FMC-376 a novel orally bioavailable inhibitor of activated KRASG12C. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancer and was long considered undruggable until the recent discovery of inhibitors that bind the inactive (GDP-bound) form of KRASG12C. The most clinically advanced of these first-generation molecules have demonstrated clinical response rates of 30-45% and approximately 6-month progression-free survival in lung cancer patients. While significant, a majority of patients fail to achieve a clinical response and acquired resistance is common. Resistance to first-generation inhibitors can be driven by upregulation of the activated (GTP-bound) form of KRASG12C, which remains an undrugged form of the oncoprotein. Here we report the discovery of FMC-376, a novel inhibitor of the activated, GTP-bound, form of KRASG12C, which also potently inhibits the inactive, (GDP-bound), form of KRASG12C. FMC-376 was discovered through the FrontierTM platform, which integrates chemoproteomics, machine-learning, and covalent fragment-based drug discovery. FMC-376 binds KRAS in the switch II pocket, rapidly forming a covalent bond with cysteine 12 in the presence of either GDP or GTP. X-ray crystallography demonstrated that Cys12 adopts a novel confirmation in forming a covalent bond with FMC-376. This results in potent inhibition of RAF1 and PI3Kα effector interactions (IC50 = 0.007 μM for both respectively at 2 h) in contrast to sotorasib or adagrasib (IC50 > 50 and ~ 5 μM respectively). FMC-376 treatment results in potent anti-tumor activity across a panel of KRASG12C mutant tumor cell lines, sparing non- KRASG12C cell lines. To model resistance mediated by activated KRASG12C, a mutation that abrogates GTPase activity (A59G) was introduced into KRASG12C. This upregulation of GTP-bound KRASG12C drives significant (>10-fold) resistance to both adagrasib and sotorasib in tumor cell viability assays whereas FMC-376 remains equipotent in settings where GTP-bound KRASG12C is upregulated. Evaluation of FMC-376 in models where EGFR signaling (a suspected mechanism of clinical resistance) is induced demonstrated rapid and durable target engagement in contrast to both sotorasib and adagrasib which show decreased effectiveness after EGF stimulation. Further evaluation of FMC-376 in vivo has demonstrated rapid and durable KRASG12C target occupancy (>90%) and pathway inhibition in tumors, resulting in regression of CDX/PDX tumor models. FMC-376, an inhibitor of both active and inactive forms of KRASG12C, provides a differentiated mechanism of action with the potential for broader and more durable response in the clinic.
Citation Format: Snahel Patel, Barun Bhhatarai, Philamer Calses, Daniel Erlanson, Robert Everley, Susan Fong, Phil Gerken, Johannes C. Hermann, Tiep Le, Li-kai Liu, Evan McMahon, Richard M. Neve, Tony Phan, Allison Roberts, Mikayla Shanafelt, Sophie Siemsgluess, Jocelyn Staunton, Yan Wang, Weiru Wang, Monika Williams, Kevin R. Webster. Discovery of FMC-376 a novel orally bioavailable inhibitor of activated KRASG12C [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1142.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan Fong
- 1Frontier Medicines, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Phil Gerken
- 1Frontier Medicines, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Tiep Le
- 1Frontier Medicines, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Tony Phan
- 1Frontier Medicines, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiru Wang
- 1Frontier Medicines, South San Francisco, CA
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Calses P, Clark S, Corpuz J, Fong S, Gerkin P, Hekmatnejad M, McMahon E, Murray M, Nguyen T, Phan T, Roberts A, Schwartz P, Shanafelt M, Tanaka H, Tomczyk J, Widen J, Williams M, Eksterowicz J, Erlanson D, Evangelista M, Hermann J, Neve RM, Patel S, Webster KR. Abstract 3601: Discovery of novel dual-acting KRASG12C inhibitors that target both the active and inactive forms of the protein. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancer with alterations occurring in > 14% of all tumors. Recent advances have led to the discovery and development of inhibitors that bind the inactive (GDP-bound) form of KRASG12C. The most advanced of these first-generation molecules demonstrated clinical response rates of 30-45% and approximately 6-month progression-free survival in lung cancer patients. While significant, a majority of patients failed to achieve a clinical response and acquired resistance can be rapid. One hypothesis to explain tumor resistance is the failure of existing inhibitors to recognize the activated (GTP-bound) form of KRASG12C that can be upregulated in response to these first-generation inhibitors. Here we report the discovery of a series of novel inhibitors that effectively inhibit both the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of KRASG12C. These “dual-acting” inhibitors bind in the switch II pocket of both GTP-bound and GDP-bound KRASG12C and rapidly form a covalent bond with cysteine 12. This results in significantly increased inhibition of RAF1 and PI3Kα effector interactions (IC50 < 5 nM at 2 hrs.) in comparison to inactive state inhibitors. Dual targeting of both GTP- and GDP-bound KRASG12C results in potent cellular activity in models that are both sensitive (NCI-H358 and MIA PaCa-2) and resistant (NCI-H2122) to adagrasib and sotorasib. In contrast to adagrasib and sotorasib which are less effective in the NCI-H2122 cell line model, dual-acting inhibitors of GTP- and GDP-bound KRASG12C elicit rapid inhibition of pERK in < 1 hour with sustained inhibition of MAPK signaling through 48 hours. To model resistance to first generation inhibitors, an A59G mutation was introduced into KRASG12C, abrogating GTPase activity. This decreases the activity of both adagrasib and sotorasib in tumor cell viability assays by more than an order of magnitude whereas dual-acting inhibitors of GTP- and GDP-bound KRASG12C are equally effective in the G12C/A59G and parental G12C cell lines. Evaluation of dual-acting inhibitors of KRASG12C in vivo demonstrated rapid and > 90% KRASG12C target occupancy, resulting in regression of MIA PaCa-2 tumors. Dual-acting inhibitors of both the active and inactive states of KRASG12C may provide the potential for broader and more durable responses in the clinic.
Citation Format: Philamer Calses, Sam Clark, Jacob Corpuz, Susan Fong, Phil Gerkin, Mohammad Hekmatnejad, Evan McMahon, Megan Murray, Truc Nguyen, Tony Phan, Allison Roberts, Phillip Schwartz, Mikayla Shanafelt, Hiroko Tanaka, Jennifer Tomczyk, John Widen, Monika Williams, John Eksterowicz, Daniel Erlanson, Marie Evangelista, Johannes Hermann, Richard M. Neve, Snahel Patel, Kevin R. Webster. Discovery of novel dual-acting KRASG12C inhibitors that target both the active and inactive forms of the protein [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3601.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Clark
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jacob Corpuz
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Susan Fong
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Phil Gerkin
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Evan McMahon
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Megan Murray
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Truc Nguyen
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tony Phan
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Widen
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Snahel Patel
- 1Frontier Medicines Corp, South San Francisco, CA
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Capes-Davis A, Bairoch A, Barrett T, Burnett EC, Dirks WG, Hall EM, Healy L, Kniss DA, Korch C, Liu Y, Neve RM, Nims RW, Parodi B, Schweppe RE, Storts DR, Tian F. Cell Lines as Biological Models: Practical Steps for More Reliable Research. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1733-1736. [PMID: 31203605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research in toxicology relies on in vitro models such as cell lines. These living models are prone to change and may be described in publications with insufficient information or quality control testing. This article sets out recommendations to improve the reliability of cell-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia , Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney , Westmead , New South Wales 2145 , Australia
| | - Amos Bairoch
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva , 1205 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Tanya Barrett
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) , National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20894 , United States
| | - Edward C Burnett
- Culture Collections Public Health England , Porton Down SP4 0JG , United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen , Braunschweig 38124 , Germany
| | - Erin M Hall
- Genetica Cell Line Testing - a LabCorp brand , Burlington , North Carolina 27215 , United States
| | - Lyn Healy
- The Francis Crick Institute , London NW1 1AT , United Kingdom
| | - Douglas A Kniss
- The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Christopher Korch
- Division of Medical Oncology , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Yuqin Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Richard M Neve
- Gilead Sciences, Inc , Foster City , California 94404 , United States
| | - Raymond W Nims
- RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc. , Longmont , Colorado 80501 , United States
| | - Barbara Parodi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , 16132 Genoa , Italy
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Medical Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | | | - Fang Tian
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
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4
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Paroni G, Bolis M, Zanetti A, Ubezio P, Helin K, Staller P, Gerlach LO, Fratelli M, Neve RM, Terao M, Garattini E. HER2-positive breast-cancer cell lines are sensitive to KDM5 inhibition: definition of a gene-expression model for the selection of sensitive cases. Oncogene 2018; 38:2675-2689. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sperandio D, Aktoudianakis V, Babaoglu K, Chen X, Elbel K, Chin G, Corkey B, Du J, Jiang B, Kobayashi T, Mackman R, Martinez R, Yang H, Zablocki J, Kusam S, Jordan K, Webb H, Bates JG, Lad L, Mish M, Niedziela-Majka A, Metobo S, Sapre A, Hung M, Jin D, Fung W, Kan E, Eisenberg G, Larson N, Newby ZER, Lansdon E, Tay C, Neve RM, Shevick SL, Breckenridge DG. Structure-guided discovery of a novel, potent, and orally bioavailable 3,5-dimethylisoxazole aryl-benzimidazole BET bromodomain inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:457-469. [PMID: 30606676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, consisting of the bromodomains containing protein 2 (BRD2), BRD3, BRD4, and the testis-specific BRDT, are key epigenetic regulators of gene transcription and has emerged as an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel potent BET bromodomain inhibitor, using a systematic structure-based approach focused on improving potency, metabolic stability, and permeability. The optimized dimethylisoxazole aryl-benzimidazole inhibitor exhibited high potency towards BRD4 and related BET proteins in biochemical and cell-based assays and inhibited tumor growth in two proof-of-concept preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sperandio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Vangelis Aktoudianakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kerim Babaoglu
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kristyna Elbel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Britton Corkey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jinfa Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Bob Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Richard Mackman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ruben Martinez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Hai Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Saritha Kusam
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kim Jordan
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Heather Webb
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jamie G Bates
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Latesh Lad
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Michael Mish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Anita Niedziela-Majka
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Sammy Metobo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Annapurna Sapre
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Magdeleine Hung
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Debi Jin
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Wanchi Fung
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Elaine Kan
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gene Eisenberg
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Nate Larson
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Zachary E R Newby
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Eric Lansdon
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Chin Tay
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Sophia L Shevick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - David G Breckenridge
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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Yen I, Shanahan F, Merchant M, Orr C, Hunsaker T, Durk M, La H, Zhang X, Martin SE, Lin E, Chan J, Yu Y, Amin D, Neve RM, Gustafson A, Venkatanarayan A, Foster SA, Rudolph J, Klijn C, Malek S. Pharmacological Induction of RAS-GTP Confers RAF Inhibitor Sensitivity in KRAS Mutant Tumors. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:611-625.e7. [PMID: 30300582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeting KRAS mutant tumors through inhibition of individual downstream pathways has had limited clinical success. Here we report that RAF inhibitors exhibit little efficacy in KRAS mutant tumors. In combination drug screens, MEK and PI3K inhibitors synergized with pan-RAF inhibitors through an RAS-GTP-dependent mechanism. Broad cell line profiling with RAF/MEK inhibitor combinations revealed synergistic efficacy in KRAS mutant and wild-type tumors, with KRASG13D mutants exhibiting greater synergy versus KRASG12 mutant tumors. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that MEK inhibition induced RAS-GTP levels, RAF dimerization and RAF kinase activity resulting in MEK phosphorylation in synergistic tumor lines regardless of KRAS status. Taken together, our studies uncover a strategy to rewire KRAS mutant tumors to confer sensitivity to RAF kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Yen
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Orr
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Hunsaker
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew Durk
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hank La
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Scott E Martin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eva Lin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Chan
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yihong Yu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dhara Amin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Gustafson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Scott A Foster
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joachim Rudolph
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Shiva Malek
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Korch C, Hall EM, Dirks WG, Ewing M, Faries M, Varella-Garcia M, Robinson S, Storts D, Turner JA, Wang Y, Burnett EC, Healy L, Kniss D, Neve RM, Nims RW, Reid YA, Robinson WA, Capes-Davis A. Authentication of M14 melanoma cell line proves misidentification of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cell line. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:561-572. [PMID: 28940260 PMCID: PMC5762610 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A variety of analytical approaches have indicated that melanoma cell line UCLA‐SO‐M14 (M14) and breast carcinoma cell line MDA‐MB‐435 originate from a common donor. This indicates that at some point in the past, one of these cell lines became misidentified, meaning that it ceased to correspond to the reported donor and instead became falsely identified (through cross‐contamination or other means) as a cell line from a different donor. Initial studies concluded that MDA‐MB‐435 was the misidentified cell line and M14 was the authentic cell line, although contradictory evidence has been published, resulting in further confusion. To address this question, we obtained early samples of the melanoma cell line (M14), a lymphoblastoid cell line from the same donor (ML14), and donor serum preserved at the originator's institution. M14 samples were cryopreserved in December 1975, before MDA‐MB‐435 cells were established in culture. Through a series of molecular characterizations, including short tandem repeat (STR) profiling and cytogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that later samples of M14 and MDA‐MB‐435 correspond to samples of M14 frozen in 1975, to the lymphoblastoid cell line ML14, and to the melanoma donor's STR profile, sex and blood type. This work demonstrates conclusively that M14 is the authentic cell line and MDA‐MB‐435 is misidentified. With clear provenance information and authentication testing of early samples, it is possible to resolve debates regarding the origins of problematic cell lines that are widely used in cancer research. What's new? A variety of analytical approaches have indicated that melanoma cell line M14 and breast carcinoma cell line MDA‐MB‐435 originate from a common donor, but there is ongoing debate regarding which is the misidentified cell line. Here, authentication testing of M14 from 1975 (prior to the establishment of MDA‐MB‐435), with comparison to donor serum and lymphoblastoid cell line ML14, shows that M14 is the authentic cell line and MDA‐MB‐435 is a misidentified derivative. With clear provenance information and authentication testing of early samples, debates regarding the origins of problematic cell lines that are widely used in cancer research can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Korch
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Erin M Hall
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Genetica Cell Line Testing - a LabCorp brand, Burlington, NC
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Mark Faries
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA
| | | | - Steven Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Douglas Storts
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Promega Corporation, Madison, WI
| | - Jacqueline A Turner
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Edward C Burnett
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Culture Collections Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Lyn Healy
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Biological Research Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Kniss
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard M Neve
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA
| | - Raymond W Nims
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc., Longmont, CO
| | - Yvonne A Reid
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA
| | - William A Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Amanda Capes-Davis
- International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC).,CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Korch C, Eterovic K, Neve RM. Webinar | Getting the best data from your cells: From tissue culture to final analysis. Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/science.356.6336.446-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
From tissue culture to final analysis, cell culture is a group of techniques used in the majority of life science laboratories. There are numerous standard methodologies, but many of the techniques used are continuously changing and evolving. From cell preparation and growth to final analysis, the cell culture workflow encompasses many areas of expertise, making it difficult for a researcher to be an authority in all of them. Properly optimizing workflows and utilizing the latest best practices are the keys to obtaining consistent results and advancing scientific research. Join this webinar to learn the latest tips and tricks of the trade from the experts.
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Hoeflich KP, Guan J, Edgar KA, O'Brien C, Savage H, Wilson TR, Neve RM, Friedman LS, Wallin JJ. The PI3K inhibitor taselisib overcomes letrozole resistance in a breast cancer model expressing aromatase. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:73-85. [PMID: 27382432 PMCID: PMC4918946 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Letrozole is a commonly used treatment option for metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer, but many patients ultimately relapse. Due to the importance of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) in breast cancer, PI3K inhibitors such as taselisib are attractive for combination with endocrine therapies such as letrozole. Taselisib was evaluated as a single agent and in combination with letrozole in a breast cancer cell line engineered to express aromatase. The combination of taselisib and letrozole decreased cellular viability and increased apoptosis relative to either single agent. Signaling cross-talk between the PI3K and ER pathways was associated with efficacy for the combination. In a secreted factor screen, multiple soluble factors, including members of the epidermal and fibroblast growth factor families, rendered breast cancer cells non-responsive to letrozole. It was discovered that many of these factors signal through the PI3K pathway and cells remained sensitive to taselisib in the presence of the soluble factors. We also found that letrozole resistant lines have elevated PI3K pathway signaling due to an increased level of p110α, but are still sensitive to taselisib. These data provide rationale for clinical evaluation of PI3K inhibitors to overcome resistance to endocrine therapies in ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus P Hoeflich
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jane Guan
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle A Edgar
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carol O'Brien
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Savage
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Wilson
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lori S Friedman
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Wallin
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Reproducibility and transparency in biomedical sciences have been called into question, and scientists have been found wanting as a result. Putting aside deliberate fraud, there is evidence that a major contributor to lack of reproducibility is insufficient quality assurance of reagents used in preclinical research. Cell lines are widely used in biomedical research to understand fundamental biological processes and disease states, yet most researchers do not perform a simple, affordable test to authenticate these key resources. Here, we provide a synopsis of the problems we face and how standards can contribute to an achievable solution. A major contributor to lack of reproducibility in preclinical research is insufficient quality assurance of reagents used. This article examines the problems surrounding the authentication of cell lines and discusses potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia—Children’s Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard M. Neve
- Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Patel D, Gao Y, Son K, Siltanen C, Neve RM, Ferrara K, Revzin A. Microfluidic co-cultures with hydrogel-based ligand trap to study paracrine signals giving rise to cancer drug resistance. Lab Chip 2015; 15:4614-4624. [PMID: 26542093 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00948k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies are designed to deactivate signaling pathways used by cancer cells for survival. However, cancer cells are often able to adapt by activating alternative survival pathways, thereby acquiring drug resistance. An emerging theory is that autocrine or paracrine growth factor signaling in the cancer microenvironment represent an important mechanism of drug resistance. In the present study we wanted to examine whether paracrine interactions between groups of melanoma cells result in resistance to vemurafenib - an FDA approved drug targeting the BRAF mutation in metastatic melanoma. We used a vemurafenib-resistant melanoma model which secretes fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 to test our hypothesis that this is a key paracrine mediator of resistance to vemurafenib. Sensitive cells treated with media conditioned by resistant cells did not protect from the effects of vemurafenib. To query paracrine interactions further we fabricated a microfluidic co-culture device with two parallel compartments, separated by a 100 μm wide hydrogel barrier. The gel barrier prevented resorting/contact of cells while permitting paracrine cross-talk. In this microfluidic system, sensitive cells did become refractive to the effects of vemurafenib when cultured adjacent to resistant cells. Importantly, incorporation of FGF-2 capture probes into the gel barrier separating the two cell types prevented onset of resistance to vemurafenib. Microfluidic tools described here allow for more sensitive analysis of paracrine signals, may help better understand signaling in the cancer microenvironment and may enable development of more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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12
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Freedman LP, Gibson MC, Wisman R, Ethier SP, Soule HR, Reid YA, Neve RM. The culture of cell culture practices and authentication--Results from a 2015 Survey. Biotechniques 2015; 59:189-90, 192. [PMID: 26458546 DOI: 10.2144/000114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Gibson
- Global Biological Standards Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Rosann Wisman
- Global Biological Standards Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen P Ethier
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Howard R Soule
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA
| | - Yvonne A Reid
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC ), Manassas, VA
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13
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Yu M, Selvaraj SK, Liang-Chu MMY, Aghajani S, Busse M, Yuan J, Lee G, Peale F, Klijn C, Bourgon R, Kaminker JS, Neve RM. A resource for cell line authentication, annotation and quality control. Nature 2015; 520:307-11. [PMID: 25877200 DOI: 10.1038/nature14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell line misidentification, contamination and poor annotation affect scientific reproducibility. Here we outline simple measures to detect or avoid cross-contamination, present a framework for cell line annotation linked to short tandem repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism profiles, and provide a catalogue of synonymous cell lines. This resource will enable our community to eradicate the use of misidentified lines and generate credible cell-based data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamie Yu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Suresh K Selvaraj
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - May M Y Liang-Chu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sahar Aghajani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Matthew Busse
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jean Yuan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Genee Lee
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Franklin Peale
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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14
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Yin Y, Djakovic S, Marsters S, Tien J, Peng J, Tremayne J, Lee G, Neve RM, Wu Y, Merchant M, Ashkenazi A, Carter PJ. Redesigning a Monospecific Anti-FGFR3 Antibody to Add Selectivity for FGFR2 and Expand Antitumor Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2270-8. [PMID: 26269606 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FGF receptors (FGFR) are attractive candidate targets for cancer therapy because they are dysregulated in several human malignancies. FGFR2 and FGFR3 can be inhibited potentially without disrupting adult tissue homeostasis. In contrast, blocking the closely related FGFR1 and FGFR4, which regulate specific metabolic functions, carries a greater safety risk. An anti-FGFR3 antibody was redesigned here to create function-blocking antibodies that bind with dual specificity to FGFR3 and FGFR2 but spare FGFR1 and FGFR4. R3Mab, a previously developed monospecific anti-FGFR3 antibody, was modified via structure-guided phage display and acquired additional binding to FGFR2. The initial variant was trispecific, binding tightly to FGFR3 and FGFR2 and moderately to FGFR4, while sparing FGFR1. The X-ray crystallographic structure indicated that the antibody variant was bound to a similar epitope on FGFR2 as R3Mab on FGFR3. The antibody was further engineered to decrease FGFR4-binding affinity while retaining affinity for FGFR3 and FGFR2. The resulting dual-specific antibodies blocked FGF binding to FGFR3 and FGFR2 and inhibited downstream signaling. Moreover, they displayed efficacy in mice against human tumor xenografts overexpressing FGFR3 or FGFR2. Thus, a monospecific antibody can be exquisitely tailored to confer or remove binding to closely related targets to expand and refine therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Stevan Djakovic
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Scot Marsters
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Janet Tien
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jarrod Tremayne
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Genee Lee
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Paul J Carter
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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15
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Liang-Chu MMY, Yu M, Haverty PM, Koeman J, Ziegle J, Lee M, Bourgon R, Neve RM. Human biosample authentication using the high-throughput, cost-effective SNPtrace(TM) system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116218. [PMID: 25714623 PMCID: PMC4340925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are the foundation for much of the fundamental research into the mechanisms underlying normal biologic processes and disease mechanisms. It is estimated that 15%–35% of human cell lines are misidentified or contaminated, resulting in a huge waste of resources and publication of false or misleading data. Here we evaluate a panel of 96 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays utilizing Fluidigm microfluidics technology for authentication and sex determination of human cell lines. The SNPtrace Panel was tested on 907 human cell lines. Pairwise comparison of these data show the SNPtrace Panel discriminated among identical, related and unrelated pairs of samples with a high degree of confidence, equivalent to short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. We also compared annotated sex calls with those determined by the SNPtrace Panel, STR and Illumina SNP arrays, revealing a high number of male samples are identified as female due to loss of the Y chromosome. Finally we assessed the sensitivity of the SNPtrace Panel to detect intra-human cross-contamination, resulting in detection of as little as 2% contaminating cell population. In conclusion, this study has generated a database of SNP fingerprints for 907 cell lines used in biomedical research and provides a reliable, fast, and economic alternative to STR profiling which can be applied to any human cell line or tissue sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M. Y. Liang-Chu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Mamie Yu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Haverty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Julie Koeman
- Van Andel Research Institute, Cytogenetics, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States of America
| | - Janet Ziegle
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Marie Lee
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Dompe NA, Lin E, Peng J, Chan G, Chan G, Chan G, Tien J, Merchant M, Bourgon R, Settleman J, Wilson T, Neve RM. Abstract B22: Potential combinatorial strategies to overcome drug resistance in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.pms14-b22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RAF and MEK inhibitors are used to target malignant melanomas harbouring BRAF V600E mutations, but resistance to these therapies remains a significant challenge. Here we conducted a screen of 450 secreted peptides to identify possible cell-autonomous or microenvironment-driven mechanisms of resistance to RAF and MEK inhibitors in ten melanoma cell lines. We identified multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated resistance mechanisms and show that drug-resistance in vitro was driven by mechanisms predicted by the screen and that co-targeting FGFR and BRAF prevents tumour regrowth in vivo. We also found that cells can become resistant to rational combinations of targeted inhibitors in a serial manner, again predicted by the screen. In many cases resistance is mediated by reactivation of MAPK-signalling, however, there is also evidence for non-MAPK-dependent mechanisms of resistance once these are exhausted. These data reveal multiple, defined mechanisms of resistance as well as highlight potential challenges of overcoming therapeutic resistance in a highly adaptive tumour type.
Citation Format: Nicholas A. Dompe, Eva Lin, Jing Peng, Grace Chan, Grace Chan, Grace Chan, Janet Tien, Mark Merchant, Richard Bourgon, Jeffrey Settleman, Timothy Wilson, Richard M. Neve. Potential combinatorial strategies to overcome drug resistance in BRAF-mutant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr B22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Lin
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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17
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Zhou W, Jubb AM, Lyle K, Xiao Q, Ong CC, Desai R, Fu L, Gnad F, Song Q, Haverty PM, Aust D, Grützmann R, Romero M, Totpal K, Neve RM, Yan Y, Forrest WF, Wang Y, Raja R, Pilarsky C, de Jesus-Acosta A, Belvin M, Friedman LS, Merchant M, Jaffee EM, Zheng L, Koeppen H, Hoeflich KP. PAK1 mediates pancreatic cancer cell migration and resistance to MET inhibition. J Pathol 2014; 234:502-13. [PMID: 25074413 DOI: 10.1002/path.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major unmet medical need and a deeper understanding of molecular drivers is needed to advance therapeutic options for patients. We report here that p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a central node in PDAC cells downstream of multiple growth factor signalling pathways, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and MET receptor tyrosine kinase. PAK1 inhibition blocks signalling to cytoskeletal effectors and tumour cell motility driven by HGF/MET. MET antagonists, such as onartuzumab and crizotinib, are currently in clinical development. Given that even highly effective therapies have resistance mechanisms, we show that combination with PAK1 inhibition overcomes potential resistance mechanisms mediated either by activation of parallel growth factor pathways or by direct amplification of PAK1. Inhibition of PAK1 attenuated in vivo tumour growth and metastasis in a model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In human tissues, PAK1 is highly expressed in a proportion of PDACs (33% IHC score 2 or 3; n = 304) and its expression is significantly associated with MET positivity (p < 0.0001) and linked to a widespread metastatic pattern in patients (p = 0.067). Taken together, our results provide evidence for a functional role of MET/PAK1 signalling in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and support further characterization of therapeutic inhibitors in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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18
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Wilson C, Pham T, Ye X, Lin E, Chan S, McNamara E, Neve RM, Belmont L, Koeppen H, Yauch RL, Ashkenazi A, Settleman J. Abstract 693: AXL tyrosine kinase inhibition selectively sensitizes mesenchymal cancer cells to antimitotic agents. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Molecularly-targeted drug therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, however, resistance remains a major limitation to their overall efficacy. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), independent of mutational resistance mechanisms. AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) associated with EMT that has been implicated in drug resistance, and has emerged as a candidate therapeutic target. Across 643 human cancer cell lines that were analyzed, we found that elevated AXL was strongly associated with a mesenchymal phenotype, particularly in triple negative breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Here we experimentally established a model system to induced EMT by exposure to TGF-β and we observed that the resulting TGF-β-induced mesenchymal cells exhibit substantially increased AXL expression, become relatively drug-resistant to their appropriate TKI and cross-resistant to a variety of anti-cancer agents. We tested the ability of AXL inhibition to restore erlotinib sensitivity, in both a TGF-β-induced resistance model and in two different models of acquired resistance to erlotinib. Here, our observations do not support the previously reported role for AXL inhibition in overcoming acquired resistance to TKIs in the EMT context. However, in an unbiased screen of small molecule inhibitors of cancer-relevant processes, we discovered that AXL inhibition was specifically synergistic with anti-mitotic agents in killing cancer cells that had undergone EMT and demonstrated associated TKI resistance. Inhibition of AXL in combination with anti-mitotic agents enhances death in mitosis by promoting cells to enter mitosis through the down-regulation of CDK1, resulting in G2M cell cycle arrest. In summary, our findings highlight the utility of combination drug screening to reveal novel potentially useful anti-cancer drug combinations to improve clinical responses. While we did not identify a functional role for AXL in the context of acquired resistance to TKI therapies, we did observe that AXL inhibition may be an effective therapy in the context of mesenchymal tumors, specifically when used in combination with anti-mitotic agents. These findings reveal a novel therapeutic strategy for tumors displaying mesenchymal features that otherwise render them treatment-refractory.
Citation Format: Catherine Wilson, Thinh Pham, Xiaofen Ye, Eva Lin, Sara Chan, Erin McNamara, Richard M. Neve, Lisa Belmont, Hartmut Koeppen, Robert L. Yauch, Avi Ashkenazi, Jeff Settleman. AXL tyrosine kinase inhibition selectively sensitizes mesenchymal cancer cells to antimitotic agents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 693. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-693
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thinh Pham
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiaofen Ye
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Eva Lin
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara Chan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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19
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Wilson C, Ye X, Pham T, Lin E, Chan S, McNamara E, Neve RM, Belmont L, Koeppen H, Yauch RL, Ashkenazi A, Settleman J. AXL inhibition sensitizes mesenchymal cancer cells to antimitotic drugs. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5878-90. [PMID: 25125659 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly targeted drug therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment; however, resistance remains a major limitation to their overall efficacy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), independent of mutational resistance mechanisms. AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase associated with EMT that has been implicated in drug resistance and has emerged as a candidate therapeutic target. Across 643 human cancer cell lines that were analyzed, elevated AXL was strongly associated with a mesenchymal phenotype, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In an unbiased screen of small-molecule inhibitors of cancer-relevant processes, we discovered that AXL inhibition was specifically synergistic with antimitotic agents in killing cancer cells that had undergone EMT and demonstrated associated TKI resistance. However, we did not find that AXL inhibition alone could overcome acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs in the EMT setting, as previously reported. These findings reveal a novel cotreatment strategy for tumors displaying mesenchymal features that otherwise render them treatment refractory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Wilson
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaofen Ye
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Thinh Pham
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Eva Lin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sara Chan
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Erin McNamara
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa Belmont
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert L Yauch
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeff Settleman
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
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20
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Edgar KA, Crocker L, Cheng E, Wagle MC, Wongchenko M, Yan Y, Wilson TR, Dompe N, Neve RM, Belvin M, Sampath D, Friedman LS, Wallin JJ. Amphiregulin and PTEN evoke a multimodal mechanism of acquired resistance to PI3K inhibition. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:113-26. [PMID: 25053989 PMCID: PMC4091530 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway alterations occur broadly in cancer and PI3K is a promising therapeutic target. Here, we investigated acquired resistance to GDC-0941, a PI3K inhibitor in clinical trials. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells made to be resistant to GDC-0941 were discovered to secrete amphiregulin, which resulted in increased EGFR/MAPK signaling. Moreover, prolonged PI3K pathway inhibition in cultured cells over a period of months led to a secondary loss of PTEN in 40% of the CRC lines with acquired resistance to PI3K inhibition. In the absence of PI3K inhibitor, these PTEN-null PI3K inhibitor-resistant clones had elevated PI3K pathway signaling and decreased sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors. Importantly, PTEN loss was not able to induce resistance to PI3K inhibitors in the absence of amphiregulin, indicating a multimodal mechanism of acquired resistance. The combination of PI3K and MAPK pathway inhibitors overcame acquired resistance in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Edgar
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Crocker
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Cheng
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yibing Yan
- Department of Oncology Biomarkers, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Dompe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcia Belvin
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lori S Friedman
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Wallin
- Departments of Translational Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Lee GY, Haverty PM, Li L, Kljavin NM, Bourgon R, Lee J, Stern H, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S, Zhang Z, Davis D, Stokoe D, Settleman J, de Sauvage FJ, Neve RM. Comparative oncogenomics identifies PSMB4 and SHMT2 as potential cancer driver genes. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3114-26. [PMID: 24755469 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer genomes maintain a complex array of somatic alterations required for maintenance and progression of the disease, posing a challenge to identify driver genes among this genetic disorder. Toward this end, we mapped regions of recurrent amplification in a large collection (n=392) of primary human cancers and selected 620 genes whose expression is elevated in tumors. An RNAi loss-of-function screen targeting these genes across a panel of 32 cancer cell lines identified potential driver genes. Subsequent functional assays identified SHMT2, a key enzyme in the serine/glycine synthesis pathway, as necessary for tumor cell survival but insufficient for transformation. The 26S proteasomal subunit, PSMB4, was identified as the first proteasomal subunit with oncogenic properties promoting cancer cell survival and tumor growth in vivo. Elevated expression of SHMT2 and PSMB4 was found to be associated with poor prognosis in human cancer, supporting the development of molecular therapies targeting these genes or components of their pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genee Y Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Peter M Haverty
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Li Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - James Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Howard Stern
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - David Davis
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - David Stokoe
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey Settleman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard M Neve
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Discovery Oncology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Pathology, and Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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22
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Liu J, Lee W, Jiang Z, Chen Z, Jhunjhunwala S, Haverty PM, Gnad F, Guan Y, Gilbert HN, Stinson J, Klijn C, Guillory J, Bhatt D, Vartanian S, Walter K, Chan J, Holcomb T, Dijkgraaf P, Johnson S, Koeman J, Minna JD, Gazdar AF, Stern HM, Hoeflich KP, Wu TD, Settleman J, de Sauvage FJ, Gentleman RC, Neve RM, Stokoe D, Modrusan Z, Seshagiri S, Shames DS, Zhang Z. Genome and transcriptome sequencing of lung cancers reveal diverse mutational and splicing events. Genome Res 2012; 22:2315-27. [PMID: 23033341 PMCID: PMC3514662 DOI: 10.1101/gr.140988.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of both underlying genetic lesions and response to therapeutic treatments. We performed deep whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing on 19 lung cancer cell lines and three lung tumor/normal pairs. Overall, our data show that cell line models exhibit similar mutation spectra to human tumor samples. Smoker and never-smoker cancer samples exhibit distinguishable patterns of mutations. A number of epigenetic regulators, including KDM6A, ASH1L, SMARCA4, and ATAD2, are frequently altered by mutations or copy number changes. A systematic survey of splice-site mutations identified 106 splice site mutations associated with cancer specific aberrant splicing, including mutations in several known cancer-related genes. RAC1b, an isoform of the RAC1 GTPase that includes one additional exon, was found to be preferentially up-regulated in lung cancer. We further show that its expression is significantly associated with sensitivity to a MAP2K (MEK) inhibitor PD-0325901. Taken together, these data present a comprehensive genomic landscape of a large number of lung cancer samples and further demonstrate that cancer-specific alternative splicing is a widespread phenomenon that has potential utility as therapeutic biomarkers. The detailed characterizations of the lung cancer cell lines also provide genomic context to the vast amount of experimental data gathered for these lines over the decades, and represent highly valuable resources for cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
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23
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Hill SM, Neve RM, Bayani N, Kuo WL, Ziyad S, Spellman PT, Gray JW, Mukherjee S. Integrating biological knowledge into variable selection: an empirical Bayes approach with an application in cancer biology. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:94. [PMID: 22578440 PMCID: PMC3503557 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An important question in the analysis of biochemical data is that of identifying subsets of molecular variables that may jointly influence a biological response. Statistical variable selection methods have been widely used for this purpose. In many settings, it may be important to incorporate ancillary biological information concerning the variables of interest. Pathway and network maps are one example of a source of such information. However, although ancillary information is increasingly available, it is not always clear how it should be used nor how it should be weighted in relation to primary data. Results We put forward an approach in which biological knowledge is incorporated using informative prior distributions over variable subsets, with prior information selected and weighted in an automated, objective manner using an empirical Bayes formulation. We employ continuous, linear models with interaction terms and exploit biochemically-motivated sparsity constraints to permit exact inference. We show an example of priors for pathway- and network-based information and illustrate our proposed method on both synthetic response data and by an application to cancer drug response data. Comparisons are also made to alternative Bayesian and frequentist penalised-likelihood methods for incorporating network-based information. Conclusions The empirical Bayes method proposed here can aid prior elicitation for Bayesian variable selection studies and help to guard against mis-specification of priors. Empirical Bayes, together with the proposed pathway-based priors, results in an approach with a competitive variable selection performance. In addition, the overall procedure is fast, deterministic, and has very few user-set parameters, yet is capable of capturing interplay between molecular players. The approach presented is general and readily applicable in any setting with multiple sources of biological prior knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Hill
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Blick T, Hugo H, Widodo E, Waltham M, Pinto C, Mani SA, Weinberg RA, Neve RM, Lenburg ME, Thompson EW. Epithelial mesenchymal transition traits in human breast cancer cell lines parallel the CD44(hi/)CD24 (lo/-) stem cell phenotype in human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:235-52. [PMID: 20521089 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We review here the recently emerging relationship between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer stem cells (BCSC), and provide analyses of published data on human breast cancer cell lines, supporting their utility as a model for the EMT/BCSC state. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of these cell lines has confirmed the existence of a subgroup with mesenchymal tendencies and enhanced invasive properties ('Basal B'/Mesenchymal), distinct from subgroups with either predominantly luminal ('Luminal') or mixed basal/luminal ('Basal A') features (Neve et al. Cancer Cell, 2006). A literature-derived EMT gene signature has shown specific enrichment within the Basal B subgroup of cell lines, consistent with their over-expression of various EMT transcriptional drivers. Basal B cell lines are found to resemble BCSC, being CD44(high)CD24(low). Moreover, gene products that distinguish Basal B from Basal A and Luminal cell lines (Basal B Discriminators) showed close concordance with those that define BCSC isolated from clinical material, as reported by Shipitsin et al. (Cancer Cell, 2007). CD24 mRNA levels varied across Basal B cell lines, correlating with other Basal B Discriminators. Many gene products correlating with CD24 status in Basal B cell lines were also differentially expressed in isolated BCSC. These findings confirm and extend the importance of the cellular product of the EMT with Basal B cell lines, and illustrate the value of analysing these cell lines for new leads that may improve breast cancer outcomes. Gene products specific to Basal B cell lines may serve as tools for the detection, quantification, and analysis of BCSC/EMT attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Blick
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Melbourne 3065, Australia
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25
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Coppe JP, Amend C, Semeiks J, Baehner FL, Bayani N, Campisi J, C. Benz C, Gray JW, Neve RM. ERBB Receptor Regulation of ESX/ELF3 Promotes Invasion in Breast Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2174/1874079001003010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Salaita K, Nair PM, Petit RS, Neve RM, Das D, Gray JW, Groves JT. Restriction of receptor movement alters cellular response: physical force sensing by EphA2. Science 2010; 327:1380-5. [PMID: 20223987 DOI: 10.1126/science.1181729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase by ephrin-A1 ligands presented on apposed cell surfaces plays important roles in development and exhibits poorly understood functional alterations in cancer. We reconstituted this intermembrane signaling geometry between live EphA2-expressing human breast cancer cells and supported membranes displaying laterally mobile ephrin-A1. Receptor-ligand binding, clustering, and subsequent lateral transport within this junction were observed. EphA2 transport can be blocked by physical barriers nanofabricated onto the underlying substrate. This physical reorganization of EphA2 alters the cellular response to ephrin-A1, as observed by changes in cytoskeleton morphology and recruitment of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10. Quantitative analysis of receptor-ligand spatial organization across a library of 26 mammary epithelial cell lines reveals characteristic differences that strongly correlate with invasion potential. These observations reveal a mechanism for spatio-mechanical regulation of EphA2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Salaita
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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27
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Kuo WL, Das D, Ziyad S, Bhattacharya S, Gibb WJ, Heiser LM, Sadanandam A, Fontenay GV, Hu Z, Wang NJ, Bayani N, Feiler HS, Neve RM, Wyrobek AJ, Spellman PT, Marton LJ, Gray JW. A systems analysis of the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to the polyamine analogue PG-11047. BMC Med 2009; 7:77. [PMID: 20003408 PMCID: PMC2803786 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines regulate important cellular functions and polyamine dysregulation frequently occurs in cancer. The objective of this study was to use a systems approach to study the relative effects of PG-11047, a polyamine analogue, across breast cancer cells derived from different patients and to identify genetic markers associated with differential cytotoxicity. METHODS A panel of 48 breast cell lines that mirror many transcriptional and genomic features present in primary human breast tumours were used to study the antiproliferative activity of PG-11047. Sensitive cell lines were further examined for cell cycle distribution and apoptotic response. Cell line responses, quantified by the GI50 (dose required for 50% relative growth inhibition) were correlated with the omic profiles of the cell lines to identify markers that predict response and cellular functions associated with drug sensitivity. RESULTS The concentrations of PG-11047 needed to inhibit growth of members of the panel of breast cell lines varied over a wide range, with basal-like cell lines being inhibited at lower concentrations than the luminal cell lines. Sensitive cell lines showed a significant decrease in S phase fraction at doses that produced little apoptosis. Correlation of the GI50 values with the omic profiles of the cell lines identified genomic, transcriptional and proteomic variables associated with response. CONCLUSIONS A 13-gene transcriptional marker set was developed as a predictor of response to PG-11047 that warrants clinical evaluation. Analyses of the pathways, networks and genes associated with response to PG-11047 suggest that response may be influenced by interferon signalling and differential inhibition of aspects of motility and epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Kuo
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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28
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Kenny PA, Lee GY, Myers CA, Neve RM, Semeiks JR, Spellman PT, Lorenz K, Lee EH, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Petersen OW, Gray JW, Bissell MJ. The morphologies of breast cancer cell lines in three-dimensional assays correlate with their profiles of gene expression. Mol Oncol 2009; 1:84-96. [PMID: 18516279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell cultures are rapidly becoming the method of choice for the physiologically relevant modeling of many aspects of non-malignant and malignant cell behavior ex vivo. Nevertheless, only a limited number of distinct cell types have been evaluated in this assay to date. Here we report the first large scale comparison of the transcriptional profiles and 3D cell culture phenotypes of a substantial panel of human breast cancer cell lines. Each cell line adopts a colony morphology of one of four main classes in 3D culture. These morphologies reflect, at least in part, the underlying gene expression profile and protein expression patterns of the cell lines, and distinct morphologies were also associated with tumor cell invasiveness and with cell lines originating from metastases. We further demonstrate that consistent differences in genes encoding signal transduction proteins emerge when even tumor cells are cultured in 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraic A Kenny
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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29
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Agarwal R, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Myhre S, Carey M, Lee JS, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Stemke-Hale K, Lluch A, Neve RM, Kuo WL, Sorlie T, Sahin A, Valero V, Keyomarsi K, Gray JW, Borresen-Dale AL, Mills GB, Hennessy BT. Integrative analysis of cyclin protein levels identifies cyclin b1 as a classifier and predictor of outcomes in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3654-62. [PMID: 19470724 PMCID: PMC2887710 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the expression levels of cyclins B1, D1, and E1 and the implications of cyclin overexpression for patient outcomes in distinct breast cancer subtypes defined by clinical variables and transcriptional profiling. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression levels of cyclins B1, D1, and E1 were quantified in 779 breast tumors and 53 cell lines using reverse phase protein arrays and/or transcriptional profiling. RESULTS Whereas cyclin E1 overexpression was a specific marker of triple-negative and basal-like tumors, cyclin B1 overexpression occurred in poor prognosis hormone receptor-positive, luminal B and basal-like breast cancers. Cyclin D1 overexpression occurred in luminal and normal-like cancers. Breast cancer subgroups defined by integrated expression of cyclins B1, D1, and E1 correlated significantly (P < 0.000001) with tumor subtypes defined by transcriptional profiling and clinical criteria. Across three hormone receptor-positive data sets, cyclin B1 was the dominant cyclin associated with poor prognosis in univariate and multivariate analyses. Although CCNE1 was present in significantly higher copy numbers in basal-like versus other subtypes (ANOVA P < 0.001), CCNB1 gene copy number did not show gain in breast cancer. Instead, cyclin B1 expression was increased in tumors with co-occurrence of TP53 mutations and MYC amplification, a combination that seems to characterize basal-like and luminal B tumors. CCNB1 gene expression was significantly correlated with PLK, CENPE, and AURKB gene expression. CONCLUSION Cyclins B1, D1, and E1 have distinct expressions in different breast cancer subtypes. Novel PLK, CENPE, and AURKB inhibitors should be assessed for therapeutic utility in poor prognosis cyclin B1-overexpressing breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Agarwal
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas,Department of Medical Oncology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simen Myhre
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital,Faculty Division, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Mark Carey
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ana Lluch
- Universidad de Valencia, Clinic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Wen Lin Kuo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Therese Sorlie
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital,Institute of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aysegul Sahin
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Vicente Valero
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital,Faculty Division, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan T. Hennessy
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
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30
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Mirzoeva OK, Das D, Heiser LM, Bhattacharya S, Siwak D, Gendelman R, Bayani N, Wang NJ, Neve RM, Guan Y, Hu Z, Knight Z, Feiler HS, Gascard P, Parvin B, Spellman PT, Shokat KM, Wyrobek AJ, Bissell MJ, McCormick F, Kuo WL, Mills GB, Gray JW, Korn WM. Basal subtype and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-phosphoinositide 3-kinase feedback signaling determine susceptibility of breast cancer cells to MEK inhibition. Cancer Res 2009; 69:565-72. [PMID: 19147570 PMCID: PMC2737189 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) have been developed that efficiently inhibit the oncogenic RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. We used a systems-based approach to identify breast cancer subtypes particularly susceptible to MEK inhibitors and to understand molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to such compounds. Basal-type breast cancer cells were found to be particularly susceptible to growth inhibition by small-molecule MEK inhibitors. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in response to MEK inhibition through a negative MEK-epidermal growth factor receptor-PI3K feedback loop was found to limit efficacy. Interruption of this feedback mechanism by targeting MEK and PI3K produced synergistic effects, including induction of apoptosis and, in some cell lines, cell cycle arrest and protection from apoptosis induced by proapoptotic agents. These findings enhance our understanding of the interconnectivity of oncogenic signal transduction circuits and have implications for the design of future clinical trials of MEK inhibitors in breast cancer by guiding patient selection and suggesting rational combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga K. Mirzoeva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Debopriya Das
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Laura M. Heiser
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Doris Siwak
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rina Gendelman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nora Bayani
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Nicholas J. Wang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Richard M. Neve
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Yinghui Guan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Zhi Hu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Zachary Knight
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Heidi S. Feiler
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Philippe Gascard
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Bahram Parvin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Paul T. Spellman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew J. Wyrobek
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Wen-Lin Kuo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, California
| | - W. Michael Korn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California,Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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31
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Abstract
It has been over 20 years since the discovery of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a tyrosine kinase receptor that is a potent oncoprotein in breast and other cancers and has become an opportune target for therapy. HER2 plays a critical role in normal development, forming homodimers or heterodimers with other HER family members and triggering downstream signaling cascades controlling proliferation, cell survival, and apoptosis. However, amplification of the HER2 gene in cancer cells results in overexpression of HER2 receptors on the cell surface, leading to excessive and dysregulated signaling. HER2-driven signaling also upregulates transcription factors that act on the HER2 promoter, increasing its expression. In breast cancer, HER2 is gene amplified in 20%-25% of primary tumors and is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poorer prognosis. The key role HER2 plays in tumorigenesis makes it an ideal target for therapy. Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against HER2, inhibits downstream signaling and has proven to be effective against HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. Seminal clinical trial data also show that the use of adjuvant trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy or as a single agent after chemotherapy significantly increases disease-free and overall survival. Lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor against HER1 and HER2, has been approved in combination with capecitabine for HER2-overexpressing advanced or metastatic breast cancer, which has progressed following previous anthracycline, taxane, and trastuzumab therapy. Other HER2-targeting strategies are also under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Park
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115-1710, USA.
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32
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Mukherjee S, Pelech S, Neve RM, Kuo WL, Ziyad S, Spellman PT, Gray JW, Speed TP. Sparse combinatorial inference with an application in cancer biology. Bioinformatics 2008; 25:265-71. [PMID: 19038985 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Combinatorial effects, in which several variables jointly influence an output or response, play an important role in biological systems. In many settings, Boolean functions provide a natural way to describe such influences. However, biochemical data using which we may wish to characterize such influences are usually subject to much variability. Furthermore, in high-throughput biological settings Boolean relationships of interest are very often sparse, in the sense of being embedded in an overall dataset of higher dimensionality. This motivates a need for statistical methods capable of making inferences regarding Boolean functions under conditions of noise and sparsity. RESULTS We put forward a statistical model for sparse, noisy Boolean functions and methods for inference under the model. We focus on the case in which the form of the underlying Boolean function, as well as the number and identity of its inputs are all unknown. We present results on synthetic data and on a study of signalling proteins in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sach Mukherjee
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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33
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Stemke-Hale K, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Lluch A, Neve RM, Kuo WL, Davies M, Carey M, Hu Z, Guan Y, Sahin A, Symmans WF, Pusztai L, Nolden LK, Horlings H, Berns K, Hung MC, van de Vijver MJ, Valero V, Gray JW, Bernards R, Mills GB, Hennessy BT. An integrative genomic and proteomic analysis of PIK3CA, PTEN, and AKT mutations in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6084-91. [PMID: 18676830 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway aberrations are common in cancer. By applying mass spectroscopy-based sequencing and reverse-phase protein arrays to 547 human breast cancers and 41 cell lines, we determined the subtype specificity and signaling effects of PIK3CA, AKT, and PTEN mutations and the effects of PIK3CA mutations on responsiveness to PI3K inhibition in vitro and on outcome after adjuvant tamoxifen. PIK3CA mutations were more common in hormone receptor-positive (34.5%) and HER2-positive (22.7%) than in basal-like tumors (8.3%). AKT1 (1.4%) and PTEN (2.3%) mutations were restricted to hormone receptor-positive cancers. Unlike AKT1 mutations that were absent from cell lines, PIK3CA (39%) and PTEN (20%) mutations were more common in cell lines than tumors, suggesting a selection for these but not AKT1 mutations during adaptation to culture. PIK3CA mutations did not have a significant effect on outcome after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in 157 hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients. PIK3CA mutations, in comparison with PTEN loss and AKT1 mutations, were associated with significantly less and inconsistent activation of AKT and of downstream PI3K/AKT signaling in tumors and cell lines. PTEN loss and PIK3CA mutation were frequently concordant, suggesting different contributions to pathophysiology. PTEN loss rendered cells significantly more sensitive to growth inhibition by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 than did PIK3CA mutations. Thus, PI3K pathway aberrations likely play a distinct role in the pathogenesis of different breast cancer subtypes. The specific aberration present may have implications for the selection of PI3K-targeted therapies in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stemke-Hale
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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34
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Mao JH, Wu D, Perez-Losada J, Jiang T, Li Q, Neve RM, Gray JW, Cai WW, Balmain A. Crosstalk between Aurora-A and p53: frequent deletion or downregulation of Aurora-A in tumors from p53 null mice. Cancer Cell 2007; 11:161-73. [PMID: 17292827 PMCID: PMC2730519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Aurora-A kinase gene is amplified in a subset of human tumors and in radiation-induced lymphomas from p53 heterozygous mice. Normal tissues from p53-/- mice have increased Aurora-A protein levels, but lymphomas from these mice exhibit heterozygous deletions of Aurora-A and/or reduced protein expression. A similar correlation between low p53 levels and Aurora-A gene deletions and expression is found in human breast cancer cell lines. In vitro studies using mouse embryo fibroblasts demonstrate that inhibition of Aurora-A can have either positive or negative effects on cell growth as a function of p53 status. These data have implications for the design of approaches to targeted cancer therapy involving the crosstalk between Aurora-A kinase and p53 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Mao
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jesus Perez-Losada
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard M. Neve
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94270, USA
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94270, USA
| | - Wei-Wen Cai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, Yeh J, Baehner FL, Fevr T, Clark L, Bayani N, Coppe JP, Tong F, Speed T, Spellman PT, DeVries S, Lapuk A, Wang NJ, Kuo WL, Stilwell JL, Pinkel D, Albertson DG, Waldman FM, McCormick F, Dickson RB, Johnson MD, Lippman M, Ethier S, Gazdar A, Gray JW. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:515-27. [PMID: 17157791 PMCID: PMC2730521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2379] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that thousands of genes may contribute to breast cancer pathophysiologies when deregulated by genomic or epigenomic events. Here, we describe a model "system" to appraise the functional contributions of these genes to breast cancer subsets. In general, the recurrent genomic and transcriptional characteristics of 51 breast cancer cell lines mirror those of 145 primary breast tumors, although some significant differences are documented. The cell lines that comprise the system also exhibit the substantial genomic, transcriptional, and biological heterogeneity found in primary tumors. We show, using Trastuzumab (Herceptin) monotherapy as an example, that the system can be used to identify molecular features that predict or indicate response to targeted therapies or other physiological perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Neve
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94270, USA.
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36
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Chin K, DeVries S, Fridlyand J, Spellman PT, Roydasgupta R, Kuo WL, Lapuk A, Neve RM, Qian Z, Ryder T, Chen F, Feiler H, Tokuyasu T, Kingsley C, Dairkee S, Meng Z, Chew K, Pinkel D, Jain A, Ljung BM, Esserman L, Albertson DG, Waldman FM, Gray JW. Genomic and transcriptional aberrations linked to breast cancer pathophysiologies. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:529-41. [PMID: 17157792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 08/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the roles of genome copy number abnormalities (CNAs) in breast cancer pathophysiology by identifying associations between recurrent CNAs, gene expression, and clinical outcome in a set of aggressively treated early-stage breast tumors. It shows that the recurrent CNAs differ between tumor subtypes defined by expression pattern and that stratification of patients according to outcome can be improved by measuring both expression and copy number, especially high-level amplification. Sixty-six genes deregulated by the high-level amplifications are potential therapeutic targets. Nine of these (FGFR1, IKBKB, ERBB2, PROCC, ADAM9, FNTA, ACACA, PNMT, and NR1D1) are considered druggable. Low-level CNAs appear to contribute to cancer progression by altering RNA and cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koei Chin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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37
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Abstract
Cancers result from large-scale deregulation of genes that lead to cancer pathophysiologies such as increase proliferation, decreased apoptosis, increased motility, increased angiogenesis, and others. Genes that influence proliferation and apoptosis are particularly attractive as therapeutic targets. To identify genes that influence these phenotypes, we have developed simple and rapid methods to measure apoptosis and cell proliferation using high content screening with YO-PRO-1 and anti-BrdU staining of BrdU pulsed cells, respectively.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwa-Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul, 151-747 (South Korea)
| | - Pradeep M. Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Richard M. Neve
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA) and Laboratory Medicine and Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143 (USA)
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA) and Laboratory Medicine and Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143 (USA)
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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39
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Neve RM, Parmar H, Amend C, Chen C, Rizzino A, Benz CC. Identification of an epithelial-specific enhancer regulating ESX expression. Gene 2005; 367:118-25. [PMID: 16307850 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Ets transcription factor, ESX, exhibits a unique pattern of epithelial-restricted expression and transactivates genes involved in epithelial differentiation and cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying genetic basis for epithelial-specific expression of ESX. We have identified a 30bp ESX enhancer sequence (EES) approximately 3 kb upstream of the proximal promoter. This region displays enhancer activity in an epithelial-specific manner and deletion of this region abrogates ESX gene transcription. An EES binding protein complex (EBC) was identified through electrophoretic mobility shift assays whose degree of EES binding correlated well with endogenous ESX levels in epithelial cells and was regulated by epithelial differentiation. Understanding the regulation of this element will lend insight into mechanisms of epithelial differentiation and the etiology of breast cancer and may provide novel targets for cancer therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Neve
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94143-0808, USA.
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40
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Macrae M, Neve RM, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Haqq C, Yeh J, Chen C, Gray JW, McCormick F. A conditional feedback loop regulates Ras activity through EphA2. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:111-8. [PMID: 16098464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is frequently overexpressed in many cancers, including 40% of breast cancers. Here, we show that EphA2 is a direct transcriptional target of the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway and that ligand-stimulated EphA2 attenuates the growth factor-induced activation of Ras. Thus, a negative feedback loop is created that regulates Ras activity. Interestingly, the expression of EphA2 and ephrin-A1 is mutually exclusive in a panel of 28 breast cancer cell lines. We show that the MAPK pathway inhibits ephrin-A1 expression, and the ligand expression inhibits EphA2 levels contributing to the receptor-ligand reciprocal expression pattern in these cell lines. Our results suggest that an escape from the negative effects of this interaction may be important in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Macrae
- Cancer Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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41
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Hou J, Wilder PJ, Bernadt CT, Boer B, Neve RM, Rizzino A. Transcriptional regulation of the murine Elf3 gene in embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiated counterparts: requirement for a novel upstream regulatory region. Gene 2004; 340:123-31. [PMID: 15556300 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Elf3, which is one of over 25 Ets family members, is expressed in a wide variety of carcinomas and has been shown to promote the transcription of many genes implicated in cancer. To understand how the Elf3 gene is regulated at the transcriptional level, we probed its 5'-flanking region, and we report here the identification of both proximal and distal regions that regulate murine Elf3 promoter activity. In addition to mapping the transcription start site of the Elf3 gene, the work described in this study identifies four cis-regulatory elements in the proximal promoter region of the gene. These include a cis-regulatory element previously designated ESE, a kappaB site, a POU motif, and a CCAAT box. In addition, we demonstrate that a novel 94 bp region 2 kb upstream of the transcription start site significantly elevates Elf3 promoter activity in F9-differentiated cells, but not in the parental F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. This region appears to be largely responsible for the increase in Elf3 promoter activity that accompanies the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Initiation Site
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Hou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA
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42
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Parmar H, Young P, Emerman JT, Neve RM, Dairkee S, Cunha GR. A novel method for growing human breast epithelium in vivo using mouse and human mammary fibroblasts. Endocrinology 2002; 143:4886-96. [PMID: 12446616 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel system is described for studying the growth of normal human mammary epithelium in vivo as grafts in athymic nude mice. The key feature of this model is reconstitution of the epithelial-stromal interactions required for normal growth and differentiation of the human mammary epithelium, which produces ducts that are comparable to those in the normal human mammary gland. Human breast epithelial organoids were combined with mammary fibroblasts from mouse or human origin in collagen gels, which were subsequently transplanted under the renal capsule of female nude mice hosts. The resulting grafts showed an increase in the ductal density compared with that observed previously. These ducts expressed appropriate markers for luminal and myoepithelial cells and steroid receptors. Treatment of the host with diethylstilbestrol or estradiol and progesterone significantly increased the number of ducts observed and increased cell proliferation. The grafts also displayed production of beta-casein and milk fat globule membrane protein when the hosts were allowed to become pregnant. This model allows for a variety of epithelial and stromal cells to be used in combination, which would aid in understanding key factors that regulate normal human mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Parmar
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA
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43
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Neve RM, Holbro T, Hynes NE. Distinct roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and p38 MAPK in mediating cell cycle progression of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:4567-76. [PMID: 12085235 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2001] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 03/27/2002] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Addition of the ErbB-ligand, Heregulinbeta1 (HRG), to breast tumour-derived T47D cells promotes D-cyclin expression, p21(cip1) synthesis, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activation through re-distribution of p27(kip1) and DNA synthesis. In contrast EGF has no effect on T47D cell cycle progression. By comparing these two ligands and the use of specific inhibitors for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38MAPK, we have identified several molecular mechanisms required for ErbB receptor-mediated proliferation. The PI3K, MAPK and p38MAPK pathways each displayed distinct activation profiles in response to either HRG or EGF, with obvious differences in both the intensity and duration of signal output. Through inhibition of each of these pathways it is apparent that each pathway is necessary, yet insufficient alone, to stimulate proliferation. Each pathway regulates distinct subsets of essential cell cycle regulators and integration of these signal networks is required for the timely expression of these components, which culminates in cell cycle progression. Significantly, the mechanisms controlling ligand-stimulated proliferation through ErbB2 are strikingly similar to the mechanisms through which overexpressed, constitutively activated, ErbB2 orchestrates uncontrolled proliferation in cancer cells. This suggests that downstream effectors of ErbB receptors represent good therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Neve
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, UCSF San Francisco and Buck Institute, Novato, California 94945, USA.
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44
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Neve RM, Ylstra B, Chang CH, Albertson DG, Benz CC. ErbB2 activation of ESX gene expression. Oncogene 2002; 21:3934-8. [PMID: 12032832 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2002] [Revised: 03/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Various members of the Ets multigene family exhibit diverse roles in development, cell differentiation, tissue-specific gene expression and human malignancy. In the search for Ets factors involved in mammary gland development and malignancy, ESX was found to be upregulated in a subset of breast tumours and cell lines. We report the transcriptional regulation of ESX in epithelial breast cancer cells. Transient reporter assays using the ESX promoter show that ESX transcription is regulated by ErbB receptor signalling. In cell lines and in 45 primary ductal breast cancers we show that ESX transcript expression significantly correlates with ErbB2 transcript levels. Moreover, expression of ErbB2 in cells upregulates ESX promoter activity while inhibition of ErbB2 or its downstream signaling pathways decrease both ESX promoter activity and endogenous ESX protein levels. These results indicate that the ESX promoter represents a transcriptional target of ErbB2, and ESX expression may represent a downstream mediator of ErbB2 signaling and ErbB2-induced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Neve
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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45
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Abstract
The HER family of receptors has an important role in the network of cell signals controlling cell growth and differentiation. Although the activity of the HER receptor is strictly controlled in normal cells, HER2 receptor overexpression plays a pivotal role in transformation and tumorigenesis. HER2 gene amplification and/or overexpression of the receptor has been detected in subsets of a wide range of human cancers including breast cancer, and is an indicator of poor prognosis. It is proposed that overexpressed HER2 in combination with HER3 causes high activity of cell-signaling networks, thereby resulting in tumor cell proliferation. Thus, the HER2 receptor is an attractive target for new anti-cancer treatments. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the receptor are the most promising of these, and the humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) has shown significant clinical efficacy in clinical trials. The anti-tumor mechanisms of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies are not completely understood. However, some tumor types are not sensitive to trastuzumab, suggesting that the response of a tumor to trastuzumab may not only be dependent on overexpressed HER2, but may also be influenced by other members of the HER receptor family expressed in the tumor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Neve
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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46
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Neve RM, Nielsen UB, Kirpotin DB, Poul MA, Marks JD, Benz CC. Biological effects of anti-ErbB2 single chain antibodies selected for internalizing function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:274-9. [PMID: 11162510 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two internalizing monovalent single chain antibody fragments (scFv), C6.5 and F5, that recognize distinct ErbB2 extracellular domain (ECD) epitopes, and their bivalent forms dbC6.5 and F5(scFv')(2), were compared to the growth-inhibiting anti-ErbB2 antibody Herceptin/trastuzumab, in either its bivalent (Her) or monovalent (4D5Fab') form, for their abilities to induce biological responses in the ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, SkBr-3. Assays compared internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis, effects on cell cycling and culture growth, and interference with intracellular MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. We found no correlation between ErbB2 epitope affinity or valency on degree of antibody-induced endocytosis, since all the scFv were able to internalize better than Her. Unlike Her, neither the monovalent or bivalent forms of the internalizing scFv had any sustained effect on cell growth. Basal levels of MAPK and PI3K signaling in SkBr-3 cells were not inhibited by up to 8 h scFv treatment, while decreased MAPK and PI3K signals were noted within 8 h of Her treatment. In summary, antibody-induced ErbB2-mediated endocytosis is not a surrogate marker for resultant biological response, as it shows no correlation with cell cycle, culture proliferation, or intracellular kinase signal induction by internalizing antibodies. Thus, the enhanced endocytotic property of scFv like C6.6 and F5 in conjunction with their absence of any growth or signaling impact on ErbB2-overexpressing cells favors their choice as ErbB2 targeting moieties for intracellular delivery of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Neve
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Olayioye
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, PO Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Lane HA, Beuvink I, Motoyama AB, Daly JM, Neve RM, Hynes NE. ErbB2 potentiates breast tumor proliferation through modulation of p27(Kip1)-Cdk2 complex formation: receptor overexpression does not determine growth dependency. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:3210-23. [PMID: 10757805 PMCID: PMC85615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.9.3210-3223.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1999] [Accepted: 02/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor, a major component of the ErbB receptor signaling network, contributes to the development of a number of human cancers. ErbB2 presents itself, therefore, as a target for antibody-mediated therapies. In this respect, anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody 4D5 specifically inhibits the growth of tumor cells overexpressing ErbB2. We have analyzed the effect of 4D5-mediated ErbB2 inhibition on the cell cycle of the breast tumor cell line BT474. 4D5 treatment of BT474 cells resulted in a G(1) arrest, preceded by rapid dephosphorylation of ErbB2, inhibition of cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways, accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), and inactivation of cyclin-Cdk2 complexes. Time courses demonstrated that 4D5 treatment redirects p27(Kip1) onto Cdk2 complexes, an event preceding increased p27(Kip1) expression; this correlates with the downregulation of c-Myc and D-type cyclins (proteins involved in p27(Kip1) sequestration) and the loss of p27(Kip1) from Cdk4 complexes. Similar events were observed in ErbB2-overexpressing SKBR3 cells, which exhibited reduced proliferation in response to 4D5 treatment. Here, p27(Kip1) redistribution resulted in partial Cdk2 inactivation, consistent with a G1 accumulation. Moreover, p27(Kip1) protein levels remained constant. Antisense-mediated inhibition of p27(Kip1) expression in 4D5-treated BT474 cells further demonstrated that in the absence of p27(Kip1) accumulation, p27(Kip1) redirection onto Cdk2 complexes is sufficient to inactivate Cdk2 and establish the G(1) block. These data suggest that ErbB2 overexpression leads to potentiation of cyclin E-Cdk2 activity through regulation of p27(Kip1) sequestration proteins, thus deregulating the G(1)/S transition. Moreover, through comparison with an ErbB2-overexpressing cell line insensitive to 4D5 treatment, we demonstrate the specificity of these cell cycle events and show that ErbB2 overexpression alone is insufficient to determine the cellular response to receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lane
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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49
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Abstract
The ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in a variety of human tumours. In order to understand the mechanism by which ErbB2 mediates tumour proliferation we have functionally inactivated the receptor using an intracellularly expressed, ER-targeted single-chain antibody (scFV-5R). Inducible expression of scFv-5R in the ErbB2-overexpressing SKBr3 breast tumour cell line leads to loss of plasma membrane localized ErbB2. Simultaneously, the activity of ErbB3, MAP kinase and PKB/Akt decreased dramatically, suggesting that active ErbB2/ErbB3 dimers are necessary for sustained activity of these kinases. Loss of functional ErbB2 caused the SKBr3 tumour cells to accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This was a result of reduction in CDK2 activity, which was mediated by a re-distribution of p27Kip1 from sequestering complexes to cyclin E/CDK2 complexes. The level of c-Myc and D-cyclins, proteins involved in p27KiP1 sequestration, decreased in the absence of functional ErbB2. Ectopic expression of c-Myc led to an increase in D cyclin levels, CDK2 activity and resulted in a partial G1 rescue. We propose that c-Myc is a primary effector of ErbB2-mediated oncogenicity and functions to prevent normal p27Kip1 control of cyclinE/CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Neve
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Croxford JL, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Neve RM, Feldmann M, Chernajovsky Y, Baker D. Gene therapy for chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis using cells expressing a novel soluble p75 dimeric TNF receptor. J Immunol 2000; 164:2776-81. [PMID: 10679120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a murine relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, gene therapy to block TNF was investigated with the use of a retroviral dimeric p75 TNF receptor (dTNFR) construct. To effectively produce these TNF inhibitors in vivo, a conditionally immortalized syngeneic fibroblast line was established, using a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T Ag-expressing retrovirus. These cells were subsequently infected with a retrovirus expressing soluble dTNFR. CNS-injected cells could be detected 3 mo after transplantation and were shown to produce the transgene product by immunocytochemistry and ELISA of tissue fluids. These levels of dTNFR protein were biologically active and could significantly ameliorate both acute and relapsing EAE. This cell-based gene-vector approach is ideal for delivering proteins to the CNS and has particular relevance to the control of inflammatory CNS disease.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chronic Disease
- Dimerization
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Kidney/cytology
- Mice
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Recurrence
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Croxford
- Neuroinflammation Group, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Clinical Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom
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