Therapeutic effects of intermittent fasting on high-fat, high-fructose diet; involvement of jejunal aquaporin 1, 3, and 7

Background

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1), Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), and Aquaporin 7 (AQP7) are expressed in the jejunum. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) and intermittent fasting (IF) affect AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 expression in the rat jejunum.

Methods

Sixteen adult male rats were divided into control rats (n = 4) fed on a basal diet and water ad libitum for 12 weeks; IF control rats (n = 4) followed the IF protocol, HFFD-fed rats (n = 8) fed HFFD for eight weeks, and rats were randomized into two groups: HFFD only or HFFD and IF protocol from the beginning of the 9th week until the end of the experiment. The lipid profile values were assessed after 12 weeks. Jejunal oxidative markers (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione) and AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 mRNA expression were measured. Jejunal sections were used for morphometric analysis of villus length and crypt depth. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 expression was also performed.

Results

IF ameliorates HFFD-induced lipid profile, oxidative stress, and jejunal morphometric changes. The results of both mRNA expression using PCR and immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 expression in HFFD, whereas IF caused a decline in this expression.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that IF can reduce inflammation, and oxidative stress and restore jejunal morphology caused by HFFD.

Turmeric Extract-loaded Selenium Nanoparticles Counter Doxorubicin-induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice via Repressing Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Cell Apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antitumor anthracycline used to treat a variety of malignancies; however, its clinical use is associated with noticeable hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the current study was designed to delineate if biosynthesized SeNPs with turmeric extract (Tur-SeNPs) could alleviate DOX-induced hepatic adverse effects.

METHODS

Mice were orally post-treated with Tur extract, Tur-SeNPs, or N-acetyl cysteine after the intraperitoneal injection of DOX.

RESULTS

Our findings have unveiled a remarkable liver attenuating effect in DOX-injected mice post-treated with Tur-SeNPs. High serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin induced by DOX were significantly decreased by Tur-SeNPs therapy. Furthermore, Tur-SeNPs counteracted DOX-caused hepatic oxidative stress, indicated by decreased MDA and NO levels along with elevated levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, and mRNA expression levels of Nrf-2. Noteworthily, decreased hepatic IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 levels in addition to downregulated iNOS gene expression in Tur-SeNPs-treated mice have indicated their potent antiinflammatory impact. Post-treatment with Tur-SeNPs also mitigated the hepatic apoptosis evoked by DOX injection. A liver histological examination confirmed the biochemical and molecular findings.

CONCLUSIONS

In brief, the outcomes have demonstrated Tur loaded with nanoselenium to successfully mitigate the liver damage induced by DOX via blocking oxidative stress, and inflammatory and apoptotic signaling.

Mitigating Aflatoxin B1-Induced Growth Impairment and Hepatic Stress in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Comparative Efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Silicate-Based Detoxifiers

The objective of this study was to detect the effects of acute aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the effectiveness of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and silicate in reducing these effects. Two hundred and forty Nile tilapia fingerlings (16 ± 0.5 g) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, each with 60 fish and three replicates. Control basal diet (Diet 1) and three test diets were formulated, where Diet 2 was supplemented with 200 ppb AFB1. Diets 3 and 4 were intoxicated with AFB1 (200 ppb) and supplemented with 0.5% S. cerevisiae or 0.5%, respectively. After 60 days, Diet 1 had considerably greater growth characteristics than the other groups (p < 0.05). Diet 2 revealed a reduced (p < 0.05) survival rate after 1 month of exposure. In addition, Diet 1 showed higher (p < 0.05) total protein and albumin levels than Diets 3 and 4. AFB1 residues were detected in the liver in fish-fed Diet 2, Diet 4, and Diet 3. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea levels increased (p < 0.05) in fish-fed Diet 2. The glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme, and catalase activity were decreased (p < 0.05) in the fish-fed Diet 2. The malondialdehyde level was significantly higher in fish given Diet 2 (p < 0.05) than in fish-fed Diets 3 and 4. Histopathological investigation of fish-fed Diet 2 revealed impaired liver and spleen; however, both treatments (Diets 3 and 4) successfully lowered inflammation and preserved liver and spleen integrities. In conclusion, AFB1 impaired growth performance and posed a severe health risk to Nile tilapia. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae alleviated the contamination of AFB1 effects more efficiently than silicate employed for toxin adsorption.

Modulation of inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic stresses mediates the renoprotective effect of daidzein against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication that accompanies rhabdomyolysis. Daidzein is a dietary isoflavone that has various biological activities. This study examined the therapeutic potential of daidzein and the underlying mechanisms against AKI induced by glycerol in male rats. Animals were injected once with glycerol (50%, 10 ml/kg, intramuscular) for induction of AKI and pre-treated orally with daidzein (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistopathological, and molecular parameters were assessed to evaluate the effect of daidzein. The results revealed that the model group displayed remarkable functional, molecular, and structural changes in the kidney. However, pre-administration of daidzein markedly decreased the kidney relative weight as well as the levels of urea, creatinine, K, P, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and cystatin C. Further, daidzein lessened the rhabdomyolysis-related markers [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK)]. Notably, the enhancement of the antioxidant biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced glutathione (GSH) is accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Moreover, upregulated gene expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfe212) and hemeoxygenase-1 (Hmox1) were exerted by daidzein administration. Rats who received daidzein displayed markedly lower interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor nuclear factor-α (TNF-α), myleoperoxidase (MPO), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels together with higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) related to the model group. Remarkably, significant declines were noticed in the pro-apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) and rises in antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) levels in the group that received daidzein. The renal histological screening validated the aforementioned biochemical and molecular alterations. Our findings support daidzein as a potential therapeutic approach against AKI-induced renal injury via suppression of muscle degradation, oxidative damage, cytokine release, and apoptosis.

Resistomycin Suppresses Prostate Cancer Cell Growth by Instigating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Apoptosis, and Cell Cycle Arrest

Globally, prostate cancer is among the most threatening and leading causes of death in men. This study, therefore, aimed to search for an ideal antitumor strategy with high efficacy, low drug resistance, and no or few adverse effects. Resistomycin is a natural antibiotic derived from marine actinomycetes, and it possesses various biological activities. Prostate cancer cells (PC3) were treated with resistomycin (IC12.5: 0.65 or IC25: 1.3 µg/mL) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; IC25: 7 µg/mL) for 24 h. MTT assay and flow cytometry were utilized to assess cell viability and apoptosis. Oxidative stress, apoptotic-related markers, and cell cycle were also assessed. The results revealed that the IC50 of resistomycin and 5-FU on PC3 cells were 2.63 µg/mL and 14.44 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, treated cells with the high dose of resistomycin showed an increased number of apoptotic cells compared to those treated with the lower dose. Remarkable induction of reactive oxygen species generation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage with high malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl protein (CP), and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents were observed in resistomycin-treated cells. In addition, marked declines in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in PC3 cells subjected to resistomycin therapy were observed. Resistomycin triggered observable cell apoptosis by increasing Bax, caspase-3, and cytosolic cytochrome c levels and decreasing Bcl-2 levels. In addition, notable downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 was observed in resistomycin-treated cancerous cells. According to this evaluation, the antitumor potential of resistomycin, in a concentration-dependent manner, in prostate cancer cells was achieved by triggering oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. In conclusion, our investigation suggests that resistomycin can be considered a starting point for developing new chemotherapeutic agents for human prostate cancer.

Differential cellular localization of lectins in the testes of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) during active and inactive breeding seasons

The reproductive activity of the male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a seasonal breeder is affected by various seasonal changes that reflect on the reproductive performance. In the current study, we explored a differential cellular localization of lectins in eight dromedary camel testes utilizing lectin histochemistry (LHC). The glycoconjugates' localizations were detected within the testicular tissue utilizing 13 biotin-labeled lectins (PNA, ConA, LCA, RCA120, GS IB4, WGA, BPL, DBA, ECA, PHA-E4, UEA-1, PTL-II, and SBA) distributed into six sets. The cellular structures revealed diverse lectins distribution that may reflect various glycoproteins' structures and their compositional modifications during spermatogenesis. Some of the investigated lectins were restricted to acrosomes of spermatids that will help study different stages during the spermatogenic cycle of dromedary camel, particularly PNA, and ECA. The statistical analysis showed a marked positive correlation between the response intensity of various lectins and the breeding season (P < 0.05). We can conclude that lectins have a fundamental role during camel spermatogenesis and are associated with the reproductive activity of dromedary camel.

Macro, Micro, and Nano-Inspired Bioactive Polymeric Biomaterials in Therapeutic, and Regenerative Orofacial Applications

Introducing dental polymers has accelerated biotechnological research, advancing tissue engineering, biomaterials development, and drug delivery. Polymers have been utilized effectively in dentistry to build dentures and orthodontic equipment and are key components in the composition of numerous restorative materials. Furthermore, dental polymers have the potential to be employed for medication administration and tissue regeneration. To analyze the influence of polymer-based investigations on practical medical trials, it is required to evaluate the research undertaken in this sector. The present review aims to gather evidence on polymer applications in dental, oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Nootkatone Mitigated Melamine-Evoked Hepatotoxicity by Featuring Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Interconnected Mechanisms: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

Melamine (ML) is a common environmental contaminant, commonly used in food fraud, representing a serious health hazard and jeopardizing human and animal health. Recently, nootkatone (NK), a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential therapeutic advantages. We investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of NK against ML-induced liver injury in rats. Five groups were utilized: control, ML, NK10, ML-NK5, and ML-NK10. ML induced substantial hepatotoxicity, including considerable alterations in biochemical parameters and histology. The oxidative distress triggered by ML increased the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In addition, decreased expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) expression levels were observed in hepatocytes, which indicated the occurrence of inflammatory changes following ML exposure. These alterations were alleviated by NK supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. The data revealed that the favorable effects of NK were attributed, at least in part, to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, our results were supported by molecular docking studies that revealed a good fit and interactions between NK and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the current study demonstrated that NK is a potential new food additive for the prevention or treatment of ML-induced toxicity.

Therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma on skin burn healing and rejuvenation: A focus on scar regulation, oxido-inflammatory stress and apoptotic mechanisms

Cell-based therapies have great promise in accelerating and improving burn wound healing. It is a growing need to scale their competence to meet the clinical demands. In this study, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) were tested on the repair of induced burn wounds in a murine model. After the induction of thermal injury, rats were injected with BMSCs and/or PRP in the burn area. After 4 weeks of post-burn, our findings revealed that local treatment of burnt skin with BMSCs and/or PRP offered substantial outcomes when compared with the untreated group. Injected burn with BMSCs and/or PRP enhanced the wound contraction rate and decreased the burn area and period of epithelization. Significant increases in VEGF together with declines in MMP-9 and TGF-β1 were observed in burnt areas after being treated with BMSCs and/or PRP therapy that indicated improved angiogenesis, and re-epithelization. Furthermore, both MSCs and PRP modulated the burn's oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment as indicated by increases in SOD, CAT, and GSH besides declines in MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, NO, and iNOS. Notable increases in Bcl-2 levels and decreases in Cas-3 and Bax levels were recorded in burnt skin that received both agents concomitantly. Interestingly, the histopathological examination validates the healing power of BMSCs and/or PRP. Collectively, BMSCs and PRP have pioneered therapeutics candidates for clinical application in burn healing possibly via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms along with regulating angiogenesis and scar formation.

Sesquiterpene nootkatone counteracted the melamine-induced neurotoxicity via repressing of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic trajectories

Melamine (ML), a chemical substance of high nitrogen content, is used as a food adulterant. Former evidences implied that ML could induce a variety of toxic effects including neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to delineate the protective effect of the nootkatone (NK) against ML-induced neural adverse effects. Rats were orally pretreated with NK (5 and 10 mg/kg) prior to the oral administration of ML (700 mg/kg) for a period of 28 days. Our findings unveiled remarkable alleviating effect of NK on MK-induced neurobehavioral disturbance in open field test. Furthermore, NK lessened ML-caused increases in the acetylcholine esterase level in the brain tissue of exposed rats. NK also decreased the neural oxidative stress as represented by elevated levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH along with decreased MDA and NO levels. Upregulated mRNA expression levels of neural NRF-2 and HO-1 were noticed after NK administration. Remarkable anti-inflammatory impact was prominent by decreased neural IL-1β, and TNF-α along with downregulated NF-κB and TLR-4 gene expression levels in NK-treated rats. Noteworthily, pre-treatment with NK decreased the immune reaction of RAGE and HMGB-1 induced by oral ML exposure. Brain histological examination validated the obtained biochemical and molecular results. To sum up, these outcomes reveal that NK successfully alleviated the neural damage induced by ML via blocking of oxidative stress, and inflammatory signaling pathways. Consequently, our study may suggest NK as a new effective therapeutic supplement for treatment of ML-mediated neurotoxicity in rats via inhibition of HMGB-1-RAGE/TLR-4/NF-κB.

Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Epigallocatechin Gallate Protect against Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Acute Epileptic Seizures in Mice via Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Activities

Several negative outcomes are associated with current anti-epileptic medications. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a plant-derived compound called catechin and has many medicinal activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles are also showing their neuroprotective effect. The anti-epileptic effect of EGCG, alone or with SeNPs, is still debated. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-seizure effect of biosynthesized SeNPs using EGCG (EGCG-SeNPs) against epileptic seizures and hippocampal damage, which is enhanced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection in mice. Mice were grouped as follows: control; PTZ-exposed group (epileptic model); EGCG + PTZ-treated group; sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) + PTZ-treated group; EGCG-SeNPs + PTZ-treated group; and valproic acid (VPA) + PTZ-treated group. EGCG-SeNPs administration showed anti-epileptic activity by increasing the latency time and reducing the seizure duration following the PTZ injection. Additionally, EGCG-SeNPs counteracted the PTZ-induced changes in oxidants and antioxidants. Moreover, EGCG-SeNPs inhibited the inflammatory response by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing the immunoreactivity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein and mRNA expression of glutamate receptor subunit zeta-1 (NMDAR; Grin1), showing their inhibitory effect on epilepsy-associated inflammation. Moreover, EGCG-SeNPs reduced PTZ-induced neuronal apoptosis, as indicated by a reduction in the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins and an elevation of the anti-apoptotic protein. Moreover, EGCG-SeNPs administration significantly modulated the PTZ-induced changes in monoamine levels and acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampal tissue. The obtained findings suggest the anti-seizure activity of EGCG-SeNPs via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, along with their neuromodulatory effect.

Biochemical and histopathological effects of copper oxide nanoparticles exposure on the bivalve Chambardia rubens (Lamarck, 1819)

Copper nanoparticles are widely incorporated into many applications, including air and liquid filters, wood preservatives, batteries, thermal and electrical conductivity, inks and skin products. Their potential toxicity and environmental fate, however, are poorly studied in the freshwater bivalves. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the different effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and ionic copper on the digestive glands and gills of the mussel Chambardia rubens. Mussels were treated with 100 and 1000 µg Cu L-1 of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) or ionic copper (Cu2+) for 3, 7, and 14 days. The Cu accumulation and markers of oxidative stress in the digestive glands and gills were evaluated. The results show that the digestive gland collected higher levels of the two forms of copper than the gills. Exposure to CuONPs or Cu2+ induced significant elevations in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation. Notably, a significant decrease was observed in the glutathione levels after exposure to both copper forms. CuONPs only induced a significant increase in glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase. The ionic copper only induced a significant decrease in catalase activities in the gill tissues. Overall, CuONPs and Cu2+ provoked oxidative stress, and further research is needed to clarify their genotoxic and neurotoxic effects on freshwater mussels and other biota.

Neuro-amelioration of Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) extract conjugated with selenium nanoparticles against aluminium toxicity in rat brain: relevance to neurotransmitters, oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic events

Aluminium is a non-essential metal, and its accumulation in the brain is linked with potent neurotoxic action and the development of many neurological diseases. This investigation, therefore, intended to examine the antagonistic efficacy of Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) extract (FLE) conjugated with selenium nanoparticles (FLE-SeNPs) against aluminium chloride (AlCl₃)-induced hippocampal injury in rats. Rats were allocated to five groups: control, FLE, AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg), AlCl₃ + FLE (100 mg/kg), and AlCl₃ + FLE-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg). All agents were administered orally every day for 42 days. The result revealed that pre-treated rats with FLE-SeNPs showed markedly lower acetylcholinesterase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activities in the hippocampus than those in AlCl₃ group. Additionally, FLE-SeNPs counteracted the oxidant stress-mediated by AlCl₃ by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione contents in rat hippocampus. Besides, the formulated nanoparticles decreased the hippocampal malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein, and nitric oxide levels of AlCl₃-exposed animals. Furthermore, FLE-SeNPs attenuated neural tissue inflammation, as demonstrated by decreased interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, nuclear factor kappa B, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Remarkable anti-apoptotic action was exerted by FLE-SeNPs by increasing B cell lymphoma 2 and decreasing caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated-X protein in AlCl₃-exposed rats. The abovementioned results correlated well with the hippocampal histopathological findings. Given these results, SeNPs synthesized with FLE imparted a remarkable neuroprotective action against AlCl₃-induced neurotoxicity by reversing oxidative damage, neuronal inflammation, and apoptosis in exposed rats.

Protective effect of quercetin against 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiac impairments through activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NF-κB and caspase-3 activities

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapy used to treat many types of cancer. Cardiotoxicity is one of the common drawbacks of 5-FU therapy. Quercetin (Qu) is a bioflavonoid with striking biological activities. This research aimed to assess the ameliorative effect of Qu against 5-FU-mediated cardiotoxicity. Thirty-five rats were allocated into five groups: control group (normal saline), 5-FU group (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), Qu group (50 mg/kg, oral), 25 mg/kg Qu+5-FU group, and 50 mg/kg Qu+5-FU. The experimental animals were received the above-mentioned drugs for 21 days. Results showed that 5-FU significantly elevated creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, and upregulated troponin and renin mRNA expression. Additionally, cardiac oxidant/antioxidant imbalance was evident in elevated oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide) and depleted antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione). 5-FU also downregulated the gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Furthermore, 5-FU significantly increased cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta) and upregulated gene expression of nuclear factor kappa-B. 5-FU significantly enhanced cardiac apoptosis through upregulating caspase-3 expression and downregulating B-cell lymphoma 2. Immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations verified the above-mentioned findings. However, all these changes were significantly ameliorated in Qu pre-administered rats. Conclusively, Qu counteracted 5-FU-mediated cardiotoxicity through potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

Neuroprotective efficacy of the bacterial metabolite, prodigiosin, against aluminium chloride-induced neurochemical alternations associated with Alzheimer's disease murine model: Involvement of Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB signaling

Prodigiosin (PDG) is a bacterial metabolite with numerous biological and pharmaceutical properties. Exposure to aluminium is considered a root etiological factor in the pathological progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, in this investigation, we explored the neuroprotective potential of PDG against aluminium chloride (AlCl₃ )-mediated AD-like neurological alterations in rats. For this purpose, rats were gavaged either AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg), PDG (300 mg/kg), or both for 42 days. As a result of the analyzes performed on the hippocampal tissue, it was observed that AlCl₃ induced biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes like those related to AD. PDG pre-treatment significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and restored the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin), and transmembrane protein (Na⁺ /K⁺ -ATPase). Furthermore, PDG boosted the hippocampal antioxidant capacity, as shown by the increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione contents. These findings were accompanied by decreases in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. The antioxidant effect may promote the upregulation of the expression of antioxidant genes (Nrf2 and HO-1). Moreover, PDG exerted notable anti-inflammatory effects via the lessening of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor kappa B, and decreases in the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In addition, noteworthy decreases in pro-apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) levels and increases in anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) biomarkers suggested an anti-apoptotic effect of PDG. In support, the hippocampal histological examination validated the aforementioned changes. To summarize, the promising neuromodulatory, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities of PDG establish it as a potent therapeutic option for AD.

Thymoquinone counteracts oxidative and inflammatory machinery in carrageenan-induced murine paw edema model

Thymoquinone (TQ) is an active constituent in Nigella sativa (black cumin) and is extensively reported for its distinguished antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Despite the local protective response of acute inflammation, it contributes to the development of various disease conditions such as cell death, organ damage, or carcinogenesis. Hence, in this study, the effects of orally administered TQ (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) for 14 days against edema development, oxidative stress, and inflammation were investigated in paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. The results revealed that TQ reduced the paw edema volume in a time-dependent manner, attenuated acetic acid-provoked writhing movements, and reduced xylene-triggered ear edema. Hematological findings revealed marked normalization of altered counts of WBCs, and platelets. Furthermore, paw tissue levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide showed marked decreases together with increases in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase after TQ administration. Additionally, TQ decreased pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase, and nuclear factor kappa-B in the inflamed paw tissue. Moreover, appreciable decreases were recorded in cyclooxygenase-2 and its product prostaglandin E2 and the immune reaction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in TQ-treated mice. Histopathological findings further validated the potential antiedematous, anti-inflammatory power of TQ in inflamed tissues. Conclusively, the results encourage the potent application of TQ to subside acute inflammatory events because of its striking antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in inflamed paw tissue.

Comparative neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin, dexamethasone, and ascorbic acid on sciatic nerve injury model: Behavioral and histopathological study

Background

The majority of the suggested experimental modalities for peripheral nerve injury (PNI) result in varying degrees of recovery in animal models; however, there are not many reliable clinical pharmacological treatment models available. To alleviate PNI complications, research on approaches to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration is encouraged. Cerebrolysin, dexamethasone, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) drug models were selected in our study because of their reported curative effects of different mechanisms of action.

Methodology

A total of 40 adult male albino rats were used in this study. Sciatic nerve crush injury was induced in 32 rats, which were divided equally into four groups (model, Cerebrolysin, dexamethasone, and vitamin C groups) and compared to the sham group (n = 8). The sciatic nerve sensory and motor function regeneration after crushing together with gastrocnemius muscle histopathological changes were evaluated by the sciatic function index, the hot plate test, gastrocnemius muscle mass ratio, and immune expression of S100 and apoptosis cascade (BAX, BCL2, and BAX/BCL2 ratio).

Results

Significant improvement of the behavioral status and histopathological assessment scores occurred after the use of Cerebrolysin (as a neurotrophic factor), dexamethasone (as an anti-inflammatory), and vitamin C (as an antioxidant). Despite these seemingly concomitant, robust behavioral and pathological changes, vitamin C appeared to have the best results among the three main outcome measures. There was a positive correlation between motor and sensory improvement and also between behavioral and histopathological changes, boosting the effectiveness, and implication of the sciatic function index as a mirror for changes occurring on the tissue level.

Conclusion

Vitamin C is a promising therapeutic in the treatment of PNI. The sciatic function index (SFI) test is a reliable accurate method for assessing sciatic nerve integrity after both partial disruption and regrowth.

Therapeutic antischizophrenic activity of prodigiosin and selenium co-supplementation against amphetamine hydrochloride-induced behavioural changes and oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic challenges in rats

Schizophrenia (SCZ), a multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder, is treated with inefficient antipsychotics and linked to poor treatment outcomes. This study, therefore, investigated the combined administration of prodigiosin (PDG) and selenium (Na₂SeO₃) against SCZ induced by amphetamine (AMPH) in rats. Animals were allocated into four groups corresponding to their respective 7-day treatments: control, AMPH (2 mg/kg), PDG (300 mg/kg) + Na₂SeO₃ (2 mg/kg), and AMPH + PDG + Na₂SeO₃. The model group exhibited biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes similar to those of the SCZ group. Contrastingly, co-administration of PDG and Na₂SeO₃ significantly increased the time for social interaction and decreased AChE and dopamine. It also downregulated the gene expression of NMDAR1 and restored neurotrophin (BDNF and NGF) levels. Further, PDG combined with Na₂SeO₃ improved the antioxidant defence of the hippocampus by boosting the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR. These findings were accompanied by an increased GSH, alongside decreased MDA and NO levels. Furthermore, schizophrenic rats having received PDG and Na₂SeO₃ displayed markedly lower IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared to the model group. Interestingly, remarkable declines in the Bax (pro-apoptotic) and increases in Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) levels were observed in the SCZ group that received PDG and Na₂SeO₃. The hippocampal histological examination confirmed these changes. Collectively, these findings show that the co-administration of PDG and Na₂SeO₃ may have a promising therapeutic effect for SCZ. This is mediated by mechanisms related to the modulation of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and glutaric neurotransmission and neurotrophic factors, alongside the suppression of oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis machinery.

Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice

This study evaluated the possible neuroprotective effect of Allium atroviolaceum extract (AaE)-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on aluminum (Al)-induced neurotoxicity in mice, explaining the likely mechanisms. Mice were divided into five groups: G1, control; G2, AaE group that received AaE (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks; and groups 3, 4, and 5 received AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. After that, G4 received AaE (200 mg/kg), and G5 received SeNPs-AaE (0.5 mg/kg) for another 1 week. Exposure to AlCl3 boosted oxidative damage in brain tissue as evidenced by a reduction in glutathione concentrations and other antioxidant enzymes along with increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels. There was also a rise in the concentrations of interleukin-1β, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-II activities. AlCl3-treated mice showed reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine levels, increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and reduced Bcl-2, and Bax, and caspase-3 activities. Treatment with SeNPs-AaE significantly reduced markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition, in SeNPs-AaE-treated rats, levels of BDNF and dopamine were significantly increased along with a reduction in AChE as compared with the AlCl3 group. Therefore, our results indicate that SeNPs-AaE has a potential neuroprotective effect against Al-mediated neurotoxic effects because of its powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuromodulatory activities.

Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain

In this study, the neuroprotective potential of either Pergularia tomentosa leaf methanolic extract (PtE) alone or in combination with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs-PtE) was investigated against lead acetate (PbAc)-induced neurotoxicity. Experimental rats were pretreated with PtE (100 mg/kg) or SeNPs-PtE (0.5 mg/kg) and injected intraperitoneally with PbAc (20 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Notably, SeNPs-PtE decreased brain Pb accumulation and enhanced the level of dopamine and the activity of AChE compared to the control rats. In addition, elevated neural levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione along with decreased lipid peroxidation levels were noticed in pretreated groups with SeNPs-PtE. Moreover, SeNPs-PtE significantly suppressed neural inflammation, as indicated by lower levels of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor-kappa B p65, and nitric oxide in the examined brain tissue. The molecular results also unveiled significant down-regulation in iNOS gene expression in the brains of SeNPs-PtE-treated rats. In addition, SeNPs-PtE administration counteracted the neural loss by increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels as well as decreasing BCL2-associated X protein and caspase-3 levels. To sum up, our data suggest that P. tomentosa extract alone or in combination with SeNPs has great potential in reversing the neural tissue impairment induced by PbAc via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. This study might have therapeutic implications in preventing and treating several lead-induced neurological disorders.

Antioxidative and immunostimulant potential of fruit derived biomolecules in aquaculture

Huge amounts of non-edible by-products could be generated from fruit industrial processes. They consist mainly of peels together with low amounts of pulp and seeds. These by-products pose an environmental hazard due to soil, air, and water pollution. Moreover, treating these by-products is very expensive and under strict governmental regulations. Nevertheless, they are an excellent source of bioactive constituents, such as phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and glucans. Based on their constituents, these by-products can significantly enhance the antioxidant defense, immune response, and modulation of gut microbiota and host resistance against various diseases. Therefore, sustainable valorization of fruits by-products can efficiently obtain value-added products that improve the well-being of organisms and reduce environmental stress, in addition to earning an additional industrial income. Since aquaculture is a vital economic sector, there is urgent to look for inexpensive natural food additives that improve health and maintain high nutritional quality for farming organisms without harming the environment and human health. Therefore, using fruit wastes as feed additives represents a striking alternative for fruitful aquaculture. In order to make use of these value-added products, it is a dire need to determine their biological effects on aquaculture organisms by understanding their mechanism of action. In this context, this review will holistically address a comprehensive focus on utilizing fruits by-products and their immunostimulant and antioxidative action.

Selenium-enriched yeast modulates the metal bioaccumulation, oxidant status, and inflammation in copper-stressed broiler chickens

Copper (Cu) could be seriously hazardous when present at excessive levels, despite its vital contribution to various cellular processes. Selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) was reported to improve the health and metabolic status in broiler chicken. Hence, our study was endeavored to illustrate the mitigating efficacy of SeY on Cu-induced hepatic and renal damage. Cobb chicks aged 1 day were allocated into four experimental groups and offered a basal diet, SeY (0.5 mg/kg), CuSO₄ (300 mg/kg), or SeY plus CuSO₄ in their diets for 42 days. Our results revealed that SeY supplement antagonized significantly the Cu accumulation in livers and kidneys of exposed birds. Marked declines were also detected in the AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels, besides marked increases in total protein, glycerides, and cholesterol in the SeY-supplemented group. Moreover, enhancement of cellular antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, CAT, GPx, and GSH) along with lowered MDA contents were achieved by SeY in hepatic and renal tissues. Further, SeY exerted a noteworthy anti-inflammatory action as indicated by decreased inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β and TNF-α) and NO levels in both organs. Noticeable histopathological alterations of both organs further validated the changes in the markers mentioned above. To sum up, our findings indicate that SeY can be considered a potential feed supplement for alleviating Cu-induced hepatic and renal damage in broilers, possibly via activation of antioxidant molecules and lessening the inflammatory stress.

Neurotoxicity of singular and combined exposure of Oreochromis niloticus to methomyl and copper sulphate at environmentally relevant levels: Assessment of neurotransmitters, neural stress, oxidative injury and histopathological changes

Aquatic organisms are concomitantly exposed to multiple noxious chemicals that can be discharged into water bodies. We aimed to investigate the single and simultaneous sub-acute exposure to copper and methomyl on juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. Compared to the controls, the outcomes revealed that brain of methomyl-exposed fish displayed significant declines in the activities of SOD, CAT, and GST in addition to higher MDA and lower GSH levels. Methomyl induced notable declines in levels of GABA and acetylcholine esterase in brain and muscle of exposed fish. Noteworthy downregulated gene expression levels of TNF-α, HSP-70 together with upregulated c-fos were evident in brain of fish expose to either of tested compounds. Marked apoptotic changes were observed in fish brain exposed to copper and methomyl indicated by augmented immune expression of caspase-3. Conclusively, the results indicated the possible interaction between both compounds with subsequent toxic effects that differ from their single exposure.

The optimized inclusion level of Bacillus subtilis fermented Azolla pinnata in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets: immunity, antioxidative status, intestinal digestive enzymes and histomorphometry, and disease resistance

A 95-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of feeding Bacillus subtilis fermented Azolla (BSFA) on nonspecific immunity, antioxidative status, intestinal digestive enzymes and histomorphometry, and disease resistance in the Nile tilapia. We formulated five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets to incorporate BSFA at level of (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%). The growth performance parameters (FBW, BWG, SGR, PER, and FCR) revealed a significant increase in the BSFA30 tilapia group compared to the control group followed by BSFA45 (P < 0.05). The BSFA30 group exhibited the highest nonspecific immunity parameters including (lysozyme activity, phagocytic index, and phagocytic activity) compared to other groups (P < 0.05). SOD and GPx reported the highest values in the BSFA60 group. Nile tilapia carcass composition was not influenced by BSFA inclusion level (P > 0.05). Interestingly, Nile tilapia fed with BSFA15 diet exhibited the highest protease activity level (P < 0.05), while those fed on BSFA30 documented the highest amylase activity. Intestinal histomorphology was significantly enhanced with the gradual increase of administrated BSFA. Regarding the tilapia disease resistance against Aeromonas septicemia, BSFA significantly diminished the cumulative mortality compared to the control group. To sum up, BSFA was more effective in improving the growth performance and immunity of Nile tilapia.

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in COVID-19: extrapolation of dangerous liaisons

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a multifunctional nuclear protein, exists mainly within the nucleus of all mammal eukaryotic cells. It is actively secreted by the necrotic cells as a response to the inflammatory signaling pathway. HMGB1 binds to receptor ligands as RAGE, and TLR and becomes a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a robust capacity to trigger inflammatory response. It is a critical mediator of the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation in numerous inflammatory disorders. Release of HMGB1 is associated with different viral infections and strongly participates in the regulation of viral replication cycles. In COVID-19 era, high HMGB1 serum levels were observed in COVID-19 patients and linked with the disease severity, development of cytokine storm (CS), acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2-induced cytolytic effect may encourage release of HMGB1 due to nuclear damage. Besides, HMGB1 activates release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells and up-regulation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, targeting of the HMGB1 pathway by anti-HMGB1 agents, such as heparin, resveratrol and metformin, may decrease COVID-19 severity. HMGB1 signaling pathway has noteworthy role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infections and linked with development of ALI and ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Different endogenous and exogenous agents may affect release and activation of HMGB1 pathway. Targeting of HMGB1-mediated TLR2/TLR4, RAGE and MAPK signaling, might be a new promising drug candidate against development of ALI and/or ARDS in severely affected COVID-19 patients.

Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.

Antiulcer activity of proanthocyanidins is mediated via suppression of oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic machineries

Gastric ulcer (GU) is a lesion in the gastric mucosa associated with excessive oxidative damage, inflammatory response, apoptotic events, and irritation which may develop into cancer. However, medications commonly used in GU treatment cannot normalize gastric mucosa, while causing several adverse effects. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are dietary flavonoids with numerous biological and pharmacological activities. In the current investigation, we studied the potential anti-ulcerative activity of PAs against acidified ethanol (HCl/ethanol)-caused gastric ulceration. Fifty male albino Wistar rats were allocated into five equal groups: control, HCl/ethanol (3 mL/kg), lansoprazole (LPZ, 30 mg/kg) + HCl/ethanol, and PAs (100 and 250 mg/kg) + HCl/ethanol. LPZ and PAs were applied one week before gastric ulcer induction. PAs pretreatment notably reduced gastric mucosal macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PAs activated the innate antioxidant molecules including glutathione and its derived antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase), along with superoxide dismutase and catalase, while attenuating pro-oxidant formation, including malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Interestingly, PAs supplementation at a higher dose suppressed gastric inflammatory and apoptotic responses, as demonstrated by the reduced levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, high-mobility group box 1, cyclooxygenase 2, prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor kappa-B, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and caspase-3, while B cell lymphoma 2 was elevated. Hence, PAs could exhibit antiulcer activity by protecting gastric tissue from the development of oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis events associated with ulceration. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Gastric ulcer is a lesion in the gastric mucosal layer associated with excessive inflammatory response, apoptotic events, oxidative damage, and irritation, and may develop into cancer with about 5%-10% morbidity rate. However, medications commonly used in GU treatment cannot normalize gastric mucosa, while causing several adverse effects. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed to treat or prevent gastric ulceration. Proanthocyanidins (PAs, condensed tannins) are dietary flavonoids found in abundance in different plant species, including their fruits, bark, and seeds. Due to their potent antioxidative activity, PAs have been applied to prevent or treat oxidative stress-related diseases, including cancer, as well as metabolic, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and inflammatory disorders. Here, we examine the potential therapeutic role of proanthocyanidins (PAs) against acidified ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats through evaluating oxidative challenge, inflammatory response, apoptotic events, and histopathological changes in the gastric tissue.

Potential role of dietary chitosan nanoparticles against immunosuppression, inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations induced by pendimethalin toxicity in Nile tilapia

A 21-days feeding screening period was conducted to highlight the protective efficacy of dietary chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) on pendimethalin (PD)-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Hematology, non-specific immune response, the antioxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), glutathione reduced (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] in the liver and anterior kidney, changes of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes [interleukins-8 (IL-8), interleukins-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α)] in the anterior kidney and histopathological alterations were assessed. Fish (50 ± 7.5 g) were randomly assigned into four groups (Three replicates), the first group served as the negative control and fed on the control diet only, and the second group served as the positive control and fed on the control diet supplemented with CSNPs (1 g kg^-1 diet). The two other groups were exposed to 1/10 96-h LC₅₀ PD (0.5 mg L^-1) in rearing water and simultaneously fed the control diet alone or supplemented with CSNPs (1 g kg^-1 diet), respectively. Fish were fed on the experimental diets twice a day for 21 days. The results revealed that PD exposure caused a significant decline in the survival rate of the Nile tilapia, as well as in most of the hematological indices, respiratory burst activity, phagocytic activity, total immunoglobulin levels, lysozyme, and bactericidal activity. Additionally, PD toxicity markedly suppressed most of the antioxidative enzymatic activities in both tissues together with upregulation of immune genes (IL-8 and TNF-α); however, IL-1β expression remained unaffected. The histopathological results revealed marked pathological changes in spleen, liver and intestine with a notable decrease of intestinal goblet cells in PD-exposed groups. Conversely, CSNPs exerted protective effects through improving the above mentioned parameters. Thus, CSNPs supplementation exhibited defensive effects against PD toxicity in Nile tilapia that might provide an insight into the promising role of CSNPs as a potential immunomodulatory feed additive for tilapia in aquaculture.

The potential antioxidant bioactivity of date palm fruit against gentamicin-mediated hepato-renal injury in male albino rats

Gentamicin (GM) is a commonly prescribed antimicrobial drug used for treatment of infections but associated hepatic and renal complications restrict its efficacy. Overproduction of free radicals and inflammation are involved in GM-induced hepato-renal damage. Date palm is renowned to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactive composites. In this context, the current research was purposed to assess the ameliorative influence of date palm extract (DE) supplementation against GM-induced hepato-renal injury. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect the bioactive constitutes in DE. The protective action of high and low doses of DE was assessed alongside the GM remediation (80 mg/kg) in rats. GM evoked significant alterations in liver and kidney function biomarkers (aminotransferases, albumin, creatinine, and blood urea). Furthermore, notable elevations in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increment expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) along with reduction in catalase (CAT) activity were observed in both organs after GM treatment. Oxidative stress was the main modulatory mechanism in GM-induced hepato-renal toxicity. However, DE could mitigate the GM-inflicted liver and kidney damage, in a dose-response pattern, due to its high content of phenolics and flavonoids.

Cefepime and diclofenac sodium combined treatment-potentiated multiple organ injury: Role of oxidative damage and disrupted lipid metabolism

Concurrent exposure to antimicrobial and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is usually inevitable in most infections and postsurgery. Consequently, the present study was designed to assess the intertwining impact of coadministration of cefepime (CP, a wide spectrum antibiotic) and diclofenac sodium (DF, an NSAID) on rat's liver, kidney, and testes. Rats received saline, CP (180 mg/kg/day, IM), DF (10 mg/kg/day, IM), or a combination of CP and DF. After 14 days, CP or DF induced tissue damage expressed by marked biochemical alterations in hepatic and renal function tests. Besides this, disrupted lipid metabolism and testosterone levels along with significant histological changes in hepatic, renal, and testicular tissues were noticed. A significant increase in malondialdehyde and decreases in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities alongside significant upregulated caspase 3 expression in tissues following CP or DF treatment suggested a bearable influence of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. Accordingly, the simultaneous therapy of CP and DF evoked more obvious tissue damage than their individual treatment. Overall, data concluded that concurrent use of CP and DF in medical practice is a worrisome matter, so it should be done cautiously to avoid synergistic deleterious outcomes.

Hepatorenal protective efficacy of flavonoids from Ocimum basilicum extract in diabetic albino rats: A focus on hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities

Plant derived phytochemical therapy is a bright candidate for treatment of diabetes and its associated complications. Ocimum baslicum is used as an anti-diabetic traditional medicine. Hence, the present study investigated the effect of Hail Ocimum extract (HOE) and its total flavonoids (HOETF) against hepatorenal damage in experimental diabetes induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. Diabetic animals were co-treated daily with HOE, HOETF or metformin (MET) as a standard anti-diabetic drug for four weeks. Compared to controls, HFD/STZ-treatment lead to significant increases in fasting blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR levels. Furthermore, diabetic rats had elevated hepatic (ALT and ALP) and kidney functions (urea and creatinine) biomarkers together with disturbed lipid profile and decreased PPAR-γ gene expression. Higher levels of hepatic and renal LPO and NO paralleled with lower levels of GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR) after HFD/STZ treatment. Additionally, noteworthy inflammatory and apoptotic responses were evident in both organs of diabetic rats as witnessed by augmented levels of TNF-α, IL-1b and Bax levels with declined levels of Bcl-2. Moreover, histological examination of hepatic, renal and pancreatic tissues validated the biochemical findings. On contrary, co-treatment of diabetic animals with HOE or HOETF could decrease glucose and insulin levels together with improvement of lipid markers and alleviation of hepatorenal dysfunction, oxidative injury, inflammatory and apoptotic events. Conclusively, HOE or HOETF could be a promising complementary therapeutic option for the management of diabetic hepatorenal complication owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptotic properties.

Antitumor activity of zinc nanoparticles synthesized with berberine on human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells through acting on Cox-2/NF-kB and p53 pathways

BACKGROUND

Drawbacks and side effects of currently available therapies to colorectal cancer (CRC) devoted the researchers to search for new therapeutic strategies.

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to investigate the effects of zinc nanoparticles biosynthesized with berberine (ZnNPs-BER) on Caco-2 cells compared to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and explore the possible underlying pathways.

METHODS

Caco-2 and Vero cells were treated with 5-FU, BER, or ZnNPs-BER for 24 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Oxidative stress and apoptotic markers and cell cycle were determined. Additionally, Cox-2 and NF-kB levels were also measured.

RESULTS

The IC50 of 5-FU, BER, and ZnNPs-BER on Caco-2 cells were 34.65 µM, 19.86 µg/ml and 10.49 µg/ml, respectively by MTT assay. The IC50 value for 5-FU in Vero cells was 21.7 μg/ml, however, BER and BER-ZnNPs treatment showed non-toxic effects to the Vero cells. Further, ZnNPs-BER exerted significant induction of ROS besides exhaustion of the antioxidant capacity of tumor cells indicated by declined GSH and elevated NO and MDA contents. Marked increments in levels of Bax and caspase-3 were detected together with declines in Bcl-2 levels in Caco-2 cells submitted to BER-ZnNPs therapy. On the molecular basis, upregulation in mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, caspase-3, and tumor suppressor gene p53) with downregulation in the antiapoptotic gene (Bcl-2) were observed in ZnNPs-BER treated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, ZnNPs-BER showed more pronounced effects on apoptosis increased cell percentage in the S and subG1 phases. In addition, green synthesis of ZnNPs with BER showed notable induction of Cox2 and NF-kB in Caco-2 cells.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the antitumor potential of ZnNPs-BER in colon cancer cells may be endorsed for induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic changes in tumor cells. Our study documents the new therapeutic potential of Zn nanoparticles conjugated with BER, as a new option for combined chemotherapy.

Thiamethoxam-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and disturbance of steroidogenic genes in male rats: Palliative role of Saussurea lappa and Silybum marianum

Thiamethoxam (TMX) belongs to the neonicotinoid insecticide family and may evoke marked endocrine disruption. In this study, the reproductive toxicity of TMX on male rats was assessed along with the ability of Saussurea lappa (costus roots) and/or Silybum marianum extract (SM) to alleviate TMX toxicity. Male rats were allocated to seven groups and orally treated daily for 4 weeks: Control (saline), Costus (200 mg/kg), SM (150 mg/kg), TMX (78.15 mg/kg), TMX-costus, TMX-SM, and TMX-costus-SM (at the aforementioned doses). Compared with control group, TMX administration induced reductions in testicular levels of glutathione and antioxidant activities of SOD and CAT. In addition, TMX-exposed rats showed lower serum testosterone hormonal levels as well as higher malondialdehyde and nitric acid levels were detected in TMX-administered rats. On a molecular basis, mRNA expressions of StAR, CYP17a, 3β-HSD, SR-B1, and P450scc genes were significantly down-regulated in TMX group, whereas the expression of LHR and aromatase genes was up-regulated. Moreover, TMX-induced testicular damage was confirmed by histopathological screening. Importantly, however, the administration of either costus roots or SM significantly alleviated all aforementioned TMX-induced changes, indicating the effective antioxidant activities of these plant products. Interestingly, simultaneous treatment with costus root and SM provided better protection against TMX reproduction toxicity than treatment with either agent alone.

Using Green Biosynthesized Lycopene-Coated Selenium Nanoparticles to Rescue Renal Damage in Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats

Purpose

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have recently gained much attention in nanomedicine applications owing to their unique biological properties. Biosynthesis of SeNPs using nutraceuticals as lycopene (LYC) maximizes their stability and bioactivities. In this context, this study aimed to elucidate the renoprotective activity of SeNPs coated with LYC (LYC-SeNPs) in the acute kidney injury (AKI) model.

Methods

Rats were divided into six groups: control, AKI (glycerol-treated), AKI+sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃; 0.5 mg/kg), AKI+LYC (10 mg/kg), AKI+LYC-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg) and treated for 14 days.

Results

Glycerol treatment evoked significant increases in rhabdomyolysis-related markers (creatine kinase and LDH). Furthermore, relative kidney weight, Kim-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), serum urea, and creatinine in the AKI group were elevated. Glycerol-injected rats displayed declines in reduced glutathione level, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, paralleled with downregulations in Nfe2l2 and Hmox-1 expressions and high renal MDA and NO contents. Glycerol-induced renal inflammation was evident by rises in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and upregulated Nos2 expression. Also, apoptotic (elevated caspase-3, Bax, and cytochrome-c with lowered Bcl-2) and necroptotic (elevated Pipk3 expression) changes were reported in damaged renal tissue. Co-treatment with Na₂SeO₃, LYC, or LYC-SeNPs restored the biochemical, molecular, and histological alterations in AKI. In comparison with Na₂SeO₃ or LYC treatment, LYC-SeNPs had the best nephroprotective profile.

Conclusion

Our findings authentically revealed that LYC-SeNPs co-administration could be a prospective candidate against AKI-mediated renal damage via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-necroptotic activities.

Protective efficacy of thymoquinone or ebselen separately against arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in rat

Arsenic (As) exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes to the living organisms. In the present study, the hepato-protective ability of thymoquinone (TQ), the active principle of Nigella sativa seed, or ebselen (Eb), an organoselenium compound, against As intoxication in female rats was investigated. For this purpose, animals were allocated randomly into control, As (20 mg/kg), TQ (10 mg/kg), Eb (5 mg/kg), As+TQ, and As+Eb groups that were orally administered for 28 consecutive days. Arsenic exposure resulted in hepatic oxidative damage which was evidenced by marked decreases in antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH)) concomitant with high malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Furthermore, As toxicity induced significant elevations in liver accumulation of As, serum hepatic indices (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB)), and apoptotic marker (B cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase 3) levels. Additionally, notable increments in hepatic fibrotic markers (epidermal growth factor (EFG) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)) associated with high nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were noticed following As intoxication. Biochemical findings were well-supported by hepatic histopathological screening. The co-treatment of As-exposed rats with TQ or Eb considerably improved liver function and antioxidant status together with lessened hepatic As content, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. The overall outcomes demonstrated that TQ or Eb ameliorates As-induced liver injury through their favorable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and fibrolytic properties.

Neuroprotective effects of protocatechuic acid on sodium arsenate induced toxicity in mice: Role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid abundantly found in nature and used in many industries. Consumption of contaminated water mainly results in human exposure to arsenic. Toxicity (arsenicosis) resulting from arsenic exposure causes cerebral neurodegeneration. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenol derived from edible plants, has antioxidant properties. The present study investigated the neuroprotective potential of PCA against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups: (i) orally administered physiological saline, (ii) orally administered 100 mg/kg PCA, (iii) orally administered 5 mg/kg NaAsO₂, and (iv) orally administered 100 mg/kg PCA 120 min prior to oral administration of 5 mg/kg NaAsO₂. Each group received its respective treatment for 1 week, after which cortical tissues from each group were analyzed for various parameters of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis-related proteins, and changes in histopathology. NaAsO₂-treatment resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOs), and NO levels, with a decrease in the levels of both enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione) antioxidant markers. Arsenic increased proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) levels, enhanced caspase-3 and Bax expression, and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, arsenic-exposure in mice decreased significantly acetylcholinesterase activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the cerebral cortex. Histopathological examination revealed changes in nerve cell cyto-architecture and distribution in arsenic-exposed brain tissue sections. PCA treatment before arsenic administration resulted in a positive shift in the oxidative stress and cytokine levels with decreased levels of LPO, iNOS, and NO. PCA pre-treatment considerably attenuated arsenic-associated histopathological changes in murine brain tissue. This study suggested that the presence of PCA may be responsible for the prevention of arsenic-induced neurotoxicity.

Nephroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid against sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) leads to serious renal disorders. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenolic compound, has several well known physiological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated the potential renoprotective effects of CGA on sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂ )-induced kidney damage in mice. The mice were randomly allocated into five groups to receive daily treatment with CGA (200 mg kg^-1 ), NaAsO₂ (5 mg kg^-1 ), NaAsO₂ + CGA (100 mg kg^-1 ), NaAsO₂ + CGA (200 mg kg^-1 ), or a control for 28 days.

RESULTS

In the NaAsO₂ -treated group, NaAsO₂ induced significant renal dysfunction, oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis, as demonstrated by marked increases in urea and creatinine levels accompanied by a decrease in the kidney index. Considerable increases in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and parallel decreases in various antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione) levels were also detected in the renal tissues of NaAsO₂ -treated mice. NaAsO₂ exposure was associated with marked increases in renal inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) and apoptosis indicators including Bax and caspase-3 levels contaminant, with a marked decrease in Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, in the NaAsO₂ -treated group compared with the control group. However, pretreatment with CGA substantially mitigated the renal injury and dysfunction associated with NaAsO₂ exposure by reducing tissue inflammation and apoptosis and improving the antioxidant status. The CGA pretreatment also alleviated the NaAsO₂ -induced histological alterations in renal tissues.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results suggest the efficacy of CGA in alleviating As-mediated renal tissue damage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ferulic acid influences Nrf2 activation to restore testicular tissue from cadmium-induced oxidative challenge, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats

Here, we examined the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA) on cadmium chloride (CdCl₂ )-mediated reproductive toxicity in male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: control, FA (20 mg/kg), CdCl₂ (6.5 mg/kg), and FA + CdCl₂ . CdCl₂ treatment evoked a significant increase in testis cadmium concentration in addition to obvious increase in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Moreover, CdCl₂ -induced oxidative damage through exhausting the cellular defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione) and downregulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression accompanied by increases of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide contents. Testicular inflammation was evident indicated by increased levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in CdCl₂ -treated rats. CdCl₂ exposure also decreased the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and augmented apoptotic events associated with prominent histopathological alterations. However, FA coadministration mitigated the impaired hormonal level, apoptotic and inflammatory injuries elicited by CdCl_2, and maintained the oxidant/antioxidant balance in testicular tissue via Nrf2 activation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cadmium is an environmental toxicant and known to cause adverse effects including reproductive toxicity. However, antioxidant application has been found to protect against heavy metals-mediated toxic effects. Here, we examined the potential protective efficacy of ferulic acid against cadmium-mediated testicular impairments through estimating the amount of cadmium in the testis, hormonal profile, oxidative status, inflammatory response, apoptotic and proliferating markers in addition to the histopathological alterations. The obtained findings revealed that ferulic acid supplementation was able to abolish the testicular damages coupled with cadmium exposure. The protective efficiency of ferulic acid may correlated with its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities; suggesting that ferulic acid may be used to ameliorate cadmium-induced testicular deficits.

Neuromodulatory effects of green coffee bean extract against brain damage in male albino rats with experimentally induced diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is an increasing metabolic disease worldwide associated with central nervous system disorders. Coffee is a widely consumed beverage that enriched with antioxidants with numerous medicinal applications. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of orally administered green coffee bean water extract (GCBWE) against cortical damage induced by high fat diet (HFD) followed by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. Metformin (Met) was used as standard antidiabetic drug. Animals were allocated into six groups: control, GCBWE (100 mg/kg), HFD/STZ (40 mg/kg), HFD/STZ + GCBWE (50 mg/kg), HFD/STZ + GCBWE (100 mg/kg) and HFD/STZ + Met (200 mg/kg) which were treated daily for 28 days. Compared to control rats, HFD/STZ-treated rats showed decreased levels of cortical dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin with marked increases in their metabolites. Further, HFD/STZ treatment resulted in notable elevations in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and total nitrite levels paralleled with declines in antioxidant markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GSH) and down-regulations of Sod2, Cat, GPx1 and Gsr gene expression. Neuroinflammation was evident in diabetic animals by marked elevations in TNF-α, IL-1β and up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Significant rises incaspase-3 and Bax with decline in Bcl-2 level were noticed in diabetic rats together with similar results in their gene expressions. Cortical histopathological examination supported the biochemical and molecular findings. GCBWE administration achieved noteworthy neuroprotection in diabetic animals in most assessed parameters. The overall results suggested that antioxidant, anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptotic activities of GCBWE restored the cortical neurochemistry in diabetic rats.

Selenium Nanoparticles Pre-Treatment Reverse Behavioral, Oxidative Damage, Neuronal Loss and Neurochemical Alterations in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Epileptic Seizures in Mice

Introduction

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical alterations. Current antiepileptic drugs are associated with various adverse impacts. The main goal of the current study is to investigate the possible anticonvulsant effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-mediated epileptic seizures in mice hippocampus. Sodium valproate (VPA) was used as a standard anti-epileptic drug.

Methods

Mice were assigned into five groups (n=15): control, SeNPs (5 mg/kg, orally), PTZ (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), SeNPs+PTZ and VPA (200 mg/kg)+PTZ. All groups were treated for 10 days.

Results

PTZ injection triggered a state of oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue as represented by the elevated lipoperoxidation, heat shock protein 70 level, and nitric oxide formation while decreased glutathione level and antioxidant enzymes activity. Additionally, the blotting analysis showed downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the epileptic mice. A state of neuroinflammation was recorded following the developed seizures represented by the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, neuronal apoptosis was recorded following the development of epileptic convulsions. At the neurochemical level, acetylcholinesterase activity and monoamines content were decreased in the epileptic mice, accompanied by high glutamate and low GABA levels in the hippocampal tissue. However, SeNP supplementation was found to delay the onset and decreased the duration of tonic, myoclonic, and generalized seizures following PTZ injection. Moreover, SeNPs were found to provide neuroprotection through preventing the development of oxidative challenge via the upregulation of Nrf2 and HO-1, inhibiting the inflammatory response and apoptotic cascade. Additionally, SeNPs reversed the changes in the activity and levels of neuromodulators following the development of epileptic seizures.

Conclusion

The obtained results suggest that SeNPs could be used as a promising anticonvulsant drug due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory activities.

Luteolin protects against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metal pollutants affecting living organisms. It induces nephrotoxicity with significant alterations in renal structure and function. Luteolin (LUT) a flavonoid present in various plant products is well known for exhibiting numerous pharmacological properties. We evaluated the protective efficacy of LUT against Pb-induced renal injury in male Wistar rats. Four experimental groups: control, LUT (50 mg/kg, orally), PbAc (20 mg/kg, i.p.), LUT + PbAc (at the aforementioned doses) were maintained for 7 days. PbAc administration significantly increased renal Pb accumulation, urea, and creatinine levels in serum, and induced renal histological alterations. Additionally, compared to the control rats, PbAc-treated rats exhibited significantly low levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and expression (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR), as well as high MDA levels. Moreover, PbAc exposure downregulated Nfe212 and Homx1 mRNA expression and significantly increased inflammatory marker (TNF-α, IL-1β and NO) levels in renal tissue. PbAc significantly upregulated the synthesis of apoptotic related proteins and downregulated antiapoptotic protein expression. Notably, LUT pretreatment of PbAc-treated rats provided significant nephroprotection and reversed the alterations in the abovementioned parameters. In conclusion, LUT provided significant protection against PbAc intoxication via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Antagonistic Efficacy of Luteolin against Lead Acetate Exposure-Associated with Hepatotoxicity is Mediated via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Activities

The abundant use of lead (Pb; toxic heavy metal) worldwide has increased occupational and ecosystem exposure, with subsequent negative health effects. The flavonoid luteolin (LUT) found in many natural foodstuffs possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, we hypothesized that LUT could mitigate liver damage induced by exposure to lead acetate (PbAc). Male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups: control group received normal saline, LUT-treated group (50 mg/kg, oral, daily), PbAc-treated group (20 mg/kg, i.p., daily), and LUT+PbAc-treated group (received the aforementioned doses via the respective routes of administration); the rats were treated for 7 days. The results revealed that PbAc exposure significantly increased hepatic Pb residue and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin value. Oxidative reactions were observed in the liver tissue following PbAc intoxication, characterized by the depletion and downregulation of antioxidant proteins (glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1), and an increase in oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). Additionally, PbAc increased the release and expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappa B. Moreover, PbAc enhanced hepatocyte loss by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3) and downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2). The changes in the aforementioned parameters were further confirmed by noticeable histopathological lesions. LUT supplementation significantly reversed all of the tested parameters in comparison with the PbAc-exposed group. In conclusion, our findings describe the potential mechanisms involved in the alleviation of PbAc-induced liver injury by luteolin via its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties.