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Kelly S, Liu X, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Murphy S, Li G, Nyantaro M, Gurung M, Basnet S, Pokhrel B, Bijukchhe SM, Eordogh A, Gombe B, Kakande A, Kerridge S, Kimbugwe G, Kusemererwa S, Lubyayi L, Luzze H, Mazur O, Mujadidi YF, Nabukenya S, Nagumo WR, Nareeba T, Noristani R, O'Reilly P, Roberts A, Shah G, Shrestha S, Shrestha LP, Thapa SB, Kibengo FM, Sharma AK, Elliott A, Shrestha S, Pollard AJ. Optimising DTwP-containing vaccine infant immunisation schedules (OptImms) - a protocol for two parallel, open-label, randomised controlled trials. Trials 2023; 24:465. [PMID: 37480110 PMCID: PMC10360224 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal immunisation is the cornerstone of preventive medicine for children, The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age as part of routine immunisation. However, globally, more than 17 unique DTP-containing vaccine schedules are in use. New vaccines for other diseases continue to be introduced into the infant immunisation schedule, resulting in an increasingly crowded schedule. The OptImms trial will assess whether antibody titres against pertussis and other antigens in childhood can be maintained whilst adjusting the current Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) schedule to provide space for the introduction of new vaccines. METHODS The OptImms studies are two randomised, five-arm, non-inferiority clinical trials in Nepal and Uganda. Infants aged 6 weeks will be randomised to one of five primary vaccination schedules based on age at first DTwP-vaccination (6 versus 8 weeks of age), number of doses in the DTwP priming series (two versus three), and spacing of priming series vaccinations (4 versus 8 weeks). Additionally, participants will be randomised to receive their DTwP booster at 9 or 12 months of age. A further sub-study will compare the co-administration of typhoid vaccine with other routine vaccines at one year of age. The primary outcome is anti-pertussis toxin IgG antibodies measured at the time of the booster dose. Secondary outcomes include antibodies against other vaccine antigens in the primary schedule and their safety. DISCUSSION These data will provide key data to inform policy decisions on streamlining vaccination schedules in childhood. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ISRCTN12240140 (Nepa1, 7th January 2021) and ISRCTN6036654 (Uganda, 17th February 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Theiss-Nyland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Murphy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Grace Li
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mary Nyantaro
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Meeru Gurung
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sudha Basnet
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Agnes Eordogh
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Gombe
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ayoub Kakande
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Mazur
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Walter-Rodney Nagumo
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rabiullah Noristani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Roberts
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ganesh Shah
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sonu Shrestha
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Laxman P Shrestha
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Surya B Thapa
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Alison Elliott
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Shakya M, Voysey M, Theiss-Nyland K, Colin-Jones R, Pant D, Adhikari A, Tonks S, Mujadidi YF, O'Reilly P, Mazur O, Kelly S, Liu X, Maharjan A, Dahal A, Haque N, Pradhan A, Shrestha S, Joshi M, Smith N, Hill J, Clarke J, Stockdale L, Jones E, Lubinda T, Bajracharya B, Dongol S, Karkey A, Baker S, Dougan G, Pitzer VE, Neuzil KM, Shrestha S, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e1561-e1568. [PMID: 34678198 PMCID: PMC8551681 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in low-resource settings. Vaccination can help curb the disease and might reduce transmission. We have previously reported an interim analysis of the efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in Nepali children. Here we report the final results after 2 years of follow-up. METHODS We did a participant-masked and observer-masked individually randomised trial in Lalitpur, Nepal, in which 20 019 children aged 9 months to younger than 16 years were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of TCV (Typbar TCV, Bharat Biotech International, India) or capsular group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenA). Participants were followed up until April 9, 2020. The primary outcome was blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever. Cases were captured via passive surveillance and active telephone surveillance followed by medical record review. The trial is registered at ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN43385161 and is ongoing. FINDINGS From Nov 20, 2017, to April 9, 2018, of 20 119 children screened, 20 019 participants were randomly assigned to receive TCV or MenA vaccine. There were 75 cases of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever included in the analysis (13 in the TCV group and 62 in the MenA group) over the 2-year period. The protective efficacy of TCV against blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever at 2 years was 79·0% (95% CI 61·9-88·5; p<0·0001). The incidence of typhoid fever was 72 (95% CI 38-123) cases per 100 000 person-years in the TCV group and 342 (95% CI 262-438) cases per 100 000 person-years in the MenA group. Adverse events occurring within the first 7 days post-vaccination were reported previously. INTERPRETATION The final results of this randomised, controlled trial are in keeping with the results of our published interim analysis. There is no evidence of waning protection over a 2-year period. These findings add further support for the WHO recommendations on control of enteric fever. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal.
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Theiss-Nyland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Colin-Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Dikshya Pant
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Anup Adhikari
- Nepal Family Development Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Susan Tonks
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama F Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Olga Mazur
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Archana Maharjan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ashata Dahal
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Naheeda Haque
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Anisha Pradhan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Suchita Shrestha
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Manij Joshi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Nicola Smith
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny Clarke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy Lubinda
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sabina Dongol
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Abhilasha Karkey
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordan Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Qadri F, Khanam F, Liu X, Theiss-Nyland K, Biswas PK, Bhuiyan AI, Ahmmed F, Colin-Jones R, Smith N, Tonks S, Voysey M, Mujadidi YF, Mazur O, Rajib NH, Hossen MI, Ahmed SU, Khan A, Rahman N, Babu G, Greenland M, Kelly S, Ireen M, Islam K, O'Reilly P, Scherrer KS, Pitzer VE, Neuzil KM, Zaman K, Pollard AJ, Clemens JD. Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2021; 398:675-684. [PMID: 34384540 PMCID: PMC8387974 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) is recommended by WHO for implementation in high-burden countries, but there is little evidence about its ability to protect against clinical typhoid in such settings. METHODS We did a participant-masked and observer-masked cluster-randomised trial preceded by a safety pilot phase in an urban endemic setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 150 clusters, each with approximately 1350 residents, were randomly assigned (1:1) to either Vi-TT or SA 14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine. Children aged 9 months to less than 16 years were invited via parent or guardian to receive a single, parenteral dose of vaccine according to their cluster of residence. The study population was followed for an average of 17·1 months. Total and overall protection by Vi-TT against blood culture-confirmed typhoid were the primary endpoints assessed in the intention-to-treat population of vaccinees or all residents in the clusters. A subset of approximately 4800 participants was assessed with active surveillance for adverse events. The trial is registered at www.isrctn.com, ISRCTN11643110. FINDINGS 41 344 children were vaccinated in April-May, 2018, with another 20 412 children vaccinated at catch-up vaccination campaigns between September and December, 2018, and April and May, 2019. The incidence of typhoid fever (cases per 100 000 person-years) was 635 in JE vaccinees and 96 in Vi-TT vaccinees (total Vi-TT protection 85%; 97·5% CI 76 to 91, p<0·0001). Total vaccine protection was consistent in different age groups, including children vaccinated at ages under 2 years (81%; 95% CI 39 to 94, p=0·0052). The incidence was 213 among all residents in the JE clusters and 93 in the Vi-TT clusters (overall Vi-TT protection 57%; 97·5% CI 43 to 68, p<0·0001). We did not observe significant indirect vaccine protection by Vi-TT (19%; 95% CI -12 to 41, p=0·20). The vaccines were well tolerated, and no serious adverse events judged to be vaccine-related were observed. INTERPRETATION Vi-TT provided protection against typhoid fever to children vaccinated between 9 months and less than 16 years. Longer-term follow-up will be needed to assess the duration of protection and the need for booster doses. FUNDING The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Theiss-Nyland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Amirul Islam Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faisal Ahmmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rachel Colin-Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smith
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Tonks
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama F Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Olga Mazur
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Nazmul Hasan Rajib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ismail Hossen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shams Uddin Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arifuzzaman Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazia Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golap Babu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Melanie Greenland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Mahzabeen Ireen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Peter O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Karin Sofia Scherrer
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - K Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Pant D, Smith N, Liu X, Tonks S, Mazur O, Farooq YG, Clarke J, Hill J, Adhikari A, Dongol S, Karkey A, Bajracharya B, Kelly S, Gurung M, Baker S, Neuzil KM, Shrestha S, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Phase 3 Efficacy Analysis of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Trial in Nepal. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:2209-2218. [PMID: 31800986 PMCID: PMC6785806 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1905047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella Typhi is a major cause of fever in children in low- and middle-income countries. A typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) that was recently prequalified by the World Health Organization was shown to be efficacious in a human challenge model, but data from efficacy trials in areas where typhoid is endemic are lacking. METHODS In this phase 3, randomized, controlled trial in Lalitpur, Nepal, in which both the participants and observers were unaware of the trial-group assignments, we randomly assigned children who were between 9 months and 16 years of age, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive either a TCV or a capsular group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenA) as a control. The primary outcome was typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture. We present the prespecified analysis of the primary and main secondary outcomes (including an immunogenicity subgroup); the 2-year trial follow-up is ongoing. RESULTS A total of 10,005 participants received the TCV and 10,014 received the MenA vaccine. Blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever occurred in 7 participants who received TCV (79 cases per 100,000 person-years) and in 38 who received MenA vaccine (428 cases per 100,000 person-years) (vaccine efficacy, 81.6%; 95% confidence interval, 58.8 to 91.8; P<0.001). A total of 132 serious adverse events (61 in the TCV group and 71 in the MenA vaccine group) occurred in the first 6 months, and 1 event (pyrexia) was identified as being vaccine-related; the participant remained unaware of the trial-group assignment. Similar rates of adverse events were noted in the two trial groups; fever developed in 5.0% of participants in the TCV group and 5.4% in the MenA vaccine group in the first week after vaccination. In the immunogenicity subgroup, seroconversion (a Vi IgG level that at least quadrupled 28 days after vaccination) was 99% in the TCV group (677 of 683 participants) and 2% in the MenA vaccine group (8 of 380 participants). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of TCV was immunogenic and effective in reducing S. Typhi bacteremia in children 9 months to 16 years of age. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN43385161.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Shakya
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Rachel Colin-Jones
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Katherine Theiss-Nyland
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Merryn Voysey
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Dikshya Pant
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Nicola Smith
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Xinxue Liu
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Susan Tonks
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Olga Mazur
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Yama G Farooq
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Jenny Clarke
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Jennifer Hill
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Anup Adhikari
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Sabina Dongol
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Abhilasha Karkey
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Binod Bajracharya
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Sarah Kelly
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Meeru Gurung
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Stephen Baker
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Shrijana Shrestha
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (M.S., S.D., A.K., B. Basnyat), Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital (D.P., M.G., S.S.), the Nepal Family Development Foundation (A.A.), and Wasa Pasa Polyclinics Private, Lalitpur (B. Bajracharya) - all in Kathmandu; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (R.C.-J., K.T.-N., M.V., N.S., X.L., S.T., O.M., Y.G.F., J.C., J.H., S.K., A.J.P.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (S.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (S.B.); and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.)
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