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Matter L, Abdullaeva OS, Shaner S, Leal J, Asplund M. Bioelectronic Direct Current Stimulation at the Transition Between Reversible and Irreversible Charge Transfer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2306244. [PMID: 38460180 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Many biological processes rely on endogenous electric fields (EFs), including tissue regeneration, cell development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Mimicking these biological EFs by applying external direct current stimulation (DCS) is therefore the key to many new therapeutic strategies. During DCS, the charge transfer from electrode to tissue relies on a combination of reversible and irreversible electrochemical processes, which may generate toxic or bio-altering substances, including metal ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based electrodes are emerging as suitable candidates for DCS to improve biocompatibility compared to metals. This work addresses whether PEDOT electrodes can be tailored to favor reversible biocompatible charge transfer. To this end, different PEDOT formulations and their respective back electrodes are studied using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and direct measurements of H2 O2 and O2 . This combination of electrochemical methods sheds light on the time dynamics of reversible and irreversible charge transfer and the relationship between capacitance and ROS generation. The results presented here show that although all electrode materials investigated generate ROS, the onset of ROS can be delayed by increasing the electrode's capacitance via PEDOT coating, which has implications for future bioelectronic devices that allow longer reversibly driven pulse durations during DCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Matter
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE 41296, Sweden
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliya S Abdullaeva
- Division of Nursing and Medical Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, SE 97187, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Shaner
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - José Leal
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Asplund
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE 41296, Sweden
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Nursing and Medical Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, SE 97187, Sweden
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Miglbauer E, Abdullaeva OS, Gryszel M, Głowacki ED. Faradaic Fenton Pixel: Reactive Oxygen Species Delivery Using Au/Cr Electrochemistry. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300353. [PMID: 37184620 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an integral part of many anticancer therapies. Fenton-like processes involving reactions of peroxides with transition metal ions are a particularly potent and tunable subset of ROS approaches. Precise on-demand dosing of the Fenton reaction is an area of great interest. Herein, we present a concept of an electrochemical faradaic pixel that produces controlled amounts of ROS via a Fenton-like process. The pixel comprises a cathode and anode, where the cathode reduces dissolved oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The anode is made of chromium, which is electrochemically corroded to yield chromium ions. Peroxide and chromium interact to form a highly oxidizing mixture of hydroxyl radicals and hexavalent Cr ions. After benchmarking the electrochemical properties of this type of device, we demonstrate how it can be used under in vitro conditions with a cancer cell line. The faradaic Fenton pixel is a general and scalable concept that can be used for on-demand delivery of redox-active products for controlling a physiological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miglbauer
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Oliya S Abdullaeva
- Division of Nursing and Medical Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maciej Gryszel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abdullaeva OS, Sahalianov I, Silverå Ejneby M, Jakešová M, Zozoulenko I, Liin SI, Głowacki ED. Faradaic Pixels for Precise Hydrogen Peroxide Delivery to Control M-Type Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103132. [PMID: 34825522 PMCID: PMC8787424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
H2 O2 plays a significant role in a range of physiological processes where it performs vital tasks in redox signaling. The sensitivity of many biological pathways to H2 O2 opens up a unique direction in the development of bioelectronics devices to control levels of reactive-oxygen species (ROS). Here a microfabricated ROS modulation device that relies on controlled faradaic reactions is presented. A concentric pixel arrangement of a peroxide-evolving cathode surrounded by an anode ring which decomposes the peroxide, resulting in localized peroxide delivery is reported. The conducting polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is exploited as the cathode. PEDOT selectively catalyzes the oxygen reduction reaction resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Using electrochemical and optical assays, combined with modeling, the performance of the devices is benchmarked. The concentric pixels generate tunable gradients of peroxide and oxygen concentrations. The faradaic devices are prototyped by modulating human H2 O2 -sensitive Kv7.2/7.3 (M-type) channels expressed in a single-cell model (Xenopus laevis oocytes). The Kv7 ion channel family is responsible for regulating neuronal excitability in the heart, brain, and smooth muscles, making it an ideal platform for faradaic ROS stimulation. The results demonstrate the potential of PEDOT to act as an H2 O2 delivery system, paving the way to ROS-based organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliya S. Abdullaeva
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Malin Silverå Ejneby
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Marie Jakešová
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LabCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LabCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
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Schulz M, Zablocki J, Abdullaeva OS, Brück S, Balzer F, Lützen A, Arteaga O, Schiek M. Giant intrinsic circular dichroism of prolinol-derived squaraine thin films. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2413. [PMID: 29925832 PMCID: PMC6010436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chirality and the inherently connected differential absorption of circular polarized light (CD) combined with semiconducting properties offers great potential for chiral opto-electronics. Here we discuss the temperature-controlled assembly of enantiopure prolinol functionalized squaraines with opposite handedness into intrinsically circular dichroic, molecular J-aggregates in spincasted thin films. By Mueller matrix spectroscopy we accurately probe an extraordinary high excitonic circular dichroism, which is not amplified by mesoscopic ordering effects. At maximum, CD values of 1000 mdeg/nm are reached and, after accounting for reflection losses related to the thin film nature, we obtain a film thickness independent dissymmetry factor g = 0.75. The large oscillator strength of the corresponding absorption within the deep-red spectral range translates into a negative real part of the dielectric function in the spectral vicinity of the exciton resonance. Thereby, we provide a new small molecular benchmark material for the development of organic thin film based chiroptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schulz
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zablocki
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliya S Abdullaeva
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brück
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Balzer
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Department of Applied Physics and IN2UB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Abdullaeva OS, Schulz M, Balzer F, Parisi J, Lützen A, Dedek K, Schiek M. Photoelectrical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells by an Organic Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface. Langmuir 2016; 32:8533-8542. [PMID: 27480642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a step toward the realization of neuroprosthetics for vision restoration, we follow an electrophysiological patch-clamp approach to study the fundamental photoelectrical stimulation mechanism of neuronal model cells by an organic semiconductor-electrolyte interface. Our photoactive layer consisting of an anilino-squaraine donor blended with a fullerene acceptor is supporting the growth of the neuronal model cell line (N2A cells) without an adhesion layer on it and is not impairing cell viability. The transient photocurrent signal upon illumination from the semiconductor-electrolyte layer is able to trigger a passive response of the neuronal cells under physiological conditions via a capacitive coupling mechanism. We study the dynamics of the capacitive transmembrane currents by patch-clamp recordings and compare them to the dynamics of the photocurrent signal and its spectral responsivity. Furthermore, we characterize the morphology of the semiconductor-electrolyte interface by atomic force microscopy and study the stability of the interface in dark and under illuminated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Balzer
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark , Alsion 2, DK-6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | | | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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