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Alldritt B, Hapala P, Oinonen N, Urtev F, Krejci O, Federici Canova F, Kannala J, Schulz F, Liljeroth P, Foster AS. Automated structure discovery in atomic force microscopy. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay6913. [PMID: 32133405 PMCID: PMC7043916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with molecule-functionalized tips has emerged as the primary experimental technique for probing the atomic structure of organic molecules on surfaces. Most experiments have been limited to nearly planar aromatic molecules due to difficulties with interpretation of highly distorted AFM images originating from nonplanar molecules. Here, we develop a deep learning infrastructure that matches a set of AFM images with a unique descriptor characterizing the molecular configuration, allowing us to predict the molecular structure directly. We apply this methodology to resolve several distinct adsorption configurations of 1S-camphor on Cu(111) based on low-temperature AFM measurements. This approach will open the door to applying high-resolution AFM to a large variety of systems, for which routine atomic and chemical structural resolution on the level of individual objects/molecules would be a major breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Alldritt
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Niko Oinonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Fedor Urtev
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ondrej Krejci
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Filippo Federici Canova
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- Nanolayers Research Computing Ltd., London, UK
| | - Juho Kannala
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Fabian Schulz
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- Corresponding author. (P.L.); (A.S.F.)
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128, Germany
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Corresponding author. (P.L.); (A.S.F.)
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Queck F, Albrecht F, Mutombo P, Krejci O, Jelínek P, McLean A, Repp J. Interface dipoles of Ir(ppy) 3 on Cu(111). Nanoscale 2019; 11:12695-12703. [PMID: 31240287 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00934e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of adsorption geometry and interface dipoles of the transition-metal complex Ir(ppy)3 on Cu(111) was studied using low-temperature scanning probe microscopy and density-functional-theory calculations. We find that the orientation of the molecule's intrinsic dipole moment with respect to the surface has a strong influence on the total energy of the different configurations, where the most stable one has the molecular dipole moment pointing out of the surface plane along the surface normal. Adsorption-induced redistribution of charges results in an additional dipole moment that also points out of the surface plane for all configurations. Submolecularly resolved maps of the resulting local contact potential difference suggest that any in-plane dipole moment is very effectively screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Queck
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Albrecht
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, CZ-162000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Krejci
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, CZ-162000, Prague, Czech Republic and Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, CZ-162000, Prague, Czech Republic and Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, ŝlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alastair McLean
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CanadaK7L3N6.
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Schindler JW, Van Buren D, Foudi A, Krejci O, Qin J, Orkin SH, Hock H. TEL-AML1 corrupts hematopoietic stem cells to persist in the bone marrow and initiate leukemia. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:43-53. [PMID: 19570513 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The initial steps in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia remain incompletely understood. The TEL-AML1 gene fusion, the hallmark translocation in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and the first hit, occurs years before the clinical disease, most often in utero. We have generated mice in which TEL-AML1 expression is driven from the endogenous promoter and can be targeted to specific populations. TEL-AML1 renders mice prone to malignancy after chemical mutagenesis when expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but not in early lymphoid progenitors. We reveal that TEL-AML1 markedly increases the number of HSCs and predominantly maintains them in the quiescent (G(0)) stage of the cell cycle. TEL-AML1(+) HSCs retain self-renewal properties and contribute to hematopoiesis, but fail to out-compete normal HSCs. Our work shows that stem cells are susceptible to subversion by weak oncogenes that can subtly alter their molecular program to provide a latent reservoir for the accumulation of further mutations.
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Sramkova L, Muzikova K, Fronkova E, Krejci O, Sedlacek P, Formankova R, Mejstrikova E, Stary J, Trka J. Detectable minimal residual disease before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts extremely poor prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48:93-100. [PMID: 16521130 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of minimal residual disease (MRD) prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for outcome of pediatric patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Retrospective studies which used (semi-) quantitation of clone-specific immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor (Ig/TCR) rearrangements have documented the feasibility and practicality of this technique. This approach has also been disputed due to the occurrence of clonal evolution and generally high MRD levels prior to HSCT. PROCEDURE In our prospective study, MRD before and after HSCT was monitored using quantitative real-time PCR in a cohort of 36 children with ALL consecutively transplanted in our center between VIII/2000 and VII/2004. RESULTS In 25 of 36 patients, MRD level prior HSCT was assessed. Seventeen patients were classified as MRD-negative and eight were MRD-positive up to 9 x 10(-2). In MRD-positive subgroup, seven events (six relapses) occurred post-transplant in striking contrast to only one relapse in MRD-negative subgroup (event-free survival (EFS) log-rank P < 0.0001). MRD proved to be the only significant prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001). Adoptive immunotherapy including donor lymphocyte infusions in patients with adverse dynamics of MRD after HSCT had only limited and/or temporary effect. Clonal evolution did not present a problem precluding MRD monitoring in any of patients suffering a post-transplant relapse. CONCLUSIONS We show that MRD quantitation using clonal Ig/TCR rearrangements successfully assesses the risk in pediatric ALL patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. As our ability to treat detectable MRD levels after HSCT is very limited, alternative strategies for MRD-positive patients prior HSCT are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sramkova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wunderlich M, Krejci O, Wei J, Mulloy JC. Human CD34+ cells expressing the inv(16) fusion protein exhibit a myelomonocytic phenotype with greatly enhanced proliferative ability. Blood 2006; 108:1690-7. [PMID: 16670269 PMCID: PMC1586104 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-012773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(16:16) and inv(16) are associated with FAB M4Eo myeloid leukemias and result in fusion of the CBFB gene to the MYH11 gene (encoding smooth muscle myosin heavy chain [SMMHC]). Knockout of CBFbeta causes embryonic lethality due to lack of definitive hematopoiesis. Although knock-in of CBFB-MYH11 is not sufficient to cause disease, expression increases the incidence of leukemia when combined with cooperating events. Although mouse models are valuable tools in the study of leukemogenesis, little is known about the contribution of CBFbeta-SMMHC to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell self-renewal. We introduced the CBFbeta-MYH11 cDNA into human CD34+ cells via retroviral transduction. Transduced cells displayed an initial repression of progenitor activity but eventually dominated the culture, resulting in the proliferation of clonal populations for up to 7 months. Long-term cultures displayed a myelomonocytic morphology while retaining multilineage progenitor activity and engraftment in NOD/SCID-B2M-/- mice. Progenitor cells from long-term cultures showed altered expression of genes defining inv(16) identified in microarray studies of human patient samples. This system will be useful in examining the effects of CBFbeta-SMMHC on gene expression in the human preleukemic cell, in characterizing the effect of this oncogene on human stem cell biology, and in defining its contribution to the development of leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, CD34/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/deficiency
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
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Zuna J, Krejci O, Madzo J, Fronkova E, Sramkova L, Hrusak O, Kalina T, Vaskova M, Stary J, Trka J. TEL/AML1 and immunoreceptor gene rearrangements—which comes first? Leuk Res 2005; 29:633-9. [PMID: 15863202 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
TEL/AML1 fusion gene is present in 20-25% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. In order to unravel at which stage of B-cell precursor development the fusion is originated, we analysed frequency and pattern of immunoreceptor (immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor) gene rearrangements in 47 TEL/AML1-positive and 43 TEL/AML1-negative cases of the same CD10+ immunophenotype. Moreover, we compared corresponding immunoreceptor gene rearrangements in 11 cases of TEL/AML1-positive leukaemia at diagnosis and relapse. More mature immunogenotype of TEL/AML1-positive cases and changes in 37% of rearrangements between diagnosis and relapse suggest that in most cases the TEL/AML1 fusion is formed during immunoreceptor gene rearrangement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zuna
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, 2nd Medical School, Charles University Prague, V Uvalu 84, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Mulloy JC, Jankovic V, Wunderlich M, Delwel R, Cammenga J, Krejci O, Zhao H, Valk PJM, Lowenberg B, Nimer SD. AML1-ETO fusion protein up-regulates TRKA mRNA expression in human CD34+ cells, allowing nerve growth factor-induced expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4016-21. [PMID: 15731354 PMCID: PMC554792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404701102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The AML1-ETO fusion protein, generated by the t(8;21) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), exerts dominant-negative functions and a variety of gains of function, including a positive effect on the growth of primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. We now show that AML1-ETO expression up-regulates the level of TRKA mRNA and protein in these cells and that AML1-ETO-expressing CD34+ hematopoietic cells grown in the presence of five early-acting hematopoietic cytokines further proliferate in response to nerve growth factor (NGF). These cells also show a unique response to NGF and IL-3; namely, they expand in liquid culture. To determine the biological relevance of our findings, we analyzed 262 primary AML patient samples using real-time RT-PCR and found that t(8;21)-positive AML samples express significantly higher levels of TRKA mRNA than other subtypes of AML. NGF, which is normally expressed by bone marrow stromal cells, could provide important proliferative or survival signals to AML1-ETO-expressing leukemic or preleukemic cells, and the NGF/TRKA signaling pathway may be a suitable target for therapeutic approaches to AML.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Receptor, trkA/biosynthesis
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Krejci O, Starkova J, Otova B, Madzo J, Kalinova M, Hrusak O, Trka J. Reply to ‘Upregulation of asparagine synthetase and cell cycle arrest in t(12;21) positive ALL’ by Stams et al. Leukemia 2004. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zuna J, Muzikova K, Ford AM, Maia AT, Krejci O, Tousovska K, Oravkinova I, Greaves M, Trka J. Pre-natal, clonal origin of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in triplets. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 44:2099-102. [PMID: 14959854 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A unique case of ALL in three monozygotic triplets diagnosed at the age of 24, 27 and 37 months is described. Archived bone marrow smears were available for molecular analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and IGK genes and T-cell receptor (TCR)-delta and gamma gene rearrangements. A shared IGH rearrangement was found in triplets "A" and "B", and an identical rearrangement of TCR-delta in triplets "B" and "C". These data suggest a common, monoclonal initiation of ALL in one of these three triplets, followed by dissemination of clonal progeny to the other twins via vascular anastomoses within the single, monochorionic placenta that they shared in utero. Differences in IGH rearrangements in diagnostic samples also indicates divergent subclonal evolution of the original "pre-leukaemic" clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zuna
- CLIP--Childhood Leukaemia Investigation, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Krejci O, Starkova J, Otova B, Madzo J, Kalinova M, Hrusak O, Trka J. Upregulation of asparagine synthetase fails to avert cell cycle arrest induced by L-asparaginase in TEL/AML1-positive leukaemic cells. Leukemia 2004; 18:434-41. [PMID: 14724653 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase is a standard component in chemotherapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Leukaemic cells carrying TEL/AML1 fusion gene are more sensitive to treatment with L-asparaginase compared to other subtypes of ALL. We demonstrate in vitro the prolonged growth suppression of TEL/AML1[+] cells compared to TEL/AML1[-] leukaemic cells after L-asparaginase treatment simulating treatment protocol. Cell cycle analysis revealed TEL/AML1[+] cells to accumulate in G1/G0 phase (81-98%) compared to TEL/AML1[-] cells (47-60%). Quantitative analysis of asparagine synthetase (AsnS) expression showed the ability of TEL/AML1[+] cells to increase AsnS mRNA levels after L-asparaginase treatment to the same extent as TEL/AML1[-] leukaemic and nonleukaemic lymphoid cells. We hypothesise that TEL/AML1[+] cells are unable to progress into the S phase of cell cycle under nutrition stress caused by L-asparaginase, despite the ability of AsnS upregulation. Significantly higher expression of AsnS was found in untreated leukaemic cells from children with TEL/AML1[+] ALL (n=20) in comparison with the group of age-matched children with ALL bearing no known fusion gene (n=25; P=0.0043). Interestingly, none of the TEL/AML1[+] patients with high AsnS level relapsed, whereas 10/15 patients with AsnS below median relapsed (P=0.00028). Therefore, high AsnS levels in TEL/AML1[+] patients correlate with better prognosis, possibly reflecting the stretched metabolic demand of the lymphoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Krejci
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Krejci O, van der Velden VHJ, Bader P, Kreyenberg H, Goulden N, Hancock J, Schilham MW, Lankester A, Révész T, Klingebiel T, van Dongen JJM. Level of minimal residual disease prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts prognosis in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report of the Pre-BMT MRD Study Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32:849-51. [PMID: 14520434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
TCR gene rearrangement generates diversity of T lymphocytes by V(D)J recombination. Ig genes are rearranged in B cells using the same enzyme machinery. Physiologically, TCR gene is postulated to rearrange exclusively in T lineage, but malignant B precursor lymphoblasts contain rearranged TCR genes in most patients. Several mechanisms by which malignant cells break the regulation of V(D)J recombination have been proposed. In this study we show that incomplete TCR delta rearrangements V2-D3 and D2-D3 occur each in up to 16% alleles in B lymphocytes of all healthy donors studied, but complete VDJ rearrangement was negative at the sensitivity limit of 1%. Data are based on real-time quantitative PCR validated by PAGE and sequencing of the cloned products. Therefore, TCR genes rearrange not exclusively in T lineage. This study opens up further questions regarding the exact extent of the "cross-lineage" TCR or Ig rearrangements in normal lymphocytes, specific subsets in which the cross-lineage rearrangements occur, and the physiological importance of these rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- HT29 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Krejci
- Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague, Institute of Immunology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Praha, Czech Republic
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13
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Goulden N, Bader P, Van Der Velden V, Moppett J, Schilham M, Masden HO, Krejci O, Kreyenberg H, Lankester A, Révész T, Klingebiel T, Van Dongen J. Minimal residual disease prior to stem cell transplant for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003; 122:24-9. [PMID: 12823342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a highly effective therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Concerns about unnecessary toxicity and expense mean that SCT is currently largely reserved for children who cannot be cured with chemotherapy. Not surprisingly, many such children also fail SCT. Retrospective studies have shown that a single analysis of minimal residual disease (MRD) pre-SCT identified those at highest risk of relapse. It is now appropriate to call for the universal incorporation of standardized MRD testing into SCT protocols as the next step to maximize the clinical impact of this technology in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Goulden
- Royal Bristol Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol, UK, UniversitätsKinderklinik, Tübingen, Germany.
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14
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Zuna J, Muzikova K, Madzo J, Krejci O, Trka J. Temperature non-homogeneity in rapid airflow-based cycler significantly affects real-time PCR. Biotechniques 2002; 33:508, 510, 512. [PMID: 12238760 DOI: 10.2144/02333bm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Zuna
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Medical School, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic.
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