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Niu X, Kubiak RW, Siriprakaisil O, Klinbuyaem V, Sukrakanchana PO, Cressey R, Okochi H, Gandhi M, Cressey TR, Drain PK. Tenofovir-Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots versus Tenofovir in Urine/Plasma for Oral Preexposure Prophylaxis Adherence Monitoring. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac405. [PMID: 36004315 PMCID: PMC9394764 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) measured in dried blood spots (DBS) and tenofovir (TFV) measured in urine/plasma have been used to measure TFV-based oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence. However, there are limited data comparing these 3 metrics and their appropriate use for PrEP adherence monitoring. Methods We collected DBS, urine, and plasma samples from HIV-negative adults randomized to a low (2 doses/week), moderate (4 doses/week), or perfect (7 doses/week) adherence group (via directly observed therapy) of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) for 6 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout phase. Drug concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to examine associations between drug concentrations and dosing time. Results Among 28 participants, the median age was 33 years, and 12 (43%) were female. At steady state, 25th percentile TFV-DP concentrations were 466, 779, and 1375 fmol/3 mm punch in the low, moderate, and perfect adherence group, respectively. Correlation was stronger between quantifiable TFV-DP and plasma TFV (r = 0.65; P < .01) than between TFV-DP and urine TFV (r = 0.50; P < .01). Among all participants, each additional week of cumulative dosing on average led to a mean increase of 158 fmol/3 mm punch (P < .001) in TFV-DP during the dosing phase. Each additional day after the last dose was associated with 43 fmol/3 mm punch lower TFV-DP (P = .07). Conclusions TFV-DP levels in DBS provide valuable insight into both dosing recency and cumulative doses from variable adherence patterns. Our observed benchmark TFV-DP concentrations were slightly higher than prior predicted estimates based on convenience samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Rachel W Kubiak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | | | | | - Pra-ornsuda Sukrakanchana
- AMS/IRD Research Collaboration, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University , Thailand
| | - Ratchada Cressey
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University , Thailand
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Tim R Cressey
- AMS/IRD Research Collaboration, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University , Thailand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , United Kingdom
| | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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Cressey TR, Siriprakaisil O, Kubiak RW, Klinbuayaem V, Sukrakanchana PO, Quame-Amaglo J, Okochi H, Tawon Y, Cressey R, Baeten JM, Gandhi M, Drain PK. Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of tenofovir following cessation in adults with controlled levels of adherence to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:365-370. [PMID: 32553717 PMCID: PMC7392195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to fully characterize the plasma and urine washout pharmacokinetics of tenofovir (TFV) in adults following 6 weeks of controlled levels of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) adherence, in order to inform the utility of clinic-based adherence testing. DESIGN This was a three-arm, randomized, open-label study in adult volunteers. Participants were randomized to receive TDF 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg as (1) 7 doses/week (perfect adherence), (2) 4 doses/week (moderate adherence), or (3) 2 doses/week (low adherence). Plasma and urine samples were collected regularly during the 6-week dosing phase and for 4 weeks following drug cessation. RESULTS Twenty-eight adults were included in this analysis. Median (range) age was 33 (20-49) years. No differences in TFV pharmacokinetic parameters during the washout were observed across the study arms. Small differences in TFV plasma concentrations occurred across arms between 4 and 10 h post-dose. The cumulative amount of TFV excreted in urine was not different at 24 h post-dose, but at 148 h it was 24.8 mg, 21.0 mg, and 17.2 mg for the perfect, moderate, and low adherence arms, respectively (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Among adults with different TDF adherence patterns, relative differences in plasma concentrations and cumulative urine extraction of TFV were minor following cessation. TFV measurement in plasma or urine is more indicative of last drug ingestion, rather than prior dose patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Cressey
- PHPT/IRD UMI 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Rachel W Kubiak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Pra-Ornsuda Sukrakanchana
- PHPT/IRD UMI 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yardpiroon Tawon
- PHPT/IRD UMI 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratchada Cressey
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Drain PK, Kubiak RW, Siriprakaisil O, Klinbuayaem V, Quame-Amaglo J, Sukrakanchana PO, Tanasri S, Punyati P, Sirirungsi W, Cressey R, Bacchetti P, Okochi H, Baeten JM, Gandhi M, Cressey TR. Urine Tenofovir Concentrations Correlate With Plasma and Relate to Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Adherence: A Randomized, Directly Observed Pharmacokinetic Trial (TARGET Study). Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:2143-2151. [PMID: 31314073 PMCID: PMC7201421 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct measurement of tenofovir (TFV) in urine could be an objective measure to monitor adherence to preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or TFV-based antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS We conducted a 3-arm randomized, pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg among adults living with human immunodeficiency virus. Participants were randomized to receive controlled TDF/FTC dosing as (1) "perfect" adherence (daily); (2) "moderate" adherence (4 doses/week); or (3) "low" adherence (2 doses/week). We obtained trough spot urine and plasma samples during a 6-week directly observed therapy period and a 4-week washout period. TFV concentrations were compared between adherence arms using 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Among 28 participants, the median age was 33 years and 16 (57%) were male. Correlation between TFV plasma and urine concentrations was strong (ρ = 0.78; P < .0001). Median (interquartile range) steady-state trough TFV concentrations (ng/mL) for perfect, moderate, and low TDF adherence were 41 (26-52), 16 (14-19), and 4 (3-5) in plasma; and 6480 (3940-14 300), 3405 (2210-5020), and 448 (228-675) in urine. Trough TFV concentrations at steady state were significantly different between the 3 adherence arms for plasma (P < .0001) and urine (P = .0002). Following drug cessation, TFV concentrations persisted longer in urine than plasma samples. Washout urine TFV concentrations and time to undetectable concentrations did not differ between the 3 randomized adherence groups. CONCLUSIONS Urine TFV concentrations can inform interpretation of novel point-of-care urine-based TFV assays to assess recent TDF adherence. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03012607
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Rachel W Kubiak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | | | | | | | - Suriyan Tanasri
- Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment (PHPT) lab at Chiang Mai University/IRD UMI 174, Thailand
| | - Pimpinun Punyati
- Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment (PHPT) lab at Chiang Mai University/IRD UMI 174, Thailand
| | - Wasna Sirirungsi
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Ratchada Cressey
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- University of California, San Francisco, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- University of California, San Francisco, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Monica Gandhi
- University of California, San Francisco, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tim R Cressey
- Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment (PHPT) lab at Chiang Mai University/IRD UMI 174, Thailand
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gandhi M, Wang G, King R, Rodrigues WC, Vincent M, Glidden DV, Cressey TR, Bacchetti P, Spinelli MA, Okochi H, Siriprakaisil O, Klinbuayaem V, Mugo NR, Ngure K, Drain PK, Baeten JM. Development and validation of the first point-of-care assay to objectively monitor adherence to HIV treatment and prevention in real-time in routine settings. AIDS 2020; 34:255-260. [PMID: 31634188 PMCID: PMC7021226 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV prevention and treatment studies demonstrate that pharmacologic adherence metrics are more accurate than self-report. Currently available metrics use liquid-chromatography/tandem-mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which is expensive and laboratory-based. We developed a specific and sensitive antibody against tenofovir, the backbone of treatment and prevention, but conversion to a lateral flow assay (LFA) - analogous to a urine pregnancy test - is required for point-of-care testing. We describe the development of the first LFA to measure antiretroviral adherence in real-time. METHODS Previous work in a directly observed therapy study of providing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to HIV-noninfected volunteers at various simulated adherence patterns defined the appropriate cut-off for the LFA (1500 ng tenofovir/ml urine). We developed the LFA using a sample pad for urine; a conjugate pad coated with TFV-specific antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles; a nitrocellulose membrane striped with tenofovir-antigen (test line) and a control line; with an absorbent pad to draw urine across the reaction membrane. RESULTS We tested 300 urine samples collected from the directly observed therapy study by this LFA and the gold-standard method of LC-MS/MS. The LFA demonstrated 97% specificity (95% CI 93-99%) and 99% sensitivity (94-100%) compared with LC-MS/MS. The LFA accurately classified 98% of patients who took a dose within 24 h as adherent. CONCLUSION We describe the development and validation of the first point-of-care assay to measure short-term adherence to HIV prevention and treatment in routine settings. The assay is low-cost, easy-to-perform and measures the breakdown product (tenofovir) of both TDF and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). This assay has the potential to improve HIV and PrEP outcomes worldwide by triggering differentiated service delivery with further study merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco
| | - Guohong Wang
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), Pomona
| | - Roger King
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), Pomona
| | - Warren C Rodrigues
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), Pomona
| | - Michael Vincent
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), Pomona
| | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tim R Cressey
- Department of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew A Spinelli
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco
| | | | | | - Nelly R Mugo
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Thika, Kenya
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth Ngure
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Community Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Community Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Cressey TR, Siriprakaisil O, Klinbuayaem V, Quame-Amaglo J, Kubiak RW, Sukrakanchana PO, Than-In-At K, Baeten J, Sirirungsi W, Cressey R, Drain PK. A randomized clinical pharmacokinetic trial of Tenofovir in blood, plasma and urine in adults with perfect, moderate and low PrEP adherence: the TARGET study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:496. [PMID: 28705153 PMCID: PMC5513124 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is key component of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV, but existing tools to monitor drug adherence are often inaccurate. Detection of tenofovir (TFV) in accessible biological samples, such as fingerprick blood, urine or oral fluid samples could be a novel objective measure of recent TDF adherence. To measure TFV concentrations associated with different levels of TDF adherence, we designed a randomized clinical trial to assess the blood, urine and oral fluid concentrations of TFV in adults with perfect, moderate and low drug adherence. METHODS/DESIGN A randomized, open-label, clinical pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir in healthy adult volunteers without HIV or Hepatitis B infection in Thailand. Consenting, eligible participants are randomized (1:1:1) among three groups to receive a controlled number of TDF (300 mg) doses in a combination pill with emtricitabine (FTC, 200 mg) for six weeks. Participants in Group 1 receive a single TDF/FTC tablet once daily (Perfect adherence); Group 2 receive a single TDF/FTC tablet 4 times/week (Moderate adherence); and Group 3 receive a single TDF/FTC tablet 2 times/week (Low adherence). Blood, plasma, urine and oral fluid samples are collected for drug measurement during three study phases: (i) initial 6-week treatment phase; (ii) intensive 24-h blood sampling phase after 6 weeks; (iii) 4-week washout phase. Thirty adults with evaluable pharmacokinetic samples (10 per group) will be enrolled [based on ensuring 25% precision in pharmacokinetic parameter estimates]. Pre-dose drug concentrations during the treatment phase will be descriptive and comparisons between groups performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis will be performed on the intensive sampling data at Week 7 and the time course of TFV washout in the difference biological matrices will be reported based on the detected concentrations following drug cessation. DISCUSSION The results of this randomized trial will define the target concentration thresholds of TFV in blood, urine and oral fluid that can distinguish between different levels of TDF adherence. Such adherence 'benchmarks' can be applied to real-time drug testing and novel point-of-care tests to identify individuals with poor PrEP or ART adherence. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03012607 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Cressey
- PHPT-IRD UMI 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Technology, Chiang Mai University, 6th Floor, 110 Inthawaroros Road, Muang Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Rachel W Kubiak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Pra-Ornsuda Sukrakanchana
- PHPT-IRD UMI 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Technology, Chiang Mai University, 6th Floor, 110 Inthawaroros Road, Muang Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Than-In-At
- PHPT-IRD UMI 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Technology, Chiang Mai University, 6th Floor, 110 Inthawaroros Road, Muang Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jared Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wasna Sirirungsi
- Division of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratchada Cressey
- Division of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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