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Cohen ASA, Farrow EG, Abdelmoity AT, Alaimo JT, Amudhavalli SM, Anderson JT, Bansal L, Bartik L, Baybayan P, Belden B, Berrios CD, Biswell RL, Buczkowicz P, Buske O, Chakraborty S, Cheung WA, Coffman KA, Cooper AM, Cross LA, Curran T, Dang TTT, Elfrink MM, Engleman KL, Fecske ED, Fieser C, Fitzgerald K, Fleming EA, Gadea RN, Gannon JL, Gelineau-Morel RN, Gibson M, Goldstein J, Grundberg E, Halpin K, Harvey BS, Heese BA, Hein W, Herd SM, Hughes SS, Ilyas M, Jacobson J, Jenkins JL, Jiang S, Johnston JJ, Keeler K, Korlach J, Kussmann J, Lambert C, Lawson C, Le Pichon JB, Leeder JS, Little VC, Louiselle DA, Lypka M, McDonald BD, Miller N, Modrcin A, Nair A, Neal SH, Oermann CM, Pacicca DM, Pawar K, Posey NL, Price N, Puckett LMB, Quezada JF, Raje N, Rowell WJ, Rush ET, Sampath V, Saunders CJ, Schwager C, Schwend RM, Shaffer E, Smail C, Soden S, Strenk ME, Sullivan BR, Sweeney BR, Tam-Williams JB, Walter AM, Welsh H, Wenger AM, Willig LK, Yan Y, Younger ST, Zhou D, Zion TN, Thiffault I, Pastinen T. Genomic answers for children: Dynamic analyses of >1000 pediatric rare disease genomes. Genet Med 2022; 24:1336-1348. [PMID: 35305867 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to provide comprehensive diagnostic and candidate analyses in a pediatric rare disease cohort through the Genomic Answers for Kids program. METHODS Extensive analyses of 960 families with suspected genetic disorders included short-read exome sequencing and short-read genome sequencing (srGS); PacBio HiFi long-read genome sequencing (HiFi-GS); variant calling for single nucleotide variants (SNV), structural variant (SV), and repeat variants; and machine-learning variant prioritization. Structured phenotypes, prioritized variants, and pedigrees were stored in PhenoTips database, with data sharing through controlled access the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes. RESULTS Diagnostic rates ranged from 11% in patients with prior negative genetic testing to 34.5% in naive patients. Incorporating SVs from genome sequencing added up to 13% of new diagnoses in previously unsolved cases. HiFi-GS yielded increased discovery rate with >4-fold more rare coding SVs compared with srGS. Variants and genes of unknown significance remain the most common finding (58% of nondiagnostic cases). CONCLUSION Computational prioritization is efficient for diagnostic SNVs. Thorough identification of non-SNVs remains challenging and is partly mitigated using HiFi-GS sequencing. Importantly, community research is supported by sharing real-time data to accelerate gene validation and by providing HiFi variant (SNV/SV) resources from >1000 human alleles to facilitate implementation of new sequencing platforms for rare disease diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S A Cohen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Emily G Farrow
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Joseph T Alaimo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Shivarajan M Amudhavalli
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - John T Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Lalit Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Lauren Bartik
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Bradley Belden
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Rebecca L Biswell
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Warren A Cheung
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Keith A Coffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Ashley M Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Laura A Cross
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO
| | - Thuy Tien T Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Mary M Elfrink
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Erin D Fecske
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Cynthia Fieser
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Keely Fitzgerald
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Emily A Fleming
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Randi N Gadea
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Rose N Gelineau-Morel
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Margaret Gibson
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jeffrey Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Kelsee Halpin
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Brian S Harvey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Bryce A Heese
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Wendy Hein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Suzanne M Herd
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Susan S Hughes
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Mohammed Ilyas
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jill Jacobson
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Janda L Jenkins
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | - Kathryn Keeler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jonas Korlach
- Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc, Menlo Park, CA
| | | | | | - Caitlin Lawson
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | - Vicki C Little
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Neil Miller
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Allergy Immunology Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Ann Modrcin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Annapoorna Nair
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Shelby H Neal
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Donna M Pacicca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Kailash Pawar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Nyshele L Posey
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Nigel Price
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Laura M B Puckett
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Julio F Quezada
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Nikita Raje
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Eric T Rush
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Carol J Saunders
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Caitlin Schwager
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Richard M Schwend
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Elizabeth Shaffer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Craig Smail
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Sarah Soden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Meghan E Strenk
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Brooke R Sweeney
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Adam M Walter
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Holly Welsh
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Laurel K Willig
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Yun Yan
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Scott T Younger
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Dihong Zhou
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Tricia N Zion
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO.
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Laurie S, Piscia D, Matalonga L, Corvo A, Garcia C, Fernandez-Callejo M, Hernandez C, Luengo C, Ntalis AP, Protassio J, Martinez I, Pico D, Thompson R, Tonda R, Bayes M, Bullich G, Camps J, Paramonov I, Trotta JR, Alonso A, Attimonelli M, Béroud C, Bros-Facer V, Buske O, Cañada A, Fernandez JM, Hansson M, Horvath R, Jacobsen J, Kaliyaperumal R, Lair S, Licata L, Lopes P, López-Martin E, Mascalzoni D, Monaco L, Jurado LP, Posada M, Rambla J, Rath A, Riess O, Robinson P, Smedley D, Spalding DJ, 't Hoen PB, Töpf A, Zaharieva I, Graessner H, Gut I, Lochmúller H, Beltran S. The RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform: Accelerating diagnosis, research, and gene discovery for rare diseases. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:717-733. [PMID: 35178824 PMCID: PMC9324157 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rare disease patients are more likely to receive a rapid molecular diagnosis nowadays thanks to the wide adoption of next generation sequencing. However, many cases remain undiagnosed even after exome or genome analysis, because the methods used missed the molecular cause in a known gene, or a novel causative gene could not be identified and/or confirmed. To address these challenges, the RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform (GPAP) facilitates the collation, discovery, sharing and analysis of standardised genome-phenome data within a collaborative environment. Authorised clinicians and researchers submit pseudonymised phenotypic profiles encoded using the Human Phenotype Ontology, and raw genomic data which is processed through a standardised pipeline. After an optional embargo period, the data is shared with other platform users, with the objective that similar cases in the system and queries from peers may help diagnose the case. Additionally, the platform enables bidirectional discovery of similar cases in other databases from the Matchmaker Exchange network. To facilitate genome-phenome analysis and interpretation by clinical researchers, the RD-Connect GPAP provides a powerful user-friendly interface and leverages tens of information sources. As a result, the resource has already helped diagnose hundreds of rare disease patients and discover new disease causing genes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Laurie
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Davide Piscia
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Leslie Matalonga
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Alberto Corvo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Carles Garcia
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Marcos Fernandez-Callejo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Carles Hernandez
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Cristina Luengo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Anastasios Papakonstantinou Ntalis
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST).,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico
| | - Joan Protassio
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Ines Martinez
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Daniel Pico
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | | | - Raul Tonda
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Monica Bayes
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Gemma Bullich
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Jordi Camps
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Ida Paramonov
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | - Jean-Remi Trotta
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
| | | | - Marcella Attimonelli
- University of Bari Department of Biosciences Biotechnology and Pharmacological Bioscience
| | - Christophe Béroud
- Marseille Medical Genetics, INSERM UMR_S910; APHM, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Déparement de Génétique Médicale
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rita Horvath
- University of Cambridge Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair
| | - Julius Jacobsen
- Queen Mary University of London - Charterhouse Square Campus
| | | | | | - Luana Licata
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology
| | | | - Estrella López-Martin
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER) & Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases
| | - Deborah Mascalzoni
- Uppsala Universitet Medicinska fakulteten.,Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.,University of lubeck Institute of biomedicine
| | | | - Luis Pérez Jurado
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Unitat de Genètica, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut.,ISCIII, CIBERER.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Servei de Genètica, Hospital del Mar
| | - Manuel Posada
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), SpainRDR and CIBERER, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER)
| | | | | | - Olaf Riess
- University of Tubingen Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics
| | - Peter Robinson
- Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, The Jackson Laboratory
| | - Damian Smedley
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry William Harvey Research Institute.,Queen Mary University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Peter-Bram 't Hoen
- Radboud Universiteit Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
| | - Ana Töpf
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University
| | - Irina Zaharieva
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre
| | - Holm Graessner
- University of Tubingen Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics.,University Hospital Tubingen Centre for Rare Diseases
| | - Ivo Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico Baldiri Reixac.,Pompeu Fabra University
| | - Hanns Lochmúller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute.,Ottawa Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine.,University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST).,Pompeu Fabra University.,Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia
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Osmond M, Hartley T, Johnstone B, Andjic S, Girdea M, Gillespie M, Buske O, Dumitriu S, Koltunova V, Ramani A, Boycott KM, Brudno M. PhenomeCentral: 7 years of rare disease matchmaking. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:674-681. [PMID: 35165961 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in validating genetic causes for patients with rare diseases (RDs) is the difficulty in identifying other RD patients with overlapping phenotypes and variants in the same candidate gene. This process, known as matchmaking, requires robust data sharing solutions in order to be effective. In 2014 we launched PhenomeCentral, a RD data repository capable of collecting computer-readable genotypic and phenotypic data for the purposes of RD matchmaking. Over the past 7 years PhenomeCentral's features have been expanded and its dataset has consistently grown. There are currently 1,615 users registered on PhenomeCentral, which have contributed over 12,000 patient cases. Most of these cases contain detailed phenotypic terms, with a significant portion also providing genomic sequence data or other forms of clinical information. Matchmaking within PhenomeCentral, and with connections to other data repositories in the Matchmaker Exchange, have collectively resulted in over 60,000 matches, which have facilitated multiple gene discoveries. The collection of deep phenotypic and genotypic data has also positioned PhenomeCentral well to support next generation of matchmaking initiatives that utilize genome sequencing data, ensuring that PhenomeCentral will remain a useful tool in solving undiagnosed RD cases in the years to come. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Osmond
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brittney Johnstone
- Cancer Genetics and High Risk Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sasha Andjic
- DATA Team and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marta Girdea
- DATA Team and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meredith Gillespie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sergiu Dumitriu
- DATA Team and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Veronika Koltunova
- DATA Team and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arun Ramani
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Brudno
- DATA Team and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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