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Cohen ASA, Farrow EG, Abdelmoity AT, Alaimo JT, Amudhavalli SM, Anderson JT, Bansal L, Bartik L, Baybayan P, Belden B, Berrios CD, Biswell RL, Buczkowicz P, Buske O, Chakraborty S, Cheung WA, Coffman KA, Cooper AM, Cross LA, Curran T, Dang TTT, Elfrink MM, Engleman KL, Fecske ED, Fieser C, Fitzgerald K, Fleming EA, Gadea RN, Gannon JL, Gelineau-Morel RN, Gibson M, Goldstein J, Grundberg E, Halpin K, Harvey BS, Heese BA, Hein W, Herd SM, Hughes SS, Ilyas M, Jacobson J, Jenkins JL, Jiang S, Johnston JJ, Keeler K, Korlach J, Kussmann J, Lambert C, Lawson C, Le Pichon JB, Leeder JS, Little VC, Louiselle DA, Lypka M, McDonald BD, Miller N, Modrcin A, Nair A, Neal SH, Oermann CM, Pacicca DM, Pawar K, Posey NL, Price N, Puckett LMB, Quezada JF, Raje N, Rowell WJ, Rush ET, Sampath V, Saunders CJ, Schwager C, Schwend RM, Shaffer E, Smail C, Soden S, Strenk ME, Sullivan BR, Sweeney BR, Tam-Williams JB, Walter AM, Welsh H, Wenger AM, Willig LK, Yan Y, Younger ST, Zhou D, Zion TN, Thiffault I, Pastinen T. Genomic answers for children: Dynamic analyses of >1000 pediatric rare disease genomes. Genet Med 2022; 24:1336-1348. [PMID: 35305867 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to provide comprehensive diagnostic and candidate analyses in a pediatric rare disease cohort through the Genomic Answers for Kids program. METHODS Extensive analyses of 960 families with suspected genetic disorders included short-read exome sequencing and short-read genome sequencing (srGS); PacBio HiFi long-read genome sequencing (HiFi-GS); variant calling for single nucleotide variants (SNV), structural variant (SV), and repeat variants; and machine-learning variant prioritization. Structured phenotypes, prioritized variants, and pedigrees were stored in PhenoTips database, with data sharing through controlled access the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes. RESULTS Diagnostic rates ranged from 11% in patients with prior negative genetic testing to 34.5% in naive patients. Incorporating SVs from genome sequencing added up to 13% of new diagnoses in previously unsolved cases. HiFi-GS yielded increased discovery rate with >4-fold more rare coding SVs compared with srGS. Variants and genes of unknown significance remain the most common finding (58% of nondiagnostic cases). CONCLUSION Computational prioritization is efficient for diagnostic SNVs. Thorough identification of non-SNVs remains challenging and is partly mitigated using HiFi-GS sequencing. Importantly, community research is supported by sharing real-time data to accelerate gene validation and by providing HiFi variant (SNV/SV) resources from >1000 human alleles to facilitate implementation of new sequencing platforms for rare disease diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S A Cohen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Emily G Farrow
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Joseph T Alaimo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Shivarajan M Amudhavalli
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - John T Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Lalit Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Lauren Bartik
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Bradley Belden
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Rebecca L Biswell
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Warren A Cheung
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Keith A Coffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Ashley M Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Laura A Cross
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO
| | - Thuy Tien T Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Mary M Elfrink
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Erin D Fecske
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Cynthia Fieser
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Keely Fitzgerald
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Emily A Fleming
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Randi N Gadea
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Rose N Gelineau-Morel
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Margaret Gibson
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jeffrey Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Kelsee Halpin
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Brian S Harvey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Bryce A Heese
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Wendy Hein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Suzanne M Herd
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Susan S Hughes
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Mohammed Ilyas
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jill Jacobson
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Janda L Jenkins
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | - Kathryn Keeler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Jonas Korlach
- Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc, Menlo Park, CA
| | | | | | - Caitlin Lawson
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | - Vicki C Little
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Neil Miller
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Allergy Immunology Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Ann Modrcin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Annapoorna Nair
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Shelby H Neal
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Donna M Pacicca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Kailash Pawar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Nyshele L Posey
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Nigel Price
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Laura M B Puckett
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Julio F Quezada
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Nikita Raje
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Eric T Rush
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Carol J Saunders
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Caitlin Schwager
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Richard M Schwend
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Elizabeth Shaffer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Craig Smail
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Sarah Soden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Meghan E Strenk
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Brooke R Sweeney
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Adam M Walter
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Holly Welsh
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Laurel K Willig
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Yun Yan
- UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Scott T Younger
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Dihong Zhou
- Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Tricia N Zion
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Division of Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; UKMC School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO.
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Petrikin JE, Cakici JA, Clark MM, Willig LK, Sweeney NM, Farrow EG, Saunders CJ, Thiffault I, Miller NA, Zellmer L, Herd SM, Holmes AM, Batalov S, Veeraraghavan N, Smith LD, Dimmock DP, Leeder JS, Kingsmore SF. The NSIGHT1-randomized controlled trial: rapid whole-genome sequencing for accelerated etiologic diagnosis in critically ill infants. NPJ Genom Med 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29449963 PMCID: PMC5807510 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-018-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units (NICU/PICU). While genomic sequencing is useful for genetic disease diagnosis, results are usually reported too late to guide inpatient management. We performed an investigator-initiated, partially blinded, pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial to test the hypothesis that rapid whole-genome sequencing (rWGS) increased the proportion of NICU/PICU infants receiving a genetic diagnosis within 28 days. The participants were families with infants aged <4 months in a regional NICU and PICU, with illnesses of unknown etiology. The intervention was trio rWGS. Enrollment from October 2014 to June 2016, and follow-up until November 2016. Of all, 26 female infants, 37 male infants, and 2 infants of undetermined sex were randomized to receive rWGS plus standard genetic tests (n = 32, cases) or standard genetic tests alone (n = 33, controls). The study was terminated early due to loss of equipoise: 73% (24) controls received genomic sequencing as standard tests, and 15% (five) controls underwent compassionate cross-over to receive rWGS. Nevertheless, intention to treat analysis showed the rate of genetic diagnosis within 28 days of enrollment (the primary end-point) to be higher in cases (31%, 10 of 32) than controls (3%, 1 of 33; difference, 28% [95% CI, 10-46%]; p = 0.003). Among infants enrolled in the first 25 days of life, the rate of neonatal diagnosis was higher in cases (32%, 7 of 22) than controls (0%, 0 of 23; difference, 32% [95% CI, 11-53%];p = 0.004). Median age at diagnosis (25 days [range 14-90] in cases vs. 130 days [range 37-451] in controls) and median time to diagnosis (13 days [range 1-84] in cases, vs. 107 days [range 21-429] in controls) were significantly less in cases than controls (p = 0.04). In conclusion, rWGS increased the proportion of NICU/PICU infants who received timely diagnoses of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh E. Petrikin
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Julie A. Cakici
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - Michelle M. Clark
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - Laurel K. Willig
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Nathaly M. Sweeney
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - Emily G. Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Carol J. Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Neil A. Miller
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Lee Zellmer
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Suzanne M. Herd
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Anne M. Holmes
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Serge Batalov
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | | | - Laurie D. Smith
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David P. Dimmock
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - J. Steven Leeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
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3
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Willig LK, Petrikin JE, Smith LD, Saunders CJ, Thiffault I, Miller NA, Soden SE, Cakici JA, Herd SM, Twist G, Noll A, Creed M, Alba PM, Carpenter SL, Clements MA, Fischer RT, Hays JA, Kilbride H, McDonough RJ, Rosterman JL, Tsai SL, Zellmer L, Farrow EG, Kingsmore SF. Whole-genome sequencing for identification of Mendelian disorders in critically ill infants: a retrospective analysis of diagnostic and clinical findings. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3:377-87. [PMID: 25937001 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic disorders and congenital anomalies are the leading causes of infant mortality. Diagnosis of most genetic diseases in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units (NICU and PICU) is not sufficiently timely to guide acute clinical management. We used rapid whole-genome sequencing (STATseq) in a level 4 NICU and PICU to assess the rate and types of molecular diagnoses, and the prevalence, types, and effect of diagnoses that are likely to change medical management in critically ill infants. METHODS We did a retrospective comparison of STATseq and standard genetic testing in a case series from the NICU and PICU of a large children's hospital between Nov 11, 2011, and Oct 1, 2014. The participants were families with an infant younger than 4 months with an acute illness of suspected genetic cause. The intervention was STATseq of trios (both parents and their affected infant). The main measures were the diagnostic rate, time to diagnosis, and rate of change in management after standard genetic testing and STATseq. FINDINGS 20 (57%) of 35 infants were diagnosed with a genetic disease by use of STATseq and three (9%) of 32 by use of standard genetic testing (p=0·0002). Median time to genome analysis was 5 days (range 3-153) and median time to STATseq report was 23 days (5-912). 13 (65%) of 20 STATseq diagnoses were associated with de-novo mutations. Acute clinical usefulness was noted in 13 (65%) of 20 infants with a STATseq diagnosis, four (20%) had diagnoses with strongly favourable effects on management, and six (30%) were started on palliative care. 120-day mortality was 57% (12 of 21) in infants with a genetic diagnosis. INTERPRETATION In selected acutely ill infants, STATseq had a high rate of diagnosis of genetic disorders. Most diagnoses altered the management of infants in the NICU or PICU. The very high infant mortality rate indicates a substantial need for rapid genomic diagnoses to be allied with a novel framework for precision medicine for infants in NICU and PICU who are diagnosed with genetic diseases to improve outcomes. FUNDING Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel K Willig
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Josh E Petrikin
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Laurie D Smith
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Carol J Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Neil A Miller
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Soden
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Julie A Cakici
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Herd
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Greyson Twist
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Aaron Noll
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell Creed
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Patria M Alba
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Shannon L Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Mark A Clements
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Ryan T Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - J Allyson Hays
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Howard Kilbride
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Ryan J McDonough
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jamie L Rosterman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah L Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Lee Zellmer
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Emily G Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA.
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