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Moseley MH, Marriott L, Nettleton P, Dukes J, Irvine RJ, Mougeot F. Use of real-time rt-pcr
to determine the prevalence of louping ill virus in live red grouse chicks. Vet Rec 2007; 161:660-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.19.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Moseley
- Dukes Veterinary Practice; Aboyne Aberdeenshire AB34 5JH
| | - L. Marriott
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuick Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - P. Nettleton
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuick Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - J. Dukes
- Dukes Veterinary Practice; Aboyne Aberdeenshire AB34 5JH
| | - R. J. Irvine
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute; Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH
| | - F. Mougeot
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Hill of Brathens Banchory Aberdeenshire AB31 4BW
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Rushton SP, Lurz PWW, Gurnell J, Nettleton P, Bruemmer C, Shirley MDF, Sainsbury AW. Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 134:521-33. [PMID: 16238822 PMCID: PMC2870420 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Red squirrels are declining in the United Kingdom. Competition from, and squirrel poxvirus (SQPV) disease carried by, grey squirrels are assumed to be determining the decline. We analyse the incidence of disease and changes in distribution of the two species in Cumbria, from 1993 to 2003 and compare these to the predictions of an individual-based (IB) spatially explicit disease model simulating the dynamics of both squirrel species and SQPV in the landscape. Grey squirrels increased whilst red squirrels declined over 10 years. The incidence of disease in red squirrels was related to the time since grey squirrels arrived in the landscape. Analysis of rates of decline in red squirrel populations in other areas showed that declines are 17-25 times higher in regions where SQPV is present in grey squirrel populations than in those where it is not. The IB model predicted spatial overlap of 3-4 years between the species that was also observed in the field. The model predictions matched the observed data best when contact rates and rates of infection between the two species were low. The model predicted that a grey squirrel population control of >60% effective kill was needed to stop the decline in red squirrel populations in Cumbria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Rushton
- Centre for Life Sciences Modelling, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Sainsbury AW, Gurnell J, Nettleton P. Release into the wild of grey squirrels. Vet Rec 2002; 150:555. [PMID: 12019543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Tompkins DM, Sainsbury AW, Nettleton P, Buxton D, Gurnell J. Parapoxvirus causes a deleterious disease in red squirrels associated with UK population declines. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:529-33. [PMID: 11886647 PMCID: PMC1690913 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease implications of novel pathogens need to be considered when investigating the ecological impact of species translocations on native fauna. Traditional explanations based on competition or predation may often not be the whole story. Evidence suggests that an emerging infectious disease, caused by a parapoxvirus, may be a significant component of the impact that the introduced grey squirrel has had on UK red squirrel populations. Here we validate the potential role of parapoxvirus by proving that the virus is highly pathogenic in the red squirrel while having no detectable effect on grey squirrel health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Tompkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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Fleming SB, Haig DM, Nettleton P, Reid HW, McCaughan CA, Wise LM, Mercer A. Sequence and functional analysis of a homolog of interleukin-10 encoded by the parapoxvirus orf virus. Virus Genes 2001; 21:85-95. [PMID: 11022792 DOI: 10.1023/b:viru.0000018443.19040.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus is a large DNA virus and is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. Orf virus infects the epithelium of sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. Recently we discovered a gene in orf virus that encodes a polypeptide with remarkable homology to mammalian interleukin (IL-10) and viral encoded IL-10s of herpes viruses. The predicted polypeptide sequence shows high levels of amino acid identity to IL-10 of sheep (80%), cattle (75%), humans (67%) and mice (64%), as well as IL-10-like proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (63%) and equine herpes virus (67%). The C-terminal region, comprising two-thirds of the orf virus protein, is identical to ovine IL-10 which suggests that this gene has been captured from its host sheep during the evolution of orf virus. In contrast the N-terminal region shows little homology with cellular IL10s and in this respect resembles other viral IL-10s. IL-10 is a pleiotrophic cytokine that can exert either immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects on many cell types. IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine with inhibitory effects on non-specific immunity in particular macrophage function and Thl effector function. Our studies so far, indicate, that the functional activities of orf virus IL-10 are the same as ovine IL-10. Orf virus IL-10 stimulates mouse thymocyte proliferation and inhibits cytokine synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-activated ovine macrophages, peripheral blood monocytes and keratinocytes. Infection of sheep with an IL-10 deletion mutant of orf virus has shown that interferon-gamma levels are higher in tissue infected with the mutant virus than the parent virus. The functional activities of IL-10 and our data on orf virus IL-10 suggest a role in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Fleming
- The Health Research Council Virus Research Unit and Center for Gene Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Vilcek S, Greiser-Wilke I, Nettleton P, Paton DJ. Cellular insertions in the NS2-3 genome region of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates. Vet Microbiol 2000; 77:129-36. [PMID: 11042406 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
When compared to noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), some cytopathic (cp) BVDV contain additional sequences in the NS2-3 genomic region. One of these insertions, which is 270 nucleotides long and of host origin (cINS), was first described for strain NADL. To find out how frequently this type of insertion occurs in other cp BVDV, 32 cp BVDV field isolates and the BVDV reference cp strain Indiana were screened using RT-PCR which detected cINS in NADL. For most cp viruses an RT-PCR product of 402bp indicated the presence of NS2-3 genes without insertions. In addition, one or two DNA fragments, around 600-850bp in size, were amplified from the genomes of 13 cp viruses indicating the presence of insertions. Sequencing of the PCR products, i.e. 402bp DNA fragment (with no insertion) and longer fragments (with insertion) revealed the location of the insertions in the NS2-3 coding region of eight cp BVDV genomes. All of the insertions were confirmed to be of the cINS type and were located in a very similar position to that found previously in the NADL genome. They were in the same reading frame as the viral polypeptide and they encoded 90-140 amino acids. The 5' and 3' ends of the insertions were different in most of the cp isolates studied. Interestingly, a 14-amino-acid stretch at the 5'-end of the insertion in the cp 5569 isolate as well as 15 amino acids at the 3'-end of the insertion in the cp 5.19516 isolate were not homologous to the cINS sequence. No significant matches for these stretches were found in the EMBL and Swissprot databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilcek
- University of Veterinary Medicine, SK-041 81, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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Cleland A, Nettleton P, Jarvis L, Simmonds P. Use of bovine viral diarrhoea virus as an internal control for amplification of hepatitis C virus. Vox Sang 2000; 76:170-4. [PMID: 10341333 DOI: 10.1159/000031044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will be mandatory for screening blood and plasma donors in Europe and elsewhere. This study describes an internally controlled, highly sensitive PCR method designed for screening blood donations in pools. MATERIAL AND METHODS RNA extracted from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was used as an internal control to monitor the efficiency of extraction, reverse transcription and amplification steps in HCV PCR. RESULTS Sensitivity of PCR for single molecules of HCV in the presence of 33 genome equivalents of BVDV RNA was achieved by reducing the efficiency of BVDV amplification. BVDV could be recovered at high efficiency from large volume pools (2-5 ml) by ultracentrifugation and by the NucliSens extraction method. CONCLUSION Detection of BVDV validates the extraction, reverse transcription and amplification methods used for HCV detection in plasma pools and provides valuable quality assurance for negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cleland
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Microbiology Reference Laboratory, International Research Centre, Penicuik, UK
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Abstract
Specific PCR primers were selected for each pestivirus genotype which flanked the 3'-part of the NS5B gene and more than three quarters of the 3'-UTR. PCR products were sequenced in both directions using an automatic sequencing device and analyzed by computer package program DNASTAR. A comparative analysis of the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of 82 viruses, representing the four genotypes of the Pestivirus genus, provided a similar phylogenetic grouping as other genomic regions. Intertypic recombination was not observed, but Border disease virus (BDV) and Bovine viral diarrhoea virus type I (BVDV I) showed great intragenotypic variability. In most pestiviruses the stop codon is TGA, but BDV isolates were found to have either a TAG or a TAA stop codon. Various deletions and insertions were observed in the 3'-UTR region. Viruses of the BVDV lb group contained a characteristic deletion of 41 nucleotides. Compared to the 5'-UTR, the 3'-UTR was less conserved. The first 50-60 nucleotides were particularly variable, whilst the most conserved part was found at the 3' end of the studied region. All 82 viruses contained AT-rich stretches, the positions and sizes of which differed between the genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilcek
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (ORFV), bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). BPSV and PCPV are maintained in cattle while ORFV is maintained in sheep and goats, but all three are zoonoses. Only the recently reported PVNZ has yet to be recorded as infecting humans. Tentative members of the genus are camel contagious ecthyma virus, chamois contagious ecthyma virus and sealpoxvirus. The separation of the parapoxviruses into 4 distinct groups has been based on natural host range, pathology and, more recently, on restriction endonuclease and DNA/DNA hybridisation analyses. The latter studies have shown that the parapoxviruses share extensive homology between central regions of their genomes, but much lower levels of relatedness within the genome termini. The high G + C content of parapoxvirus DNA is in contrast to most other poxviruses and suggests that a significant genetic divergence from other genera of this family has occurred. DNA sequencing of portions of the genome of ORFV, the type species of the genus, has allowed a detailed comparison with the fully sequenced genome of the orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV). These studies have provided a genetic map of ORFV and revealed a central core of 88 kbp within which the genomic content was strikingly similar to that of VACV. This conservation is not maintained in the genome termini where insertions, deletions and translocations have occurred. The characterisation of specific ORFV genes may lead to the construction of attenuated vaccine strains in which genes such as those with the potential to interfere with the immune response of the host have been deleted. The current ORFV vaccines are living unattenuated virus and vaccination lesions produce virus which contaminates the environment in a manner similar to natural infection. The virus in scab material is relatively resistant to inactivation and this virus both perpetuates the disease in sheep and provides the most likely source of human infections. A vaccine which immunises animals without perpetuating the disease could be the best way of reducing the incidence of ORFV infection of humans. It is likely that protection against infection by ORFV is cell mediated and will require the endogenous production of relevant antigens. We have recently constructed a series of VACV recombinants each of which contains a large multigene fragment of ORFV DNA. Together the recombinants represent essentially all of the ORFV genome in an overlapping manner. Vaccination of sheep with the recombinant library provided protection against challenge with virulent ORFV. Further studies with this library may enable dominant protective antigens of ORFV to be identified and lead to their incorporation into a subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Bird P, Reyburn HT, Blacklaws BA, Allen D, Nettleton P, Yirrell DL, Watt N, Sargan D, McConnell I. The restricted IgG1 antibody response to maedi visna virus is seen following infection but not following immunization with recombinant gag protein. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:274-80. [PMID: 7586678 PMCID: PMC1553428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MVV) is a retrovirus of the subfamily lentivirinae which includes HIV, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Infection of its natural host, the sheep, does not cause overt immunodeficiency, but rather a chronic inflammatory disease. However, subtle immunological changes following infection have been reported including a sheep IgG1 subclass-restricted MVV-neutralizing antibody. Here we demonstrate by Western blotting that there is no IgG2 serum antibody response to any MVV antigen after MVV infection, in contrast to infection with the parapox virus Orf, when serum IgG2 anti-Orf antibody is readily detected. By ELISA, the IgG1 antibody titres to Orf are higher than to MVV, but the minimum MVV serum antibody IgG1/IgG2 ratio is significantly raised compared with that for Orf virus antibody in the same sheep, indicating that the IgG2 defect in MVV infection cannot be accounted for by differences in the sensitivity of the Orf and MVV ELISA. Serum IgG2 anti-MVV gag p. 25 can be detected in both normal and MVV-infected sheep following immunization with purified recombinant MVV gag p 25 protein in Freund's complete adjuvant. The failure to make an IgG2 MVV-specific antibody indicates that immunological dysfunction can arise with macrophage tropic lentiviruses, and it may aid viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bird
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Munro R, Gilmour J, Nettleton P, Buxton D, Cornwell C, Thompson H, McCandlish I, Ross H. Veterinarians and seals. Vet Rec 1988; 123:451. [PMID: 3201690 DOI: 10.1136/vr.123.17.451-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
A serological survey to determine the prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) virus was conducted on 419 bovine serum samples originating from 18 of 20 regions (except Mwanza and Shinyanga) of the Tanzania mainland. The sera were a small proportion of samples collected for the appraisal of immune response to rinderpest vaccination. The survey indicated that the virus is prevalent in cattle populations and approximately 12% of sera tested contained demonstrable neutralising antibodies against BVD-MD virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Msolla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Ranucci S, Ferrari M, Cilli V, Pedini B, Nettleton P, Caleffi F, Aldrovandi V, Herring AJ. Comparative studies of strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus isolated from latently infected calves. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1984; 7:1-10. [PMID: 6086223 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(84)90010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Three strains (479 C, 778 TL, 982 LE) of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus isolated from latently infected calves were compared with the prototype strain of IBR virus (LA strain) in studies which included restriction endonuclease analysis, experimental infection, and reciprocal cross protection tests in cattle. From the restriction endonuclease analysis it appeared that the 3 "latent" viruses were derived from the same isolate, and that it differed slightly from the LA strain. However, latency does not seem to have affected the pathogenicity or the immunogenicity of the virus. This is demonstrated by the identical clinical and virologic response of calves subjected to experimental infection with the various strains under study, and by the finding that when the LA strain and a "latent" strain (982 LE) were tested in cross protection tests in cattle, they proved to be mutually protective.
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