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Hoffmeister A, Mayerle J, Beglinger C, Büchler MW, Bufler P, Dathe K, Fölsch UR, Friess H, Izbicki J, Kahl S, Klar E, Keller J, Knoefel WT, Layer P, Loehr M, Meier R, Riemann JF, Rünzi M, Schmid RM, Schreyer A, Tribl B, Werner J, Witt H, Mössner J, Lerch MM. English language version of the S3-consensus guidelines on chronic pancreatitis: Definition, aetiology, diagnostic examinations, medical, endoscopic and surgical management of chronic pancreatitis. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53:1447-95. [PMID: 26666283 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-107379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a disease of the pancreas in which recurrent inflammatory episodes result in replacement of pancreatic parenchyma by fibrous connective tissue. This fibrotic reorganization of the pancreas leads to a progressive exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In addition, characteristic complications arise, such as pseudocysts, pancreatic duct obstructions, duodenal obstruction, vascular complications, obstruction of the bile ducts, malnutrition and pain syndrome. Pain presents as the main symptom of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for pancreatic carcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis significantly reduces the quality of life and the life expectancy of affected patients. These guidelines were researched and compiled by 74 representatives from 11 learned societies and their intention is to serve evidence-based professional training as well as continuing education. On this basis they shall improve the medical care of affected patients in both the inpatient and outpatient sector. Chronic pancreatitis requires an adequate diagnostic workup and systematic management, given its severity, frequency, chronicity, and negative impact on the quality of life and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Beglinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - M W Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg
| | - P Bufler
- Dr. von Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich
| | - K Dathe
- German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS), Berlin
| | - U R Fölsch
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel
| | - H Friess
- Surgical Clinic and Polyclinic at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University, Munich
| | - J Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery at the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - S Kahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Specialisation Gastroenterology, Haematology and Oncology, Nephrology German Red Cross (DRK) Hospital Berlin-Köpenick
| | - E Klar
- General Surgery, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock
| | - J Keller
- Department of Medicine, Israelitic Hospital Hamburg
| | - W T Knoefel
- Department of General, Visceral and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Dusseldorf of the Heinrich Heine University
| | - P Layer
- Department of Medicine, Israelitic Hospital Hamburg
| | - M Loehr
- Surgical Gastroenterology, Gastrocentrum, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - R Meier
- Department for Gastroenterology, Kanton Hospital Liestal, Medical University Clinic
| | - J F Riemann
- Department of Medicine C at the Hospital of the City Ludwigshafen/Rhine gGmbH
| | - M Rünzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Metabolic Disease, Clinics of South Essen
| | - R M Schmid
- Department of Medicine 2 at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University Munich
| | - A Schreyer
- Institute for Radiodiagnostics at the University Hospital of Regensburg
| | - B Tribl
- Internal Medicine IV, Dept. for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Vienna
| | - J Werner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg
| | - H Witt
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Children's Hospital Munich Schwabing, Technical University of Munich
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Bufler P, Heilig G, Ossiander G, Freudenberg F, Grote V, Koletzko S. Diagnostic performance of three serologic tests in childhood celiac disease. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53:108-14. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1385704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Frivolt K, Schwerd T, Werkstetter KJ, Schwarzer A, Schatz SB, Bufler P, Koletzko S. Repeated exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of paediatric Crohn's disease: predictors of efficacy and outcome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:1398-407. [PMID: 24779671 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) induces remission and mucosal healing in children with active Crohn's disease (CD). AIM To compare short- and long-term outcomes of the first vs. second courses of EEN, and to identify predictors of sustained remission. METHODS Retrospective single centre analysis of all patients with CD (6-18 years) treated with EEN over 7.5 years. Patients were excluded if exposed to anti-TNFα or corticosteroids 3 months prior to EEN. Data included disease phenotype, activity, NOD2 genotype, laboratory indices and anthropometrics. Remission and relapse were defined by mathematically weighted Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (wPCDAI) with 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Of 94 patients treated with EEN, 52 fulfilled inclusion criteria (31 male, mean age 13.2 years). Azathioprine was started within the first month in 33/52 patients; 26/52 received a second EEN course. First compared to second EEN revealed higher wPCDAI at start (59 vs. 40, P < 0.0001), tended to higher remission rates after 3 months (92% vs. 77%, n.s.), but showed comparable 1-year relapse rates (67% vs. 70%, median time 231 vs. 145 days, n.s.). Disease activity, weight gain and inflammatory markers showed better improvement with first EEN. Faecal calprotectin >200 μg/g during EEN was associated with shorter remission (median time 157 vs. 287 days, n.s.). Certain NOD2 genotypes were related to higher relapse rates (92% R702W or G908R vs. 50% 1007fs vs. 60% wild-type, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Exclusive enteral nutrition induces remission in active Crohn's disease, but efficacy tends to decrease with the second course. Despite early azathioprine use, 1-year relapse rates are high, but may be related to NOD2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frivolt
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University Medical School, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Freudenberg F, Bufler P, Ensenauer R, Lohse P, Koletzko S. Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease: an Easily Missed Diagnosis in Oligosymptomatic Children. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51:1184-7. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1350463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Freudenberg
- Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - P. Bufler
- Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - R. Ensenauer
- Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - P. Lohse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry − Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - S. Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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Hoffmeister A, Mayerle J, Beglinger C, Büchler M, Bufler P, Dathe K, Fölsch U, Friess H, Izbicki J, Kahl S, Klar E, Keller J, Knoefel W, Layer P, Loehr M, Meier R, Riemann J, Rünzi M, Schmid R, Schreyer A, Tribl B, Werner J, Witt H, Mössner J, Lerch M, Lerch MM. S3-Leitlinie Chronische Pankreatitis: Definition, Ätiologie, Diagnostik, konservative, interventionell endoskopische und operative Therapie der chronischen Pankreatitis. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS). Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50:1176-224. [PMID: 23150111 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1325479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hoffmeister
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
| | - J. Mayerle
- Klinik für Innere Medizin A, Universitätsmedizin der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität, Greifswald
| | - C. Beglinger
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie Universitätsspital Basel, Schweiz
| | - M. Büchler
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszerale und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg
| | - P. Bufler
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilian Universität München
| | - K. Dathe
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen (DGVS), Berlin
| | - U. Fölsch
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - H. Friess
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik am Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - J. Izbicki
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Visceral- und Thoraxchirurgie am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - S. Kahl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Nephrologie DRK Kliniken Berlin-Köpenick
| | - E. Klar
- Allgemeine Chirurgie, Thorax-, Gefäß- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universität Rostock
| | - J. Keller
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus Hamburg
| | - W. Knoefel
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf der Heinrich-Heine-Universität
| | - P. Layer
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus Hamburg
| | - M. Loehr
- Surgical Gastroenterology, Gastrocentrum, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - R. Meier
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Kantonsspital Liestal, Medizinische Universitätsklinik
| | - J. Riemann
- Medizinische Klinik C am Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen/Rhein gGmbH
| | - M. Rünzi
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie u. Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Kliniken Essen Süd
| | - R. Schmid
- Medizinische Klinik 2 am Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - A. Schreyer
- Institut für Röntgendiagnostik am Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - B. Tribl
- Innere Medizin IV, Abt. f. Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik Wien
| | - J. Werner
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszerale und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg
| | - H. Witt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Technische Universität München
| | - J. Mössner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
| | - M. Lerch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin A, Universitätsmedizin der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität, Greifswald
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Bulau AM, Fink M, Klingl V, Schwerd T, Kim S, Bufler P. P002 The antiinflammatory function and ATP dependent externalization of Interleukin-37 is dependent on caspase-1 processing. Cytokine 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fritscher-Ravens A, Scherbakov P, Bufler P, Torroni F, Ruuska T, Nuutinen H, Thomson M, Tabbers M, Milla P. The feasibility of wireless capsule endoscopy in detecting small intestinal pathology in children under the age of 8 years: a multicentre European study. Gut 2009; 58:1467-72. [PMID: 19625281 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.177774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the feasibility and methodology to carry out wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) in children <8 years to define small intestinal pathology. DESIGN Prospective European multicentre study with negative prior investigation. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS 83 children aged 1.5-7.9 years were recruited. Initially, all were offered "swallowing" (Group 1) for capsule introduction. If this failed endoscopic placement (Group 2) was used and the Roth net, Advance or custom-made introducers were compared. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary endpoint: to determine pathology; secondary endpoint: comparison of capsule introduction methods. RESULTS Capsule introduction: 20 (24%) children aged 4.0-7.9 years (mean, 6.9 years; 14 male) comprising Group 1 were older (p<0.025) than 63 (76%) aged 1.5-7.9 years (mean, 5.25 years; 30 male) forming Group 2. COMPLICATIONS Roth net mucosal trauma in 50%; no others occurred. The available recording apparatus was inappropriate for those <3 years. INDICATIONS gastrointestinal bleeding: n = 30 (16 positive findings: four ulcerative jejunitis, four polyps, two angiodysplasia, two blue rubber blebs, two Meckel's diverticula, one anastomotic ulcer, one reduplication); suspected Crohn's disease: n = 20 (11 had Crohn's disease); abdominal pain: n = 12 (six positive findings: three Crohn's disease, two lymphonodular hyperplasia, one blue rubber bleb); protein loss: n = 9 (four lymphangectasia); malabsorption: n = 12 (seven positive findings: six enteropathy, one ascaris). No abnormalities overall: 45%. CONCLUSION WCE is feasible and safe down to the age of 1.5 years. 20 children >4 years swallowed the capsule. The Advance introducer proved superior for endoscopic placement. The pathologies encountered showed age specificity and, unlike in adolescents, obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was the commonest indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fritscher-Ravens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Homerton University Hospital, Homerton Row, London E9 6SR, UK.
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Götzberger M, Bufler P, Häberle B, Tympner C, Schweinitz DV, Koletzko S, Eigler A. Raumforderung des Pankreaskopfes bei einem 15-jährigen Mädchen. Z Gastroenterol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-992705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reznikov LL, Waksman J, Azam T, Kim SH, Bufler P, Niwa T, Werman A, Zhang X, Pischetsrieder M, Shaldon S, Dinarello CA. Effect of advanced glycation end products on endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Nephrol 2005; 61:324-36. [PMID: 15182127 DOI: 10.5414/cnp61324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Advanced glycated end products (AGE) are endogenous proteins that have formed covalent complexes with sugars by a nonenzymatic process. Being proinflammatory molecules, AGE are thought to contribute to chronic systemic and local inflammatory processes associated with pathological changes in various diseases. In patients with end-stage renal disease, AGE are believed to play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis and worsening of renal failure. In patients receiving hemodialysis, AGE are thought to contribute to the inflammatory components of the therapy, particularly in diabetic patients. METHODS In the present study, AGE were produced using 5% human serum albumin (HSA) and 50% glucose, both used for intravenous infusion into humans and both released after strict control for endotoxin content. The presence of AGE formed by HSA and glucose was confirmed using 2 independent assays. The inflammatory properties of these AGE were assessed using synthesis and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-8, a chemokine. RESULTS Alone, AGE did not induce these cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 14 healthy human donors. However, in the presence of 1 or 10 ng/ml of endotoxin, AGE augmented the production of IL-1 and TNF above that induced by endotoxin alone. Although the amount of augmentation of LPS-induced cytokines by AGE varied between the blood donors, the response was consistently observed and reached statistical significance. The augmentation of cytokine production was confirmed using AGE prepared with different lots of HSA and glucose. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that in the strict absence ofendotoxins, AGE are formed that do not stimulate cytokine production from PBMC of healthy donors, however, AGE significantly augment the synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokine in the presence of low concentrations of endotoxins. The data suggest that renal replacement therapies should consider the role of microbial products in potentiating the biological consequences of naturally formed AGE and their potential to contribute to systemic and local inflammation in renal replacement therapies. Therefore, although the formation of AGE is unavoidable, excluding microbial products during renal replacement therapy should reduce the pathological consequences of AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Reznikov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Abstract
Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is elevated in several inflammatory airway diseases and is significantly reduced by anti-inflammatory treatment with inhaled steroids. The aim of this randomized, open clinical trial was to evaluate eNO in relation to conventional lung function parameters at rest and after exercise during sequential changes of inhaled steroids in children with persistent asthma. The study consisted of a 4 week run-in period, a 4 week washout phase and a randomized treatment period during which only one group was treated again with inhaled budesonide. After run-in, eNO was reduced to normal values, and rose again during washout. In the patients randomized to steroid treatment, eNO was again decreased, whereas it remained unchanged in the untreated patients. Forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity at rest and after exercise improved significantly after run-in, but showed no difference after randomization. However there was a strong correlation of eNO with patient compliance. Exhaled nitric oxide was able to differentiate between children briefly treated with or without steroids, the conventional lung-function variables however could not. In practice exhaled nitric oxide may thus be a valuable parameter to monitor adherence to steroids, but less suitable to describe physiologically relevant impairments of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Beck-Ripp
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Within a 3-year period we observed six children, aged 3 months to 4 years, with dumping syndrome (DS) following Nissen fundoplication. Five were neurologically normal and one was slightly mentally retarded. Symptoms included postprandial tachycardia, diaphoresis, lethargy, severe retching, meteorism or gas-bloat syndrome, watery diarrhea, refusal to eat with failure to thrive, and developmental delay. Results of an oral glucose tolerance test did not correlate with the severity of symptoms. In one child severe retching led to recurrent paraesophageal gastric herniation, necessitating two reoperations and a gastrostomy. A lack of meal stimulated pancreatic polypeptide release in this patient indicated vagal damage. Initially five of the six children needed continuous intragastric feeding until bolus application of a carbohydrate-modified diet was tolerated. We conclude that the diagnosis of DS is often delayed in spite of characteristic clinical signs. Intensive postoperative follow-up after antireflux surgery should be mandatory in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bufler
- Kinderpoliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Griese M, Maderlechner N, Bufler P. Surfactant proteins D and A in sputum. Eur J Med Res 2001; 6:33-8. [PMID: 11313189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfactant proteins SP-D and SP-A are collectins and central components of the innate immune system of the peripheral lungs. They bind to carbohydrates on microorganisms and promote their removal. In the larger airways their role and concentrations are not yet known. Sputum may thus potentially be useful to characterize the collectins in this compartment. Induced sputum was obtained from healthy adults and spontaneous sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis. ELISA and carbohydrate binding assays were used to quantify the amount and functional capacity of the collectins in plugs or sol-fractions, prepared by centrifugation of the plugs. SP-D and SP-A were detectable in only about 50% of the sputum plugs. Varying the salt, detergent and calcium conditions of the assay did not improve the results. In samples with reproducibly detectable SP-D or SP-A, their carbohydrate binding capacity was zero. Sputum sol fraction and LPS inhibited the binding of the collectins to carbohydrate in the presence of calcium. Whereas SP-D and SP-A are abundant in the peripheral lung, their presence in sputum derived from the larger airways is variable and their carbohydrate binding capacity is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griese
- Kinderpoliklinik, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstr 8a, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Beck-Ripp J, Griese M, Arenz S, Köring C, Pasqualoni B, Bufler P. Changes of exhaled nitric oxide during steroid treatment of childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 1999. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.99.14227599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal disorder which results in excessive airway secretions and in chronic inflammation of the airways. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that a lack of surfactant results in the closure of the small airways. In this pilot study, we aimed to determine whether surfactant administered by aerosol might improve lung function on a short-term basis in patients with CF. In a randomized, crossover double-blind pilot study, 120 mg of a lipid-extracted bovine surfactant (Alveofact) or placebo was aerosolized to five young adult patients with CF over a period of 30 min for five consecutive days. The sample size had the power of 90% to detect an increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 15% (p < 0.05). Jet nebulization of surfactant produced particles of which more than 75% were the respirable range (< 5 microns). The inhalations were well tolerated. No changes in serum antibody titres against the surfactant proteins-B and -C (SP-B/SP-C) were observed. No differences in FEV1 and forced vital capacity were found before, and 30 or 90 min after, the inhalation. This pilot study shows no acute or short-term benefits of surfactant inhalation in young adults with cystic fibrosis. However, a beneficial effect of exogenous surfactant cannot be excluded before other reasons for a lack of effect, such as insufficient quantity delivered, inhomogeneous distribution or inhibition of the surfactant in the lungs, have been completely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griese
- Lung Research Group, Kinderpoliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Stelter F, Pfister M, Bernheiden M, Jack RS, Bufler P, Engelmann H, Schütt C. The myeloid differentiation antigen CD14 is N- and O-glycosylated. Contribution of N-linked glycosylation to different soluble CD14 isoforms. Eur J Biochem 1996; 236:457-64. [PMID: 8612616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation antigen CD14 acts as the major receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A soluble form of the protein (sCD14) is present in human serum which functions as a soluble LPS receptor. We have compared the isoform patterns of soluble CD14 derived from human serum and of the recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells transfected with either the wild-type CD14 gene or with a cDNA coding for a truncated protein which lacks the C-terminal 21 amino acids [sCD14-(1-335)-peptide]. Using SDS/PAGE, two dominant isoforms (53 and 50 kDa) and two minor forms (46 and 43 kDa) can be detected in serum as well as in the supernatants of both transfectants. sCD14 is a glycoprotein which carries N- and O-linked carbohydrates. The different isoforms of sCD14-(1-335)-peptide are due to differences in the content of N-linked sugars. However after the removal of N- and O-linked carbohydrates from serum- and CHO-derived wild-type proteins, two isoforms are still present. These results indicate that N-linked glycosylation contributes to but does not fully explain the different forms of soluble CD14. We further examined whether the mutation of individual N-linked glycosylation sites influences the expression of membrane-bound and soluble CD14 forms and the ability of the membrane-bound molecule to bind LPS. As with the wild-type proteins, the different isoforms of the soluble mutants are partially due to differences in N-linked glycosylation. A truncated mutant which lacks the two N-terminal glycosylation sites {[Asp18, Asp132]CD14-(1-335)peptide} does not give rise to multiple forms on SDS gels. Like CD14-(1-335)-peptide, this mutant is not expressed on the cell surface suggesting that a smaller isoform present in the wild-type preparations results from proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound molecule. N-linked carbohydrates do not seem to be important for the binding of LPS to membrane-bound CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stelter
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
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Hess S, Rensing-Ehl A, Schwabe R, Bufler P, Engelmann H. CD40 function in nonhematopoietic cells. Nuclear factor kappa B mobilization and induction of IL-6 production. J Immunol 1995; 155:4588-95. [PMID: 7594457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is a member of the TNF receptor family that was first characterized as an important T-B cell interaction molecule. This receptor is also expressed on many other cell types, including normal basal epithelium, carcinomas, and transformed cell lines. The functions of CD40 in non-B cells are largely unknown. Our studies demonstrate that CD40 mediates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) mobilization and IL-6 production in nonhematopoietic cells. Stimulation of the transformed fibroblast cell line SV80 with CD40 ligand (CD40L) or anti-CD40 Ab resulted in the production of IL-6; this could be increased by IFN-gamma pretreatment, which is known to up-regulate CD40 expression. Studies with transfectants overexpressing CD40 demonstrated that activation of CD40 alone is sufficient to induce IL-6 production. The transcription factor NF-kappa B appears to play a central role in CD40-mediated activation of the IL-6 gene; NF-kappa B mobilization directly preceded CD40-mediated IL-6 production, and suppression of NF-kappa B mobilization with the metabolic inhibitor D609 also suppressed the IL-6 response. A striking similarity to the requirements for TNF-induced IL-6 production, which is mediated by the p55TNF receptor in SV80 cells, was observed. In view of the intracellular homologies between CD40 and the p55TNF receptor, it should be considered that the two receptors share common components in their signaling pathways that lead to IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hess
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
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Hess S, Rensing-Ehl A, Schwabe R, Bufler P, Engelmann H. CD40 function in nonhematopoietic cells. Nuclear factor kappa B mobilization and induction of IL-6 production. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD40 is a member of the TNF receptor family that was first characterized as an important T-B cell interaction molecule. This receptor is also expressed on many other cell types, including normal basal epithelium, carcinomas, and transformed cell lines. The functions of CD40 in non-B cells are largely unknown. Our studies demonstrate that CD40 mediates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) mobilization and IL-6 production in nonhematopoietic cells. Stimulation of the transformed fibroblast cell line SV80 with CD40 ligand (CD40L) or anti-CD40 Ab resulted in the production of IL-6; this could be increased by IFN-gamma pretreatment, which is known to up-regulate CD40 expression. Studies with transfectants overexpressing CD40 demonstrated that activation of CD40 alone is sufficient to induce IL-6 production. The transcription factor NF-kappa B appears to play a central role in CD40-mediated activation of the IL-6 gene; NF-kappa B mobilization directly preceded CD40-mediated IL-6 production, and suppression of NF-kappa B mobilization with the metabolic inhibitor D609 also suppressed the IL-6 response. A striking similarity to the requirements for TNF-induced IL-6 production, which is mediated by the p55TNF receptor in SV80 cells, was observed. In view of the intracellular homologies between CD40 and the p55TNF receptor, it should be considered that the two receptors share common components in their signaling pathways that lead to IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hess
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
| | - A Rensing-Ehl
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
| | - R Schwabe
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
| | - P Bufler
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
| | - H Engelmann
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
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Schuchmann M, Hess S, Bufler P, Brakebusch C, Wallach D, Porter A, Riethmüller G, Engelmann H. Functional discrepancies between tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin alpha explained by trimer stability and distinct receptor interactions. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2183-9. [PMID: 7664782 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin alpha (LT alpha) are closely related cytokines which bind with nearly identical affinities to the same pair of cell surface receptors, p55 and p75TNFR. Therefore it is assumed that TNF and LT alpha are redundant cytokines. This study, however, demonstrates that TNF and LT alpha differ significantly with regard to their mitogenic and cytotoxic potentials. LT alpha's superior mitogenic effect could be explained by its formation of a more stable trimer. In contrast to the TNF trimer, which disintegrated under physiological conditions into biologically inactive monomers, the LT alpha trimer remained stable for several days. Accordingly, LT alpha more effectively induced fibroblast growth which demands long-term presence of the cytokine. TNF's superior cytotoxicity, which requires only short-term impact of the cytokine, could be attributed to a distinct interaction with the human p55TNFR. This was demonstrated in NIH 3T3 cells transfected with the human p55TNFR, where cytotoxicity is mediated exclusively by the transfected receptor. Although the p55ATNFR had virtually identical affinities for TNF and LT alpha, as defined by Scatchard analysis, it nevertheless discriminated between binding of each cytokine and showed a 200-fold enhanced cytotoxicity mediated by TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuchmann
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
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Bufler P, Stiegler G, Schuchmann M, Hess S, Krüger C, Stelter F, Eckerskorn C, Schütt C, Engelmann H. Soluble lipopolysaccharide receptor (CD14) is released via two different mechanisms from human monocytes and CD14 transfectants. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:604-10. [PMID: 7533093 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for lipopolysaccharide LPS (CD14) exists in a membrane-associated (mCD14) and a soluble form (sCD14). Previous studies indicate that monocytes produce sCD14 by limited proteolysis of the membrane-bound receptor. In this study we demonstrate that human monocytes also produce sCD14 by a protease-independent mechanism. To investigate the molecular nature of this second pathway we studied sCD14 formation in the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 (MM6) and in CD14 transfectants. Both MM6 and the CD14 transfectants constitutively produce sCD14 by a protease-independent mechanism. Structural analysis of sCD14 produced by the CD14 transfectants reconfirmed the presence of the COOH terminus predicted from the cDNA. Since glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment is associated with the removal of a hydrophobic C-terminal signal peptide, our finding demonstrates that the transfectants secrete sCD14 which escaped this posttranslational modification. Identical results obtained for sCD14 derived from peritoneal dialysis fluid of a patient with kidney dysfunction show the in vivo relevance of this pathway for sCD14 production.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bufler
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, FRG
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