Direct in vitro action of estrone on uterine and white adipose tissue in obesity

The hypothesis whether estrone (E1) could exhibit a direct action at uterus and white adipose tissue (WAT), under obesity was tested. In uterine tissue of obese rats, E1 increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The anti-oxidative action of E1 was sustained under inflammatory stress or high glucose levels. ICI 182780 or G15 compounds were employed as ER or GPER antagonists respectively. The action of E1 on ROS release involved ER participation; instead GPER mediated the acute stimulation on NO production. The antioxidative effect depends on NO-ROS balance. NO synthase (NOS) blockage suppressed the reduction in ROS synthesis elicited by E1, effect mediated by cNOS and not by iNOS. On WAT explants, E1 reduced ROS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production, and diminished leptin release. In summary, the data provide evidence that, in uterus and WAT, E1 counteracts inflammatory and oxidative stress induced by obesity.

Vascular response to stress: Protective action of the bisphosphonate alendronate

BACKGROUND

Since several additional actions of bone bisphosphonates have been proposed, we studied the effect of the bisphosphonate alendronate (ALN) on the vascular response to environmental stress.

METHODS

Primary cultures of endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exposed to strained conditions were employed for experimental evaluation. After ALN treatment, cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis assays were performed. The participation of signal transduction pathways in the biochemical action of ALN was also assessed.

RESULTS

In VSMC cultures, ALN counteracted the stimulation of cellular migration elicited by the proinflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by high levels of calcium and phosphorus (osteogenic medium). Indeed, ALN reduced the increase of VSMC proliferation evoked by the stressors. When LPS and osteogenic medium were added simultaneously, the enhancement of cell proliferation dropped to control values in the presence of ALN. The mechanism of action of ALN involved the participation of nitric oxide synthase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways. The study revealed that ALN exhibits a proangiogenic action. On EC, ALN enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis, and induced capillary-like tube formation in a VEGF-dependent manner. The presence of vascular stress conditions (LPS or osteogenic medium) did not modify the proangiogenic action elicited by ALN.

CONCLUSION

The findings presented suggest an extra-bone biological action of ALN, which could contribute to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis avoiding cellular damage elicited by environmental stress.

In vitro effects of progesterone and the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate on vascular remodeling

In this work we tested the hypothesis whether progesterone (Pg) or the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) could be involved in the regulation of events involved in vascular remodeling. Results revealed an enhancement in the capillary-like tubes formation induced by both progestogens. Unlike MPA, Pg acts through VEGF, nitric oxide, PI3K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. However, the MPA effect depends on platelet activation. Under stress conditions, the proangiogenic action of Pg and MPA was sustained. The progestogens exhibit the ability to prevent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) osteogenic transdifferentiation. Besides this antiosteogenic action, on bone cells the progestogens induced osteoblast maturation and mineralization. The mechanism of action of both steroids on vascular and bone cells involves the participation of progesterone receptor. The data presented in this work provide evidence that the progestogens reduce osteogenic-like transdifferentiation of VSMC and promote angiogenesis with a slight different mechanism of action elicited by each steroid.

Vascular action of bisphosphonates: In vitro effect of alendronate on the regulation of cellular events involved in vessel pathogenesis

In this work we investigate whether, despite the procalcific action of alendronate on bone, the drug would be able to regulate in vitro the main cellular events that take part in atherosclerotic lesion generation. Using endothelial cell cultures we showed that Alendronate (1-50μM) acutely enhances nitric oxide production (10-30min). This stimulatory action of the bisphosphonate involves the participation of MAPK signaling transduction pathway. Under inflammatory stress, the drug reduces monocytes and platelets interactions with endothelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Indeed the bisphophonate exhibits a significant inhibition of endothelial dependent platelet aggregation. The molecular mechanism of alendronate (ALN) on leukocyte adhesion depends on the regulation of the expression of cell adhesion related genes (VCAM-1; ICAM-1); meanwhile the antiplatelet activity is associated with the effect of the drug on nitric oxide production. On vascular smooth muscle cells, the drug exhibits ability to decrease osteogenic transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. When vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured in osteogenic medium for 21days, they exhibited an upregulation of calcification markers (RUNX2 and TNAP), high alkaline phosphatase activity and a great amount of mineralization nodules. ALN treatment significantly down-regulates mRNA levels of osteoblasts markers; diminishes alkaline phosphatase activity and reduces the extracellular calcium deposition. The effect of ALN on vascular cells differs from its own bone action. On calvarial osteoblasts ALN induces cell proliferation, enhances alkaline phosphatase activity, and increases mineralization, but does not affect nitric oxide synthesis. Our results support the hypothesis that ALN is an active drug at vascular level that regulates key processes involved in vascular pathogenesis through a direct action on vessel cells.

Vascular action of bisphosphonates: In vitro effect of alendronate on the regulation of cellular events involved in vessel pathogenesis

In this work we investigate whether, despite the procalcific action of alendronate on bone, the drug would be able to regulate in vitro the main cellular events that take part in atherosclerotic lesion generation. Using endothelial cell cultures we showed that Alendronate (1-50μM) acutely enhances nitric oxide production (10-30min). This stimulatory action of the bisphosphonate involves the participation of MAPK signaling transduction pathway. Under inflammatory stress, the drug reduces monocytes and platelets interactions with endothelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Indeed the bisphophonate exhibits a significant inhibition of endothelial dependent platelet aggregation. The molecular mechanism of alendronate (ALN) on leukocyte adhesion depends on the regulation of the expression of cell adhesion related genes (VCAM-1; ICAM-1); meanwhile the antiplatelet activity is associated with the effect of the drug on nitric oxide production. On vascular smooth muscle cells, the drug exhibits ability to decrease osteogenic transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. When vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured in osteogenic medium for 21days, they exhibited an upregulation of calcification markers (RUNX2 and TNAP), high alkaline phosphatase activity and a great amount of mineralization nodules. ALN treatment significantly down-regulates mRNA levels of osteoblasts markers; diminishes alkaline phosphatase activity and reduces the extracellular calcium deposition. The effect of ALN on vascular cells differs from its own bone action. On calvarial osteoblasts ALN induces cell proliferation, enhances alkaline phosphatase activity, and increases mineralization, but does not affect nitric oxide synthesis. Our results support the hypothesis that ALN is an active drug at vascular level that regulates key processes involved in vascular pathogenesis through a direct action on vessel cells.

Differential regulation of endothelium behavior by progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a synthetic progestin commonly used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The aim of this research was to study and compare the effect of progesterone (Pg) and MPA on the regulation of cellular events associated with vascular homeostasis and disease. Platelet adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs), nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell migration were studied using murine ECs in vitro exposed to the progestins. After 7 min of treatment, MPA significantly inhibited NO synthesis with respect to control values; meanwhile, Pg markedly increased vasoactive production. In senile ECs, the stimulatory action of Pg decreases; meanwhile, MPA maintained its ability to inhibit NO synthesis. The presence of RU486 antagonized the action of each steroid. When ECs were preincubated with PD98059 (MAPK inhibitor) or chelerythrine (protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor) before Pg or MPA treatment, the former totally suppressed the steroid action, but the PKC antagonist did not affect NO production. In the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), a partial reduction in Pg effect and a reversal of MPA action were detected. Using indomethacin, the contribution of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway was also detected. On platelet adhesion assays, Pg inhibited and MPA stimulated platelet adhesion to ECs. Under inflammatory conditions, Pg prevented platelet adhesion induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS); meanwhile, MPA potentiated the stimulatory action of LPS. Finally, although both steroids enhanced migration of ECs, MPA exhibited a greater effect. In conclusion, the data presented in this research provide evidence of a differential regulation of vascular function by Pg and MPA.

The role of sex steroids on cellular events involved in vascular disease

In this work we checked the hypothesis whether estrone, progesterone, and testosterone are able to modulate the interactions between platelets, monocytes, and endothelial cells either under basal or inflammatory conditions. Using adhesion assays we demonstrated that pretreatment of endothelial cells with estrone, progesterone, or testosterone prevented monocytes and platelets adhesion induced by the proinflammatory agent bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The hormones reduced the expression of mRNA of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin, endothelial surface proteins that mediate monocytes and platelets adhesion respectively. Integrins are the main leukocyte proteins that allow firm adhesion. Using flow cytometry we showed that estrone treatment of monocytes reduced CD11b and CD11c expression, either under basal or injury (lipopolysaccharide) conditions. The three steroids inhibited platelet aggregation in a nitric oxide dependent manner. Platelet function was not affected by the steroid treatment. The molecular mechanisms of action exerted by the steroids included the participation of the intracellular signaling pathways PKC, MAPK, and PI3K, which selectively and differentially mediate the stimulation of nitric oxide release. We evidence that estrone, progesterone, and testosterone modulate monocyte and platelet adhesion to endothelial cells, events that play a major role in the initiation and progression of vascular lesions. The steroid action was evidenced under basal or inflammatory conditions. The mechanisms of action exerted by the steroids included stimulation of nitric oxide production and the participation of PKC, MAPK, and PI3K systems.

Cellular actions of testosterone in vascular cells: mechanism independent of aromatization to estradiol

In this work we investigated the role of testosterone on cellular processes involved in vascular disease, and whether these effects depend on its local conversion to estradiol. Cultures of rat aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro treated with physiological concentrations of testosterone were employed. Testosterone rapidly increased endothelial nitric oxide production. To evaluate whether this non genomic action was dependent on testosterone aromatization we used an aromatase inhibitor. Anastrozole compound did not modify the fast increase in nitric oxide production elicited by testosterone. The hormonal effect was completely blocked by an androgen receptor antagonist (flutamide); meanwhile it wasn't modified by the presence of an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI182780).The possibility of intracellular estradiol synthesis was ruled out when no differences were found in estradiol measurements performed in culture incubation medium from control and testosterone treated cells. The 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride partially suppressed the enhancement in nitric oxide production, suggesting that the effect of testosterone was partially due to dihydrotestosterone conversion. Testosterone stimulated muscle cell proliferation independent of local conversion to estradiol. When cellular events that play key roles in vascular disease development were analyzed, testosterone prevented monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells induced by a proinflammatory stimulus (bacterial lipopolysaccharides), and prompted muscle cell migration in presence of a cell motility inducer. In summary, testosterone modulates vascular behavior through its direct action on vascular cells independent of aromatization to estradiol. The cellular actions exhibited by the steroid varied whether cells were under basal or inflammatory conditions.

Testosterone modulates platelet aggregation and endothelial cell growth through nitric oxide pathway

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of testosterone on the modulation of cellular events associated with vascular homeostasis. In rat aortic strips, 5-20 min treatment with physiological concentrations of testosterone significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production. The rapid action of the steroid was suppressed by the presence of an androgen receptor antagonist (flutamide). We obtained evidence that the enhancement in NO synthesis was dependent on the influx of calcium from extracellular medium, because in the presence of a calcium channel blocker (verapamil) the effect of testosterone was reduced. Using endothelial cell (EC) cultures, we demonstrated that androgen directly acts at the endothelial level. Chelerythrine or PD98059 compound completely suppressed the increase in NO production, suggesting that the mechanism of action of the steroid involves protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. It is known that endothelial NO released into the vascular lumen serves as an inhibitor of platelet activation and aggregation. We showed that testosterone inhibited platelet aggregation and this effect was dependent on endothelial NO synthesis. Indeed, the enhancement of NO production elicited by androgen was associated with EC growth. The steroid significantly increased DNA synthesis after 24 h of treatment, and this mitogenic action was blunted in the presence of NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. In summary, testosterone modulates vascular EC growth and platelet aggregation through its direct action on endothelial NO production.

The soyabean isoflavone genistein modulates endothelial cell behaviour

The aim of the present study was to investigate the direct action of the phyto-oestrogen genistein (Gen) on vascular endothelial behaviour, either in the presence or absence of proinflammatory agents. In rat aortic endothelial cell (EC) cultures, 24 h of treatment with Gen significantly increased cell proliferation in a wide range of concentration (0.001-10 nm). This mitogenic action was prevented by the oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 or by the presence of the specific NO synthase inhibitor l-nitro-arginine methyl ester. When monocytes adhesion to EC was measured, Gen partially attenuated leucocyte adhesion not only under basal conditions, but also in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The effect of the phyto-oestrogen on the expression of EC adhesion molecules was evaluated. Gen down-regulated the enhancement in mRNA levels of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin elicited by the proinflammatory agent bacterial LPS. The regulation of EC programmed death induced by the isoflavone was also demonstrated. Incubation with 10 nm Gen prevented DNA fragmentation induced by the apoptosis inductor H2O2. The results presented suggest that Gen would exert a protective effect on vascular endothelium, due to its regulatory action on endothelial proliferation, apoptosis and leucocyte adhesion, events that play a critical role in vascular diseases. The molecular mechanism displayed by the phyto-oestrogen involved the participation of the ER and the activation of the NO pathway.

Role of progesterone on the regulation of vascular muscle cells proliferation, migration and apoptosis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of progesterone (Pg) on cellular growth, migration, apoptosis, and the molecular mechanism of action displayed by the steroid. To that end, rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) cultures were employed. Pg (10nM) significantly increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation after 24h of treatment. The enhancement in DNA synthesis was blunted in the presence of an antagonist of Pg receptor (RU486 compound). The mitogenic action of the steroid was suppressed by the presence of the compounds PD98059 (MEK inhibitor), chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor), and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase antagonist) suggesting that the stimulation of DNA synthesis involves MAPK, PKC, and cyclooxygenase transduction pathways. The proliferative effect of the hormone depends on the presence of endothelial cells (EC). When muscle cells were incubated with conditioned media obtained of EC treated with Pg, the mitogenic action of the steroid declined. Wounding assays shows that 10nM Pg enhances VSMC migration and motility. The role of the steroid on programmed cell death was measured using DNA fragmentation technique. Four hours of treatment with 10nM Pg enhanced DNA laddering in a similarly extent to the apoptotic effect induced by the apoptogen hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In summary the results presented provide evidence that Pg enhances cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of VSMC. The modulation of cell growth elicited by the steroid involves integration between genomic and signal transduction pathways activation.