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Tate NM, Yamkate P, Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, Behling‐Kelly EL, Rendahl AK, Wu Y, Furrow E. Clustering analysis of lipoprotein profiles to identify subtypes of hypertriglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:971-979. [PMID: 38348783 PMCID: PMC10937497 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is prevalent in Miniature Schnauzers, predisposing them to life-threatening diseases. Varied responses to management strategies suggest the possibility of multiple subtypes. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize HTG subtypes in Miniature Schnauzers through cluster analysis of lipoprotein profiles. We hypothesize that multiple phenotypes of primary HTG exist in this breed. ANIMALS Twenty Miniature Schnauzers with normal serum triglyceride concentration (NTG), 25 with primary HTG, and 5 with secondary HTG. METHODS Cross-sectional study using archived samples. Lipoprotein profiles, generated using continuous lipoprotein density profiling, were clustered with hierarchical cluster analysis. Clinical data (age, sex, body condition score, and dietary fat content) was compared between clusters. RESULTS Six clusters were identified. Dogs with primary HTG were dispersed among 4 clusters. One cluster showed the highest intensities for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions and also included 4 dogs with secondary HTG. Two clusters had moderately high TRL fraction intensities and low-to-intermediate LDL intensities. The fourth cluster had high LDL but variable TRL fraction intensities with equal numbers of NTG and mild HTG dogs. The final 2 clusters comprised only NTG dogs with low TRL intensities and low-to-intermediate LDL intensities. The clusters did not appear to be driven by differences in the clinical data. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results of this study support a spectrum of lipoprotein phenotypes within Miniature Schnauzers that cannot be predicted by triglyceride concentration alone. Lipoprotein profiling might be useful to determine if subtypes have different origins, clinical consequences, and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Punyamanee Yamkate
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of ThessalyKarditsaGreece
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Erica L. Behling‐Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yu‐An Wu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Tate NM, Underwood M, Thomas-Hollands A, Minor KM, Cullen JN, Friedenberg SG, Mickelson JR, Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, Furrow E. Sequence Analysis of Six Candidate Genes in Miniature Schnauzers with Primary Hypertriglyceridemia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:193. [PMID: 38397183 PMCID: PMC10888295 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Miniature Schnauzers are predisposed to primary hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of eight Miniature Schnauzers with primary HTG and screened for risk variants in six HTG candidate genes: LPL, APOC2, APOA5, GPIHBP1, LMF1, and APOE. Variants were filtered to identify those present in ≥2 Miniature Schnauzers with primary HTG and uncommon (<10% allele frequency) in a WGS variant database including 613 dogs from 61 other breeds. Three variants passed filtering: an APOE TATA box deletion, an LMF1 intronic SNP, and a GPIHBP1 missense variant. The APOE and GPIHBP1 variants were genotyped in a cohort of 108 Miniature Schnauzers, including 68 with primary HTG and 40 controls. A multivariable regression model, including age and sex, did not identify an effect of APOE (estimate = 0.18, std. error = 0.14; p = 0.20) or GPIHBP1 genotypes (estimate = -0.26, std. error = 0.42; p = 0.54) on triglyceride concentration. In conclusion, we did not identify a monogenic cause for primary HTG in Miniature Schnauzers in the six genes evaluated. However, if HTG in Miniature Schnauzers is a complex disease resulting from the cumulative effects of multiple variants and environment, the identified variants cannot be ruled out as contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Michaela Underwood
- VCA Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center of Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA;
| | | | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Jonah N. Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
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Karra DA, Chadwick CC, Stavroulaki EM, Pitropaki MN, Flouraki E, Allenspach K, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Xenoulis PG. Fecal acute phase proteins in cats with chronic enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1750-1759. [PMID: 37401847 PMCID: PMC10473003 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic enteropathies (CE) are common in cats and reliable biomarkers that can distinguish different causes and predict or monitor response to treatment are currently lacking. HYPOTHESIS To evaluate certain acute phase proteins in feces that could potentially be used as biomarkers in cats with CE. ANIMALS Twenty-eight cats with either inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; n = 13), food-responsive enteropathy (FRE; n = 3) or small cell gastrointestinal lymphoma (SCGL; n = 12) and 29 healthy control cats were prospectively enrolled. METHODS Fecal concentrations of haptoglobin, alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP), pancreatitis-associated protein-1 (PAP-1), ceruloplasmin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence (SPARCL) immunoassays before and after initiation of treatment. Cats were treated with diet and/or prednisolone (IBD cats), plus chlorambucil (SCGL cats). RESULTS Compared with controls, median fecal AGP concentrations were significantly lower (25.1 vs 1.8 μg/g; P = .003) and median fecal haptoglobin (0.17 vs 0.5 μg/g), PAP-1 (0.04 vs 0.4 μg/g) and ceruloplasmin (0.15 vs 4.2 μg/g) concentrations were significantly higher (P < .001) in cats with CE. Median fecal AGP concentrations were significantly lower (P = .01) in cats with IBD and FRE (0.6 μg/g) compared with cats with SCGL (10.75 μg/g). A significant reduction was found in CE cats after treatment for median fecal ceruloplasmin concentrations (6.36 vs 1.16 μg/g; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Fecal AGP concentration shows promise to differentiate cats with SCGL from cats with IBD and FRE. Fecal ceruloplasmin concentrations may be useful to objectively monitor response to treatment in cats with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karin Allenspach
- Iowa State UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Clinical SciencesAmesIowaUSA
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Texas A&M University – Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical SciencesCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Texas A&M UniversityGastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- University of ThessalySmall Animal ClinicKarditsaGreece
- Texas A&M UniversityGastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege StationTexasUSA
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Xenoulis PG, Moraiti KT, Spanou VM, Chatzis MK, Kokkinaki KC, Saridomichelakis MN, Steiner JM. Specificity of a pancreatic lipase point-of-care test and agreement with pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in cats without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231183299. [PMID: 37498286 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of a rapid point-of-care test for the estimation of feline pancreatic lipase (SNAP fPL) in healthy and sick cats without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. A second objective was to evaluate the agreement between SNAP fPL and serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), as measured by Spec fPL. METHODS A total of 150 cats were prospectively enrolled into this study. Of them, 82 cats were healthy while 68 cats had various diseases but no clinical signs (eg, anorexia, depression, vomiting) raising a suspicion of pancreatitis. RESULTS SNAP fPL was normal in 133/150 cats (specificity 89%) without obvious clinical pancreatitis. SNAP fPL was normal in 74/82 healthy cats (specificity 90%) and in 59/68 cats that were sick but without typical signs of pancreatitis (specificity 87%). The agreement between SNAP fPL and Spec fPL was substantial (k = 0.64) in healthy cats and almost perfect (k = 0.93) in sick cats. The overall agreement between SNAP fPL and Spec fPL was almost perfect (k = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The specificity of SNAP fPL in this group of cats was high. There was a substantial and almost perfect agreement between the SNAP fPL and Spec fPL in healthy cats and sick cats without suspected pancreatitis, respectively. In the small percentage of cats with abnormal SNAP fPL and/or Spec fPL results, the possibility of subclinical pancreatitis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katerina T Moraiti
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Victoria M Spanou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Manolis K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kassiopi Cg Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Jandel AN, Heilmann RM, Sander H, Steiner JM, Grützner N, Xenoulis PG. Serum α 1-Proteinase Inhibitor, Calprotectin, and S100A12 Concentrations in the Characterization of Pancreatitis in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:428. [PMID: 37505833 PMCID: PMC10385135 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniature Schnauzers are predisposed to develop pancreatitis, with familial hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) described as a potential risk factor. Diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs is based on the integration of serum canine-specific pancreatic lipase (cPLI) concentration, clinical presentation, and diagnostic imaging findings. However, markers of systemic inflammation and antiprotease activity have not been extensively investigated in the characterization and prognostication of pancreatitis in dogs. Serum concentrations of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI; as a marker of systemic antiprotease response) and calprotectin and S100A12 (as markers of systemic inflammation) were measured in serum samples from 35 Miniature Schnauzers diagnosed with pancreatitis (serum cPLI concentration >400 μg/L, clinical signs, abdominal imaging findings). These markers were evaluated for possible associations with patient characteristics, clinical presentation, risk factors for pancreatitis, and outcome. The study showed that biomarkers of systemic inflammation and antiprotease activity are commonly increased in Miniature Schnauzers with pancreatitis. Whereas serum calprotectin and S100A12 concentrations were found to have limited utility in differentiating pancreatitis presentations, serum α1PI concentrations and potentially also the serum calprotectin-to-S100A12 ratio might be non-invasive surrogate markers of disease severity in dogs with pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina N Jandel
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Henri Sander
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Niels Grützner
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, DE-14165 Berlin, Germany
- VetaRegio GmbH, DE-06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Riggers DS, Xenoulis PG, Karra DA, Enderle LL, Köller G, Böttcher D, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Fecal Calprotectin Concentrations in Cats with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Sci 2023; 10:419. [PMID: 37505825 PMCID: PMC10385529 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of feline chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) and the differentiation from small cell intestinal lymphoma (SCL) can be challenging. Intestinally expressed calprotectin (S100A8/A9 protein complex) appears to be part of the complex pathogenesis of feline chronic enteropathies (FCE). Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive biomarker for intestinal inflammation in humans and dogs but has not yet been evaluated in cats. We hypothesized that fecal calprotectin (fCal) concentrations are increased in FCE, correlate with clinical and/or histologic disease severity, and distinguish cases of CIE from SCL. This case-control study included fecal samples and patient data from cats with CIE (n = 34), SCL (n = 17), other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (n = 16), and cats with no clinical signs of GI disease (n = 32). fCal concentrations were measured using the immunoturbidimetric fCal turbo assay (Bühlmann Laboratories). Compared to healthy cats, fCal concentrations were significantly increased in CIE, SCL, and other diseases (all p < 0.0001), but were not different between these three groups (all p > 0.05), or between cats with extra-GI diseases and healthy controls. These findings suggest that fCal may have utility as a clinical biomarker for FCE but not for intestinal disease differentiation. It further supports the role of calprotectin in the pathogenesis of the spectrum of FCE, which includes CIE and SCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Riggers
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Karra
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Lena L Enderle
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabor Köller
- Department for Large Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Oikonomidis IL, Theodorou K, Papaioannou E, Xenoulis PG, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Steiner JM, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Suchodolski JS, Rallis T, Soubasis N. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin I in hospitalised dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis: Association with outcome and canine pancreas-specific lipase concentration. Res Vet Sci 2023; 157:1-5. [PMID: 36827790 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to serially evaluate serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs with parvoviral enteritis (CPVE), and investigate the association with outcome and serum pancreas-specific lipase (Spec cPL) concentrations. Dogs with CPVE that were hospitalised for at least 5 days were included. cTnI and Spec cPL concentrations were measured on days 1, 3 and 5 of hospitalisation. Twenty-nine dogs (20 survivors, 9 non-survivors) were included. Spec cPL was indicative of pancreatitis (>400 μg/L) on at least one day in 10/29 (34.5%) dogs. Serum median (range) cTnI concentration was higher (P = 0.021) in non-survivors on day 5 [0.032 (0.001-0.395) ng/mL] compared to day 1 [0.012 (0.003-0.196) ng/mL]. Non-survivors had higher (P = 0.014) cTnI concentrations on day 5 [0.032 (0.001-0.395) ng/mL] compared to survivors [0.001 (0.001-0.042) ng/mL], but not at admission or on day 3 (P > 0.05). Serum cTnI concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.465) between the three Spec cPL groups [group 1 (Spec cPL ≤ 200 μg/L): 0.007 (0.001-0.527) ng/mL; group 2 (Spec cPL: 201-399 μg/L): 0.0045 (0.001-0.196) ng/mL; group 3 (Spec cPL ≥ 400 μg/L): 0.011 (0.001-0.278) ng/mL]. cTnI and Spec cPL concentrations were not significantly correlated (rho = -0.043, P = 0.703). Serial measurement of cTnI had prognostic value in the examined cohort. However, cTnI was not correlated with spec cPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Oikonomidis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - K Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Papaioannou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - K K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - T Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Soubasis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides L, Xenoulis PG. Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cats from Greece. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071173. [PMID: 37048429 PMCID: PMC10093379 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important protozoan diseases with a global impact on the health of domestic cats and with zoonotic significance. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in different populations of cats in Greece and to assess risk factors for seropositivity. A total of 457 cats were prospectively enrolled, and a commercially available indirect immunofluorescence antibody testing (IFAT) kit was used for the detection of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum. Overall, 95 (20.8%) of the 457 cats were seropositive for T. gondii. Based on multivariate analysis, factors associated with seropositivity included older age [Odds ratio (OR), 1.33; p < 0.001]; a history of cat-fight trauma (OR, 3.88; p = 0.004); and lack of vaccination against calicivirus, herpesvirus-1, panleukopenia, and rabies (OR, 10; p = 0.002). This study shows a high prevalence of seropositivity for T. gondii in cats in Greece. This implies that toxoplasmosis is still a major public health concern and that optimal strategies for the prevention of infection with T. gondii in cats should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiopi Christina G. Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.C.G.K.); (P.G.X.); Tel.: +30-244-106-6053 (K.C.G.K.); +30-244-106-6085 (P.G.X.)
| | - Manolis N. Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: (K.C.G.K.); (P.G.X.); Tel.: +30-244-106-6053 (K.C.G.K.); +30-244-106-6085 (P.G.X.)
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Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides L, Xenoulis PG. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for feline coronavirus infection in cats from Greece. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101962. [PMID: 36812794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a highly contagious and ubiquitous virus of domestic cats and wild felids. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, systemic disease caused by FCoV infection when spontaneous mutations of the viral genome take place. The aims of this study were primarily to determine the prevalence of seropositivity for FCoV in different populations of cats in Greece and assess risk factors for seropositivity. A total of 453 cats were prospectively enrolled in the study. A commercially available IFAT kit was used for the detection of FCoV IgG antibodies in serum. Overall, 55 (12.1 %) of the 453 cats were seropositive for FCoV. Based on multivariable analysis, factors associated with FCoV-seropositivity included cats adopted as strays and contact with other cats. This is the first extensive study on the epidemiology of FCoV in cats from Greece and one of the largest worldwide. Feline coronavirus infection is relatively common in Greece. Therefore, it is necessary to establish optimal strategies for the prevention of FCoV infection, considering the high-risk groups of cats identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiopi Christina G Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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10
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Stavroulaki EM, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. Effects of antimicrobials on the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs and cats. Vet J 2023; 291:105929. [PMID: 36427604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among several environmental factors, exposure to antimicrobials has been in the spotlight as a cause of profound and long-term disturbance of the intestinal microbiota. Antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis is a general term and includes decreases in microbial richness and diversity, loss of beneficial bacterial groups, blooms of intestinal pathogens and alterations in the metabolic functions and end-products of the microbiota. Mounting evidence from human and experimental animal studies suggest an association between antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis and susceptibility to gastrointestinal, metabolic, endocrine, immune and neuropsychiatric diseases. These associations are commonly stronger after early life exposure to antimicrobials, a period during which maturation of the microbiota and immune system take place in parallel. In addition, these associations commonly become stronger as the number of antimicrobial courses increases. The repeatability of these findings among different studies as well as the presence of a dose-dependent relationship between antimicrobial exposure and disease development collectively require careful consideration of the need for antimicrobial use. There are limited studies are available in dogs and cats regarding the long-term effects of antimicrobials on the microbiota and subsequent susceptibility to diseases. This review discusses the effects of antimicrobials on the gastrointestinal microbiota and the most important associations between antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis and diseases in humans, dogs, and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia M Stavroulaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43131, Greece.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845, TX, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43131, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845, TX, USA
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11
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Xenoulis PG, Fracassi F. Feline Comorbidities: Clinical perspective on diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:651-661. [PMID: 35775305 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common feline endocrine disorders. It has been shown by several studies that DM in cats frequently coexists with pancreatitis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES It has not been definitively established what the exact pathogenetic association between DM and pancreatitis is in the cat. However, the association between these two conditions is most likely bidirectional, with DM predisposing cats to pancreatitis and vice versa. Diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats with DM is crucial because concurrent pancreatitis commonly leads to difficulties in the management of DM. When pancreatitis is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), therapeutic management is even more challenging. AIMS This review focuses on the concurrent presence of DM or DKA and pancreatitis in cats, mainly focusing on their clinical management. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this review is based on feline-specific clinical research when available. In addition, comparative and human research, as well as clinical experience, has been used to enrich knowledge in areas where feline-specific research is not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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12
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Xenoulis PG, Heilmann RM, Stavroulaki EM, Riggers DS, Gneipel LJ, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Associations among serum insulin, calprotectin, and C-reactive protein concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hyperlipidemia before and after feeding an ultra-low-fat diet. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:910-918. [PMID: 35451113 PMCID: PMC9151470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miniature Schnauzers (MS) commonly have idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia (HTGL), which is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and a subclinical inflammatory phenotype. Objectives Determine the association between indicators of IR and inflammatory biomarkers in MS with and without HTGL and identify how indicators of IR are affected by dietary intervention in MS with HTGL. Animals Seventy MS with HTGL and 79 MS without HTGL. In addition, 15 MS with HTGL were placed on a low‐fat diet. Methods Serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, calprotectin, insulin, and glucose were compared between groups. Results Serum glucose and calprotectin concentrations (shown to be higher in MS with HTGL than in MS without HTGL) were inversely correlated (ρ = −.28; P < .001). After dietary intervention, median serum insulin concentrations were 8.1 mU/L compared to 20.8 mU/L before dietary intervention (P = .06). Dogs with complete resolution of HTGL after dietary intervention (5 dogs) had significantly lower serum insulin concentrations compared to baseline (P = .03). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The subclinical inflammatory phenotype in MS with HTGL appears to be associated with IR. Resolution of HTGL by dietary intervention is associated with a decrease in serum insulin concentrations. The implication of the increase in serum calprotectin concentrations after resolution of HTGL warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece.,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Eva M Stavroulaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Denise S Riggers
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Laura J Gneipel
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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13
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Xenoulis PG, Moraiti KT, R Finco D, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentrations in cats with experimentally induced chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2821-2827. [PMID: 34738673 PMCID: PMC8692220 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) and trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (fTLI) concentrations are commonly used in cats for the evaluation of pancreatic disease. The effect of kidney disease on these tests in cats are unknown. Objective To investigate the effect of experimentally induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) on serum fPLI and fTLI concentrations. Animals Surplus serum samples from 20 cats with CKD experimentally induced for an unrelated project and a group of healthy control cats. Methods Serum fTLI and fPLI concentrations were compared between groups. Results Mean (±SD) serum fTLI concentrations in 20 cats with CKD (117.8 ± 63.6 μg/L) were significantly higher than those in healthy cats (n = 32; 46.9 ± 17.5 μg/L; P < .0001). Serum fTLI concentrations in cats with CKD were above the upper limit of the reference interval in 13 of 20 cats (65%). Serum fPLI concentrations were not significantly different between cats with induced CKD (n = 18; 8.6 μg/L; range, 5.4‐9.9 μg/L) and healthy cats (n = 41; 7.4 μg/L; range, 5.0‐15.2 μg/L; P = .12). All cats with experimentally induced CKD had serum fPLI concentrations within the reference interval. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased renal function has a clinically relevant impact on serum fTLI concentrations and potentially could interfere with a diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Serum fPLI concentration was not affected by experimentally induced CKD and thus serum fPLI may be used for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats with kidney disease. Additional studies are needed to verify these results in cats with naturally occurring CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Delmar R Finco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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14
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Steiner JM, Cridge H, Xenoulis PG. Further studies are needed to confirm that a cut-off value for DGGR lipase that is significantly below the upper limit of the reference interval will achieve acceptable specificity. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1133. [PMID: 34636055 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Steiner
- GI Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - H Cridge
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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15
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Oikonomidis IL, Theodorou K, Papaioannou E, Xenoulis PG, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Steiner JM, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Suchodolski JS, Rallis T, Soubasis N. Serial measurement of thyroid hormones in hospitalised dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis: Incidence of non-thyroidal illness syndrome and its association with outcome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Vet J 2021; 274:105715. [PMID: 34252549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to serially evaluate the serum concentrations of total thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) during a 5-day hospitalisation period and assess the association of these hormone concentrations with the outcome and the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Dogs with confirmed CPVE that were hospitalised for at least 5 days were included. The thyroid hormones concentrations were measured on days 1, 3 and 5 of hospitalisation. Twenty-eight dogs were included. All (28/28, 100%), 19/28 (69.7%) and 23/28 (82.1%) dogs had a low serum tT4, fT4 and TSH concentration, respectively, on at least 1 day during the hospitalisation period. Overall, 11/28 (39.3%) dogs were diagnosed with SIRS on at least 1 day. In survivors, serum tT4 concentration was significantly higher on day 5 (median, range: 11.8 nmol/L, <6.4-32.2 nmol/L) compared to those on days 1 (<6.4 nmol/L, <6.4-20.1 nmol/L; P = 0.010) or 3 (7.6 nmol/L, <6.4-25.2 nmol/L; P = 0.019). Survivors had a significantly higher tT4 concentration (median, range: 11.8 nmol/L, <6.4-32.2 nmol/L) on day 5 compared to non-survivors (<6.4 nmol/L, <6.4-7.2 nmol/L; P = 0.002). Regardless of the day of hospitalisation, dogs with SIRS had significantly lower tT4 (<6.4 nmol/L, <6.4-16.3 nmol/L) compared to dogs without SIRS (8.6 nmol/L, <6.4-32.2 nmol/L; P = 0.006). A significant difference was also found in fT4 between dogs with SIRS (<3.9 pmol/L, <3.9-16.2 pmol/L) and dogs without SIRS (15.1 pmol/L, <3.9-59.2; pmol/L; P < 0.001). Non-thyroidal illness syndrome was frequently observed in dogs with CPVE, and a negative association between tT4 and fT4 concentrations and SIRS was noted. Serial measurements of tT4 concentrations appeared to have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Oikonomidis
- Easter Bush Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK; Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - K Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Papaioannou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - K K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - T Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Soubasis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Kokkinaki KG, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides L, Mylonakis ME, Konstantinidis AO, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. A prospective epidemiological, clinical, and clinicopathologic study of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection in 435 cats from Greece. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101687. [PMID: 34225228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses causing significant morbidity and mortality in cats. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and clinicopathologic aspects of FeLV and FIV infections in different populations of cats in Greece, including client-owned cats, stray cats and cats who live in catteries. A total of 435 cats were prospectively enrolled. Serological detection of FeLV antigen and FIV antibody was performed using a commercial in-house ELISA test kit. The results showed that 17 (3.9 %) and 40 (9.2 %) of the 435 cats were positive for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody, respectively, whereas 5 (1.1 %) had concurrent infection with FeLV and FIV. Factors that were associated with FeLV antigenemia, based on multivariate analysis, included vomiting, rhinitis, infection with FIV, neutropenia, decreased blood urea nitrogen and increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Factors associated with FIV seropositivity included male gender, older age, outdoor access, weight loss, fever, gingivostomatitis, skin lesions and/or pruritus and hyperglobulinemia. Various clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities were found to be significantly associated with retroviral infections, suggesting that current guidelines to test all sick cats should be followed, taking into particular consideration the high-risk groups of cats found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A O Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Steiner JM, Saridomichelakis MN, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. Serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis before and during treatment. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101686. [PMID: 34153612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypocobalaminemia in dogs is most commonly associated with gastrointestinal disorders leading to impaired absorption and utilization of cobalamin. The objectives of this study were to compare serum cobalamin concentrations between dogs with leishmaniosis and clinically healthy dogs, and to assess possible alterations of serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis at different timepoints during treatment. Fifty-five dogs with leishmaniosis and 129 clinically healthy dogs were prospectively enrolled. Diagnosis of leishmaniosis was based on clinical presentation, positive serology and microscopic detection of Leishmania amastigotes in lymph node aspiration smears. Twenty of the dogs with leishmaniosis were treated with a combination of meglumine antimonate and allopurinol for 28 days and serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in blood samples that were collected before initiation of treatment (timepoint 0) and on days 14 and 28. In order to estimate alterations of serum cobalamin concentrations during treatment, cobalamin concentrations were measured in blood samples from 20 out of 55 dogs with leishmaniosis at all timepoints. Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with leishmaniosis before treatment (median: 362 ng/L; IQR: 277-477 ng/L) compared to clinically healthy dogs (median: 470 ng/L; IQR: 367-632 ng/L; P = 0.0035). Serum cobalamin concentrations increased significantly in dogs with leishmaniosis on day 14 of treatment compared to timepoint 0 (P = 0.02). In the present study, serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with leishmaniosis compared to clinically healthy dogs. In addition, there was an increase in serum cobalamin concentrations during treatment. The clinical significance of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with leishmaniosis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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18
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Lim SY, Xenoulis PG, Stavroulaki EM, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Carrière F, Steiner JM. The 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay in cats and dogs is not specific for pancreatic lipase. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:607-613. [PMID: 33111388 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of pancreatic lipase is important for the diagnosis of feline and canine pancreatitis. Recent studies have claimed that lipase assays using the 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) as a substrate are more specific for measuring pancreatic lipase than traditional lipase assays. However, the analytical specificity of this assay for pancreatic lipase has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether hepatic and/or lipoprotein lipases can interfere with the DGGR-based assay results in cats and dogs. We, therefore, compared plasma lipase activities measured using DGGR-based and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) assays before and after administering heparin, known to cause the release of hepatic and lipoprotein lipases, in cats and dogs. METHODS Heparin was administered in six cats and six dogs. Blood was collected at baseline and 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after heparin administration. Lipase activity was measured using a DGGR-based assay, and PLI concentrations were measured using the Spec fPL and cPL assays for cats and dogs, respectively. RESULTS Plasma lipase activities, as measured using the DGGR-based assay, increased significantly 10 minutes after heparin administration in both cats (P = .003) and dogs (P = .006) and returned to baseline by 120 minutes. In contrast, PLI concentrations showed no significant changes after heparin administration. CONCLUSIONS DGGR is not only hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase but also by hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, or both, in cats and dogs. Since these extrapancreatic lipases are also naturally present in cats and dogs, they could contribute to the lack of analytical specificity for the DGGR-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Yee Lim
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Bioenergetics and Engineering of Proteins Lab, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7281, Marseille, France
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Stavroulaki EM, Mylonakis ME, Papanikolaou E, Hatzis A, Xenoulis PG. Steroid‐responsive neutropenia in a cat with progressive feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:389-393. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic School of Veterinary Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Thessaly Karditsa Greece
- Animal Medical Center Athens Greece
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20
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Yamkate P, Gold RM, Xenoulis PG, Steiger K, Twedt DC, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA. Assessment of copper accumulation in archived liver specimens from cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 23:526-533. [PMID: 33026278 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20961350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in cat liver specimens. METHODS For this study, 121 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from cats were used. Tissue sections were stained for copper with rhodanine and scored from 0 (no copper accumulation) to 5 (panlobular copper accumulation). The tissue specimens were then deparaffinized and hepatic copper concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Tissue samples were categorized into four groups based on histopathologic findings: (1) no significant histopathologic hepatic changes (n = 66); (2) hepatic steatosis (n = 18); (3) inflammatory or infectious disease (n = 24); and (4) neoplasia (n = 13). Of the 121 specimens, 13 (11%) stained positive for copper, with three having a score ⩾3. Thirty-seven specimens (31%) had copper concentrations above the reference interval ([RI] <180 µg/g dry weight liver). Copper concentrations in cats with hepatic inflammatory or infectious disease were significantly higher than cats with hepatic steatosis (P = 0.03). Copper-staining score and concentration were positively correlated (rs = 0.46, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite the fact that 31% of specimens had copper concentrations above the RI, only 11% showed positive copper staining and only 2.5% had a score ⩾3. Our findings suggest that hepatic copper concentrations greater than the upper limit of the RI are relatively common in cats. Further studies to determine the factors that influence hepatic copper staining in cats and to establish contemporary RIs for hepatic copper in healthy cats are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyamanee Yamkate
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Randi M Gold
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David C Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Xenoulis PG, Cammarata PJ, Walzem RL, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Effect of a low-fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2605-2616. [PMID: 33022097 PMCID: PMC7694839 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertriglyceridemia is common in Miniature Schnauzer (MS). Dietary management of hypertriglyceridemia is important, but no studies are available. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the effect of a commercially available low‐fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in MS with hypertriglyceridemia. Animals Sixteen MS with hypertriglyceridemia and 28 MS without hypertriglyceridemia. Methods Prospective clinical trial. Four blood samples (1‐2 months before and 1 day before diet change and 2 and 3 months after the dogs were fed the low‐fat diet) were collected from the MS with hypertriglyceridemia. Results Serum triglyceride concentrations for the 2 samples after the diet change (median of sample 3 = 177 mg/dL; range, 48‐498; median of sample 4 = 168 mg/dL; range, 77‐745) were significantly lower than the 2 samples before the diet change (median of sample 1 = 480 mg/dL; range, 181‐1320; median of sample 2 = 493 mg/dL; range, 114‐1395; P < .001). Serum cholesterol concentrations for the 2 samples after the diet change (mean for sample 3 = 257 mg/dL, SD = 82.2; mean for sample 4 = 178 mg/dL, SD = 87.4) were also significantly lower than the 2 samples before the diet change (mean for sample 1 = 381 mg/dL, SD = 146.1; mean for sample 2 = 380 mg/dL, SD = 134.7; P < .001). Before the diet change, 15/16 (94%) of hyperlipidemic MS were classified as hyperlipidemic based on their lipoprotein profiles alone. After the diet change, significantly fewer MS (7/16; 44%; odds ratio = 19.3; 95% CI = 2.0‐184.0; P = .006) were classified as hyperlipidemic based on lipoprotein profile analysis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The study diet was effective in reducing serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and correcting lipoprotein profiles in MS with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paul J Cammarata
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rosemary L Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science, and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Xenoulis PG, Tate NM, Bishop MA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Furrow E. Sequence analysis of the coding regions of the apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2) gene in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia. Vet J 2020; 265:105559. [PMID: 33129550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers is hereditary, but the gene responsible has yet to be identified. The objective of this study was to determine if there were coding variants in the apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2) gene in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia. Blood samples from 12 Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood, and the three coding exons of APOC2 were amplified by PCR. The PCR amplicons were sequenced and analyzed for variants relative to the canine reference genome (CanFam3.1 assembly). A second objective was to determine the extent of variation in coding exons of APOC2 in a large and diverse canine population using the Dog Biomedical Variant Database Consortium variant catalog, comprised of whole genome sequencing variant calls from 582 dogs of 126 breeds and eight wolves. There were no variants detected in the coding exons of APOC2 for any of the 12 Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia. Variants in the coding exons of APOC2 were also rare in the Dog Biomedical Variant Database Consortium variant catalog; a single synonymous variant was identified in a heterozygous state in a Tibetan Mastiff. Thus, we concluded that coding variants in APOC2 are unlikely to be a major cause of idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia in North American Miniature Schnauzers and furthermore, that such coding variants are rare in the canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Nicole M Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Micah A Bishop
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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23
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Kasabalis D, Chatzis MK, Apostolidis K, Petanides T, Athanasiou LV, Xenoulis PG, Mataragka A, Ikonomopoulos J, Leontides LS, Saridomichelakis MN. A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination with the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum. Exp Parasitol 2020; 214:107903. [PMID: 32360142 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this 6-month, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of aminosidine-allopurinol combination with that of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of leishmaniosis in dogs without stage III or IV chronic kidney disease. Forty client-owned dogs were randomly assigned to group A [n = 20; aminosidine (15 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily, for 28 days) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg, per os, twice daily, for 6 months)] or group B [(n = 20; meglumine antimoniate (100 mg/kg SC, once daily, for 28 days) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg, per os, twice daily, for 6 months)]. Clinical and clinicopathological evaluations, parasitic load measurement (lymph node and bone marrow microscopy, bone marrow real-time PCR), specific serology and leishmanin skin test (LST) were performed at baseline (time 1) and after 14 (time 2), 28 (time 3), 60 (time 4) and 180 (time 5) days. Both treatments were safe and resulted in significant clinical and clinicopathological improvement, reduction of parasitic load and of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) titer and induction of positive LST. There was no significant difference between groups with regards to the primary outcome measures of the trial that included the proportion of dogs that presented severe treatment-related side effects, were cured and were parasitologically negative at time 5. However, some (proportion of dogs that presented no clinical signs, no hyperglobulinemia and negative serology at time 5) secondary outcome measures showed significant differences in favor of the meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol treatment arm. Treatment-related death occurred in one dog in each group, while injection site reactions appeared at a similar frequency in both groups. Due to the differences in some secondary outcome measures in association with the low power of this trial, it cannot be definitively concluded that the two treatments are equally effective. Therefore, the aminisodine-allopurinol combination cannot be proposed as a first-line treatment of CanL but rather as a second-line treatment that may be particularly useful to avoid repeated administration of meglumine antimoniate and in countries where the latter is not available or registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Veterinary Clinic "St. Modestos", Aerodromiou Str. 59A, GR-57013, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - K Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - T Petanides
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Mataragka
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - J Ikonomopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - L S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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Xenoulis PG, Cammarata PJ, Walzem RL, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy control dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:644-652. [PMID: 32012351 PMCID: PMC7097643 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported an association between hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis in dogs, but details of this association remain poorly defined. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles between dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy dogs. ANIMALS Seventeen dogs with a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis (Group 1) and 53 healthy control dogs (Group 2). METHODS Prospective case-control study. RESULTS In Group 1, 3/17 dogs (18%) had hypertriglyceridemia whereas in Group 2, 4/53 dogs (7.5%) had hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratio [OR], 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-13.14; P = .35). A significant difference was found in serum triglyceride concentrations between Group 1 (median, 67 mg/dL) and Group 2 (median, 54 mg/dL; P = .002). In Group 1, 4/17 dogs (24%) had hypercholesterolemia, whereas 1/53 (1.9%) dogs in Group 2 had hypercholesterolemia (OR, 16; 95% CI, 1.64-155.5; P = .01). No significant difference was found in serum cholesterol concentrations between Group 1 (median, 209 mg/dL) and Group 2 (median, 227 mg/dL; P = .56). Lipoprotein profiles were significantly different between Group 1 and Group 2 dogs (Eigenvalues, 0.6719; R2 = 1.0; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Most dogs with pancreatitis (>70%) had serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within reference intervals. In the small percentage of dogs that had hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or both, increases were mild. Important differences were identified in lipoprotein profiles between dogs with pancreatitis and healthy control dogs. Dogs with pancreatitis had higher low-density lipoprotein fractions and lower triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein fractions than healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Paul J Cammarata
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rosemary L Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science and Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Kasabalis D, Chatzis MK, Apostolidis K, Xenoulis PG, Buono A, Petanides T, Leontides LS, Polizopoulou ZS, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Saridomichelakis MN. Evaluation of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination in dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum: A randomized, blinded, controlled study. Exp Parasitol 2019; 206:107768. [PMID: 31539540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease. Although aminosidine can be an effective treatment, current therapeutic recommendations do not advocate its use, mainly due to concerns regarding the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of this drug. The aim of this randomized, blinded, controlled study was to evaluate the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine-allopurinol combination and compare it with that of meglumine antimonate-allopurinol combination in non-azotemic dogs with leishmaniosis. Forty dogs with leishmaniosis were randomly assigned to be treated with either aminosidine at 15 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 28 days (group A) or with meglumine antimonate at 100 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 28 days (group B). In addition to either drug, dogs in both groups were administered allopurinol at 10 mg/kg per os twice daily for 2 months. Kidney function was evaluated through measurement of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, and cystatin-c concentrations and complete urinalysis, including protein-to-creatinine ratio, at baseline and after 14, 28, and 60 days from the beginning of the treatment. At the same time points, vestibular and auditory functions were evaluated through neurological examination and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) recordings of wave I, wave V, inter-wave I-V latencies, and minimum hearing thresholds. None of the dogs developed clinicopathological evidence of kidney disease during the study. Serum creatinine concentration increased >0.3 mg/dl over baseline in 2 dogs in group A and in 5 dogs in group B. Parameters of kidney function were not significantly different or were improved compared to baseline and the only difference between the two groups was the lower concentration of serum creatinine in group A. None of the dogs developed peripheral vestibular syndrome or hearing impairment. At the end of the study, parameters of auditory function were not significantly different or were improved compared to baseline and there were no differences between the two groups. The results of this study show that the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine, when administered to non-azotemic dogs with leishmaniosis at 15 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily for 28 days along with allopurinol, is minimal and does not differ from that of meglumine antimonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Veterinary Clinic St. Modestos, Aerodromiou Str. 59A, GR-57013, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - K Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Buono
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - T Petanides
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Z S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutira Str. 11, GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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26
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Heilmann RM, Xenoulis PG, Müller K, Stavroulaki EM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Association of serum calprotectin (S100A8/A9) concentrations and idiopathic hyperlipidemia in Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:578-587. [PMID: 30788872 PMCID: PMC6430953 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic hyperlipidemia (IH) is a common condition in Miniature Schnauzers (MS). Studies in people have linked IH to low-grade inflammation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IH complications. The role of inflammation in MS with IH is unknown. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the inflammatory markers serum calprotectin and S100A12 in MS with IH and in response to dietary intervention for IH management. ANIMALS One-hundred fifty clinically healthy MS. METHODS Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, calprotectin, and S100A12 concentrations were measured before and after placing the dogs on an ultra-low fat diet. RESULTS Hypertriglyceridemia (HTGL, P < .001) and hypercholesterolemia (HCHOL, P = .01) were independently associated with increased serum calprotectin but not S100A12 concentrations. Compared to normolipidemic MS, serum calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in MS with HTGL (P < .001) or combined hyperlipidemia (P = .02), but not those with isolated HCHOL (P = 1.0000). Presence (P = .005) and severity (P = .003) of HTGL and serum cholesterol concentrations (P = .04) decreased in MS with IH within 14-26 weeks after being placed on the ultra-low fat diet, but neither serum calprotectin nor S100A12 concentrations changed significantly with this dietary intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Subclinical (low-grade) inflammation appears to be present in some MS with IH, and an ultra-low fat diet does not decrease serum concentrations of inflammatory proteins in those dogs. Whether this presumed inflammatory phenotype in MS with IH is associated with the development of IH complications (eg, insulin resistance) requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Katrin Müller
- Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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27
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Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Hokamp JA, Lidbury JA, Xenoulis PG, Suchodolski JS, Nabity MB, Cianciolo R, Steiner JM. Serum α 1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic disease, chronic hepatitis or proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Vet J 2018; 236:68-71. [PMID: 29871753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Serum canine α1-proteinase inhibitor (cα1-PI) concentrations were evaluated in dogs with pancreatitis (n=24), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI; n=29), chronic hepatitis (CH; n=11) or proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD-P; n=61) to determine whether systemic proteinase/proteinase-inhibitor balance is altered in these conditions. Dogs with CKD-P had significantly lower cα1-PI concentrations than dogs with pancreatitis, EPI or CH; 16% of dogs with CKD-P had serum cα1-PI concentrations below the reference interval. Serum and urine cα1-PI concentrations were inversely correlated in dogs with CKD-P, but not in dogs with CH. This suggests that renal loss of cα1-PI contributes to decreased serum concentrations in dogs with CKD-P, while hepatic cα1-PI synthesis with CH either is not compromised or is counterbalanced by extrahepatic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Agricultural and Machinery (Texas A&M) University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - N Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Agricultural and Machinery (Texas A&M) University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J A Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA; International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Agricultural and Machinery (Texas A&M) University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Agricultural and Machinery (Texas A&M) University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA; Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Agricultural and Machinery (Texas A&M) University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - M B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - R Cianciolo
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Agricultural and Machinery (Texas A&M) University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. SNAP Tests for Pancreatitis in Dogs and Cats: SNAP Canine Pancreatic Lipase and SNAP Feline Pancreatic Lipase. Top Companion Anim Med 2016; 31:134-139. [PMID: 28317614 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats can be challenging. Several diagnostic modalities have been evaluated over the years for the diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatitis, but most of these modalities have been shown to be of limited clinical use because of poor performance, limited availability, or because they are invasive, or all of these. Assays for the measurement of pancreatic lipase (PL) immunoreactivity [Specific canine PL (Spec cPL) in dogs and Specific feline PL (Spec fPL) in cats] were first developed approximately 15 years ago, and studies have shown that they are currently the serum tests of choice for the evaluation of canine and feline patients, respectively, suspected of having pancreatitis. This is a direct consequence of their high specificity of detecting only PL and their sensitivity for pancreatitis when compared with other serum tests. SNAP cPL and SNAP fPL are in-clinic tests that have been developed based on the Spec cPL and Spec fPL assays. As with any other test, false-positive and false-negative results do occur with PL immunoreactivity assays, and it is important to know the limitations of these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Animal Medical Center of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Kalogianni L, Koutinas CK, Theodorou K, Xenoulis PG, Suchodolski JS, Harrus S, Steiner JM, Siarkou VI, Mylonakis ME. Cardiac troponin I concentrations, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables remained unchanged in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis. Vet J 2016; 217:109-111. [PMID: 27810200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME, Ehrlichia canis) has occasionally been associated with myocardial injury. The aim of the present study was to serially measure and evaluate cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs with experimentally induced acute and subclinical CME and to evaluate potential associations between cTnI concentration and an array of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters. Serum cTnI concentration and simultaneous echocardiographic and electrocardiographic recordings were evaluated in 12 healthy Beagle dogs prior to experimental infection and on days 20 and 90 post-inoculation with E. canis. Almost all serum cTnI concentrations were below the limit of detection and selected electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters remained unchanged throughout the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Kalogianni
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (SVM-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos K Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (SVM-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (SVM-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Victoria I Siarkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (SVM-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Xenoulis PG, Zoran DL, Fosgate GT, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Feline Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: A Retrospective Study of 150 Cases. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1790-1797. [PMID: 27641602 PMCID: PMC5115185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available about the clinical presentation and response to treatment of cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Objectives To describe the signalment, clinical signs, concurrent diseases, and response to treatment of cats with EPI. Animals One hundred and fifty cats with EPI. Methods Retrospective case series. Results Questionnaires were sent to 261 veterinarians, and 150 (57%) were returned with data suitable for statistical analysis. The median age of the cats with EPI was 7.7 years. The median body condition score was 3 of 9. Ninety‐two of 119 cats (77%) had hypocobalaminemia, and 56 of 119 cats (47%) had increased and 6 of 119 cats (5%) had decreased serum folate concentrations. Clinical signs included weight loss (91%), unformed feces (62%), poor hair coat (50%), anorexia (45%), increased appetite (42%), lethargy (40%), watery diarrhea (28%), and vomiting (19%). Eighty‐seven cats (58%) had concurrent diseases. Treatment response was reported to be good in 60%, partial in 27%, and poor in 13% of 121 cats. Trypsin‐like immunoreactivity <4 μg/L was associated with a positive response to treatment (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5–7.0; P = .004). Also, cobalamin supplementation improved the response to treatment (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4–6.6; P = .006). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats often has a different clinical presentation than in dogs. The age range for EPI in cats is wide, and many cats can be ≤5 years of age. Most cats respond well to appropriate treatment for EPI, and cobalamin supplementation appears to be necessary for a good response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - D L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - G T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Fragkou FC, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Poutahidis T, Prassinos NN, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Rallis TS. Prevalence and Clinicopathological Features of Triaditis in a Prospective Case Series of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1031-45. [PMID: 27296565 PMCID: PMC5089651 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The term triaditis designates the concurrent presence of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cholangitis, and pancreatitis in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives The histopathology of concurrent, but often subclinical, inflammatory processes in the small intestine, liver, and pancreas of cats is poorly described. We aimed to investigate the frequency of enteritis, cholangitis, pancreatitis, or some combination of these in symptomatic and asymptomatic cats, compare clinicopathological features, and correlate histopathological with laboratory findings. Animals Domestic cats (27 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic, and 8 normal). Methods Prospective study. Physical examination, laboratory variables (CBC, serum biochemistry profile, serum thyroxine concentration, serum feline trypsin‐like immunoreactivity [fTLI], feline lipase immunoreactivity [fPLI, as measured by Spec fPL®], urinalysis, and fecal analysis), imaging, and histopathological examinations were conducted. Feline liver, pancreas, and small intestine were biopsied during laparotomy. Results Inflammatory lesions were detected in 47 cats (27 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic). In total, 20 cats had histopathologic lesions of IBD (13/47, 27.7%), cholangitis (6/47, 12.8%), or pancreatitis (1/47, 2.1%) alone, or inflammation involving >1 organ (27/47, 57.4%). More specifically, 16/47 cats (34.0%) had concurrent lesions of IBD and cholangitis, 3/47 (6.4%) of IBD and pancreatitis, and 8/47 cats (17%) of triaditis. Triaditis was identified only in symptomatic cats (8/27, 29.6%). A mild, positive correlation was detected between the severity (score) of IBD lesions and the number of comorbidities (rho = +0.367, P = .022). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Histopathological evidence of IBD or IBD with comorbidities was detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cats. The possibility of triaditis should be considered in symptomatic cats with severe IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Fragkou
- Medicine Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K K Adamama-Moraitou
- Medicine Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N N Prassinos
- Surgery and Obstetrics Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T S Rallis
- Medicine Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
Pancreatitis is the most common disorder of the exocrine pancreas in both dogs and cats. Ante-mortem diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatitis can be challenging. The clinical picture of dogs and cats with pancreatitis varies greatly (from very mild to severe or even fatal) and is characterised by non-specific findings. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile and urinalysis should always be performed in dogs and cats suspected of having pancreatitis, although findings are not-specific for pancreatitis. Serum amylase and lipase activities and trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) concentrations have no or only limited clinical value for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in either dogs or cats. Conversely, serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) concentration is currently considered to be the clinicopathological test of choice for the diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatitis. Abdominal radiography is a useful diagnostic tool for the exclusion of other diseases that may cause similar clinical signs to those of pancreatitis. Abdominal ultrasonography can be very useful for the diagnosis of pancreatitis, but this depends largely on the clinician's experience. Histopathological examination of the pancreas is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis and classification of pancreatitis, but it is not without limitations. In clinical practice, a combination of careful evaluation of the animal's history, serum PLI concentration and abdominal ultrasonography, together with pancreatic cytology or histopathology when indicated or possible, is considered to be the most practical and reliable means for an accurate diagnosis or exclusion of pancreatitis compared with other diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; Animal Medical Center of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Trikalon, 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
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Xenoulis PG, Saridomichelakis MN, Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Petanides T, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Prospective evaluation of serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and troponin I concentrations in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs treated with meglumine antimonate. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:326-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Steiner JM, Xenoulis PG, Schwierk VM, Suchodolski JS. Development and analytical validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of feline tumor necrosis factor α in serum. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:397-404. [PMID: 24976216 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine shown to play a crucial role in human Crohn's disease patients, has not been documented in cats with chronic enteropathies. Also, currently, no validated assay for measurement of TNF-α in cats is available. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to develop and analytically validate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of TNF-α in serum from cats. METHODS A sandwich ELISA was developed and analytically validated by assessment of detection limit, linearity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. A control range for serum fTNF-α concentration in healthy cats was established. In addition, serum concentrations of fTNF-α in 39 cats with chronic enteropathies were compared with those in 20 healthy cats. RESULTS The detection limit of the assay was 38.4 ng/L. Observed-to-expected ratios for serial dilutions of 4 serum samples ranged from 75.1% to 111.9%. Observed-to-expected ratios for spiking recovery for 4 serum samples ranged from 91.3% to 129.7%. Coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-assay variability ranged from 3.9% to 7.6% and from 7.8% to 12.5%, respectively. The control range of the assay was < 38.4-223.5 ng/L. Serum concentrations of feline TNF-α were significantly higher in cats with chronic enteropathies and diarrhea than in cats with chronic enteropathies without diarrhea, or in healthy control cats. CONCLUSIONS The ELISA described here was suitable for the quantification of fTNF-α in feline serum and should facilitate research into the importance of TNF-α in cats with chronic enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Tricalon 224, 42100 Karditsa, Greece; Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267, 15231 Athens, Greece.
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Mylonakis ME, Xenoulis PG, Theodorou K, Siarkou VI, Steiner JM, Harrus S, Leontides L, Rallis T, Suchodolski JS, Koutinas CK, Koutinas AF. Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in experimentally induced and naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Vet Microbiol 2014; 169:198-202. [PMID: 24530039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia canis infection causes multisystemic disease in dogs (canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, CME) which is associated with variable morbidity and mortality. Atypical clinical manifestations, including gastrointestinal signs, may occasionally occur in CME and approximately 10-15% of dogs are presented with historical or clinical evidence of vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal discomfort. The objective of this study was to investigate if there are any alterations in serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) in dogs with experimentally induced or naturally occurring monocytic ehrlichiosis. Serum samples from 10 Beagle dogs experimentally infected with E. canis and two healthy uninfected Beagles were serially examined; samples from 20 naturally infected dogs (10 with non-myelosuppressive [NME] and 10 with myelosuppressive [ME] ehrlichiosis) were also examined at a given point in time (cross-sectional sampling). None of the experimentally infected Beagles showed gastrointestinal signs or increased cPLI concentrations prior to or following the artificial infection. Three naturally infected dogs with NME and one with ME demonstrated serum cPLI concentrations in the diagnostic range for pancreatitis (>400 μg/L) without showing gastrointestinal signs. The results of the present study indicated that 4/20 (20%) of dogs naturally infected with E. canis demonstrated increased serum cPLI concentrations consistent with mild and clinically inapparent pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Konstantina Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria I Siarkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Greece
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Timoleon Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christos K Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexander F Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Saridomichelakis MN, Xenoulis PG, Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Petanides T. Thyroid function in 36 dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum before and during treatment with allopurinol with or without meglumine antimonate. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xenoulis PG, Lopinski DJ, Read SA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats: a retrospective study of 104 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1098-103. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13495024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The clinical presentation and response to treatment of cats infected with Tritrichomonas foetus have not been sufficiently described in a large number of pet cats. The aim of this study was to collect and analyze clinical data from pet cats diagnosed with intestinal T foetus infection. Clinical information was collected for 104 cats that tested polymerase chain reaction-positive for T foetus. The most common clinical sign was diarrhea (98%) with a median duration of 135 days (range 1–2880 days). Forty-nine of 83 (59%) cats had diarrhea since adoption. Other clinical signs included anorexia (22%), depression (24%), weight loss or failure to gain weight (20%), vomiting (19%), abdominal pain (9%) and increased appetite (3%). A total of 45 cats had completed treatment with ronidazole, 29 of which (64%) showed a good clinical response to treatment. Sixteen (36%) cats had either partial or no improvement, or a relapse shortly after discontinuation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle J Lopinski
- Current address: Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Read
- Current address: BioFire Diagnostics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Xenoulis PG, Cammarata PJ, Walzem RL, Macfarlane RD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Novel lipoprotein density profiling in healthy dogs of various breeds, healthy Miniature Schnauzers, and Miniature Schnauzers with hyperlipidemia. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:47. [PMID: 23497598 PMCID: PMC3606259 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism in clinical canine medicine, the fact that most previously used methods for lipoprotein profiling are rather laborious and time-consuming has been a major obstacle to the wide clinical application and use of lipoprotein profiling in this species. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a continuous lipoprotein density profile (CLPDP) generated within a bismuth sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaBiEDTA) density gradient to characterize and compare the lipoprotein profiles of healthy dogs of various breeds, healthy Miniature Schnauzers, and Miniature Schnauzers with primary hypertriacylglycerolemia. A total of 35 healthy dogs of various breeds with serum triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals were selected for use as a reference population. Thirty-one Miniature Schnauzers with serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals and 31 Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriacylglyceridemia were also included in the study. RESULTS The results suggest that CLPDP using NaBiEDTA provides unique diagnostic information in addition to measurements of serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations and that it is a useful screening method for dogs with suspected lipoprotein metabolism disorders. Using the detailed and continuous density distribution information provided by the CLPDP, important differences in lipoprotein profiles can be detected even among dogs that have serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval. Miniature Schnauzers with serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval had significantly different lipoprotein profiles than dogs of various other breeds. In addition, it was further established that specific lipoprotein fractions are associated with hypertriacylglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that density gradient ultracentrifugation using NaBiEDTA is a useful screening method for the study of lipoprotein profiles in dogs. Therefore, this method could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes for the separation of dogs suspected of having lipoprotein abnormalities from healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; USA
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; USA
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Bostrom BM, Xenoulis PG, Newman SJ, Pool RR, Fosgate GT, Steiner JM. Chronic pancreatitis in dogs: a retrospective study of clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological findings in 61 cases. Vet J 2012; 195:73-9. [PMID: 22835863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological findings of dogs with chronic pancreatitis. The necropsy database at Texas A&M University was searched for reports of dogs with histological evidence of chronic pancreatitis defined as irreversible histologic changes of the pancreas (i.e. fibrosis or atrophy). A reference necropsy population of 100 randomly selected dogs was used for signalment and concurrent disease comparisons. Cases were categorized as clinical or incidental chronic pancreatitis based on the presence of vomiting, decreased appetite, or both vs. neither of these signs. All archived pancreas samples were scored histologically using a published scoring system. Sixty-one dogs with chronic pancreatitis were included. The most frequent clinical signs were lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Compared to the reference necropsy population, chronic pancreatitis cases were more likely to be older, neutered, of the non-sporting/toy breed group, and to have concurrent endocrine, hepatobiliary, or neurological disease. Clinical cases had significantly higher histological scores for pancreatic necrosis and peripancreatic fat necrosis, and were significantly more likely to have hepatobiliary or endocrine disease as well as increased liver enzyme activities, or elevated cholesterol and bilirubin concentrations. In conclusion, clinical disease resulting from chronic pancreatitis might be related to the presence of pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic fat necrosis. The signalment, presentation, and concurrent diseases of dogs with chronic pancreatitis are similar to those previously reported for dogs with acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brier M Bostrom
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Bishop MA, Xenoulis PG, Berghoff N, Grützner N, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Partial characterization of cobalamin deficiency in Chinese Shar Peis. Vet J 2011; 191:41-5. [PMID: 21652239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total of 22,462 serum sample results from dogs being evaluated for gastrointestinal disease at the Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University were evaluated retrospectively. The proportion of dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations below the reference interval and median serum concentrations were compared between Shar Peis and other dog breeds. Serum samples were also obtained prospectively from 22 healthy and 32 Shar Peis with chronic gastrointestinal disease and 59 healthy dogs of other breeds, and serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, and methylmalonic acid were determined and compared. Overall, 64.0% (89/139) of serum samples from Shar Peis showed serum cobalamin concentrations below the limit of the reference interval and 38.1% (53/139) of these were below the detectable limit for the assay. The median serum cobalamin concentration in Shar Peis was significantly lower than in other breeds. Shar Peis with gastrointestinal disease had significantly lower serum cobalamin and higher serum methylmalonic acid concentrations compared to healthy Shar Peis. Healthy Shar Peis had significantly increased serum methylmalonic acid concentrations compared to healthy dogs of other breeds. There were no meaningful differences in folate concentrations between groups. In conclusion, Shar Peis have a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency compared to other breeds and healthy Shar Peis may have subclinical cobalamin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah A Bishop
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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Xenoulis PG, Levinski MD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Association of hypertriglyceridemia with insulin resistance in healthy Miniature Schnauzers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1011-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.8.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xenoulis PG, Gray PL, Brightsmith D, Palculict B, Hoppes S, Steiner JM, Tizard I, Suchodolski JS. Molecular characterization of the cloacal microbiota of wild and captive parrots. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:320-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Xenoulis PG, Saridomichelakis MN, Read SA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in Greece. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:831-3. [PMID: 20674428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus has been reported in the USA, Canada, several European countries, and Australia. However, T foetus has not been previously reported in cats in Greece. The aim of this study was to test fecal samples from cats living in Greece for the presence of T foetus DNA. Feces were collected from 31 cats living in Greece. DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and the presence of T foetus DNA was detected by a single-tube nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). T foetus specific DNA was detected in the feces of 6/30 (20.0%) cats. All six cats were reported to have normal fecal quality at the time of sample collection and five of them were adults. The present study confirms for the first time the presence of T foetus in cats in Greece and suggests that T foetus infection is often asymptomatic in older cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Xenoulis PG, Suchodolski JS, Ruaux CG, Steiner JM. Association Between Serum Triglyceride and Canine Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity Concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:229-34. [DOI: 10.5326/0460229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate possible associations between serum triglyceride and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentrations in miniature schnauzers. One hundred and ninety-five miniature schnauzers were enrolled and divided into two groups based on whether they had normal (group 1) or increased (group 2) serum triglyceride concentrations. Serum cPLI concentrations were measured and compared between groups. A significant positive correlation was seen between serum triglyceride and cPLI concentrations (Spearman r=0.321; P<0.0001). Miniature schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia had a significantly higher median serum cPLI concentration (99.5 μg/L) than miniature schnauzers with normal serum triglyceride concentrations (median cPLI concentration 39.3 μg/L; P=0.0001). A cutoff value of 862 mg/dL was selected for serum triglyceride concentrations based on receiver operator characteristic analysis. Miniature schnauzers with severe hypertriglyceridemia (≥862 mg/dL) were 4.5 times more likely to have a serum cPLI concentration consistent with pancreatitis (≥200 μg/L) than miniature schnauzers with a normal serum triglyceride concentration. The present study supports an association between hypertriglyceridemia (especially when severe [≥862 mg/dL]) and high cPLI concentrations in miniature schnauzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory (Xenoulis, Suchodolski, Steiner), Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and the
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Ruaux), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4801
- From the
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory (Xenoulis, Suchodolski, Steiner), Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and the
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Ruaux), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4801
- From the
| | - Craig G. Ruaux
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory (Xenoulis, Suchodolski, Steiner), Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and the
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Ruaux), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4801
- From the
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory (Xenoulis, Suchodolski, Steiner), Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 and the
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Ruaux), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4801
- From the
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Bishop MA, Xenoulis PG, Levinski MD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Identification of variants of the SPINK1 gene and their association with pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:527-33. [PMID: 20433378 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.5.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene for variants and to determine their possible association with pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. ANIMALS 39 Miniature Schnauzers with pancreatitis, 25 healthy Miniature Schnauzers, and 23 healthy dogs of other breeds. PROCEDURES The entire canine SPINK1 gene with its intron-exon boundaries was initially sequenced in 22 Miniature Schnauzers. Then, 2 regions of the gene were sequenced in 65 additional canine DNA samples at the locations of variants identified in the initial sequencing of the entire SPINK1 gene. RESULTS Analysis of the SPINK1 gene in Miniature Schnauzers revealed 3 closely associated variants in healthy Miniature Schnauzers and Miniature Schnauzers with pancreatitis. These variants consisted of 2 missense mutations in the second exon (N20K and N25T) and a poly T insertion in the third intron that was near the boundary of exon 3 (IVS3+26-27ins(T)33-39,15_61dup11). Pancreatitis was significantly associated with homozygous alleles for these 3 variants in Miniature Schnauzers. In healthy dogs of other breeds, only the 2 exon variants were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Variants of the SPINK1 gene may be associated with the development of pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah A Bishop
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. Vet J 2010; 183:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG, Paddock CG, Steiner JM, Jergens AE. Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in duodenal biopsies from dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:394-400. [PMID: 19959301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An association between mucosa-adherent commensal bacteria and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been proposed for humans. There are no reports characterizing the mucosa-adherent duodenal microbiota in dogs with idiopathic IBD using molecular methods. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the mucosa-adherent duodenal microbiota between dogs with idiopathic IBD and healthy dogs. Duodenal biopsy samples were collected from seven dogs with IBD and seven healthy control dogs. DNA was extracted, 16S ribosomal RNA genes were amplified and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed and compared between groups. A total of 1035 clones were selected, and based on a 98% similarity criterion, 133 unique phylotypes were identified across all dogs. These phylotypes belonged to seven bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria (52.9%), Firmicutes (26.1%), Bacteroidetes (7.7%), Actinobacteria (8.6%), Fusobacteria (4.4%), Tenericutes (0.2%) and Verrucomicrobia (0.1%). Significant differences were identified in the relative abundance of several bacterial groups between dogs with IBD and healthy dogs (p<0.001). Healthy dogs and dogs with IBD clustered according to their disease status. Dogs with IBD had a significantly higher abundance of clones belonging to Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-proteobacteria (p<0.0001 for all classes), and a significantly lower abundance of Clostridia (p<0.0001). Bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Conchiformibious, Achromobacter, Brucella, and Brevundimonas, were significantly more abundant in dogs with IBD. In conclusion, significant differences of the mucosa-adherent duodenal microbiota were observed between dogs with idiopathic IBD and healthy dogs in this study. These results warrant further investigations into the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of canine IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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