Study for Some Eccentricity-based Topological Indices of Second Type of Dominating David-derived Network

BACKGROUND

Dominating David-derived networks are widely studied due to their fractal nature, with applications in topology, chemistry, and computer sciences. The use of molecular structure descriptors is a standard procedure that is used to correlate the biological activity of molecules with their chemical structures, which can be useful in the field of pharmacology.

OBJECTIVE

This article's goal is to develop analytically closed computing formulas for eccentricity-based descriptors of the second type of dominating David-derived derived network. Thermodynamic characteristics, physicochemical properties, and chemical and biological activities of chemical graphs are just a few of the many properties that may be determined using these computation formulas.

METHODS

Vertex sets were initially divided according to their degrees, eccentricities, and cardinalities of occurrence. The eccentricity-based indices are then computed using some combinatorics and these partitions.

RESULTS

Total eccentricity, average eccentricity, and the Zagreb index are distance-based topological indices utilized in this study for the second type of dominating David-derived network, denoted as D_2 (m).

CONCLUSION

These calculations will assist the readers in estimating the fractal and difficult-to-handle thermodynamic and physicochemical aspects of chemical structure. Apart from configuration and impact resistance, the D_2 (m) design has been used for fundamental reasons in a variety of technical and scientific advancements.

Comparative Study of Planar Octahedron Molecular Structure via Eccentric Invariants

A branch of graph theory that makes use of a molecular graph is called chemical graph theory. Chemical graph theory is used to depict a chemical molecule. A graph is connected if there is an edge between every pair of vertices. A topological index is a numerical value related to the chemical structure that claims to show a relationship between chemical structure and various physicochemical attributes, chemical reactivity, or, you could say, biological activity. In this article, we examined the topological properties of a planar octahedron network of m dimensions and computed the total eccentricity, average eccentricity, Zagreb eccentricity, geometric arithmetic eccentricity, and atom bond connectivity eccentricity indices, which are used to determine the distance between the vertices of a planar octahedron network.

Topological indices and QSPR/QSAR analysis of some antiviral drugs being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19 patients

The spread of novel virus SARS-CoV-2, well known as COVID-19 has become a major health issue currently which has turned up to a pandemic worldwide. The treatment recommendations are variable. Lack of appropriate medication has worsened the disease. On the basis of prior research, scientists are testing drugs based on medical therapies for SARS and MERS. Many drugs which include lopinavir, ritonavir and thalidomide are listed in the new recommendations. A topological index is a type of molecular descriptor that simply defines numerical values associated with the molecular structure of a compound that is effectively used in modeling many physicochemical properties in numerous quantitative structure-property/activity relationship (QSPR/QSAR) studies. In this study, several degree-based and neighborhood degree sum-based topological indices for several antiviral drugs were investigated by using a M-polynomial and neighborhood M-polynomial methods. In addition, a QSPR was established between the various topological indices and various physicochemical properties of these antiviral drugs along with remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and theaflavin was performed in order to assess the efficacy of the calculated topological indices. The obtained results reveal that topological indices under study have strong correlation with the physicochemical characteristics of the potential antiviral drugs. A biological activity (pIC50) of these compounds were also investigated by using multiple linear regressions (MLR) analysis.

Degree-based topological indices and polynomials of hyaluronic acid-curcumin conjugates

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) represents quantitative correlation of chemical structural features called as molecular descriptors and pharmacological activity as response endpoints. Topological index is a molecular descriptor extensively used to study QSAR of pharmaceuticals to assess their molecular characteristics by numerical computation. Theoretical assessment of drug like molecules helps to expedite the drug design and discovery process by rationalizing the lead identification, lead optimization and understanding their mechanism of actions. Therefore, in this article, we have computed the general inverse sum indeg index, ISIα,β of Hyaluronic acid-curcumin conjugates by using molecular structure analysis and edge partitioning technique. Many standard topological indices are obtained as a special case of ISIα,β. We also proposed general inverse sum indeg polynomial ISIα,β(Gn,x) of Hyaluronic acid-curcumin conjugates from which many well-known polynomials are deduced.

[Bladder cancer in neurogenic patients: A retrospective study of management and follow-up]

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of bladder cancer (BC) in neurological patients seems to be similar to that of the general population. However, they are more aggressive with a higher rate of muscle-invasive forms and squamous cells carcinomas. The aim of the current study was to report etiologies, management and outcomes of BC in neurological population.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Were enrolled all neurological patients with a BC diagnosed between 2004 and 2017. The following data were retrospectively reported: age, gender, duration of the disease, mode of discovery, histological type, treatment and outcomes.

RESULTS

In total, 27 patients were included: 11 spinal cord injuries, 7 Parkinson's disease, 5 multiple sclerosis, 3 head trauma, 3 brain strokes, 2 cerebral palsies and 1 spina bifida. The histological subtypes were as follows: 22 transitional cells carcinomas, 4 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), one mucinous adenocarcinoma, one sarcomatoid and one neuroendocrine with 19 high-grade tumors and 15 muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Seven patients (26%) were diagnosed before 15 years history of neurogenic bladder. The mean follow-up was 14 months (1-210 months). Eight deaths were observed, with 5 related to bladder cancer. In our study, smoking habits, voiding mode, lithiasis or infection histories were not related with a more aggressive pattern, such as SCC.

CONCLUSION

The high rate of muscle-invasive bladder cancer and aggressive patterns justify neuro-urological follow-up, even before 15 years of neurogenic bladder.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4.

Difficulties in maintenance of clubfoot abduction brace and solutions - maintenance of clubfoot abduction brace, locks and keys

OBJECTIVE

To determine the frequency of early relapse after achieving good initial correction in children who were on clubfoot abduction brace.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and included parents of children of either gender in the age range of 6 months to 3years with idiopathic clubfoot deformities who had undergone Ponseti treatment between September 2012 and June 2013, and who were on maintenance brace when the data was collected from December 2013 to March 2014. Parents of patients with follow-up duration in brace less than six months and those with syndromic clubfoot deformity were excluded. The interviews were taken through a purposive designed questionnaire. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

The study included parents of 120 patients. Of them, 95(79.2%) behaved with good compliance on Denis Browne Splint, 10(8.3%) were fair and 15(12.5%)showed poor compliance. Major reason for poor and non-compliance was unaffordability of time and cost for regular follow-up. Besides, 20(16.67%) had inconsistent use due to delay inre-procurement of Foot Abduction Braceonce the child had outgrown the shoe. Only 4(3.33%) talked of cultural barriers and conflict of interest between the parents. Early relapse was observed in 23(19.16%) patients and 6(5%) of them responded to additional treatment and were put back on brace treatment; 13(10.83%) had minor relapse with forefoot varus, without functional disability, and the remaining 4(3.33%) had major relapse requiring extensive surgery. Overall success was recorded in 116(96.67%) cases.

CONCLUSIONS

The positioning of shoes on abduction brace bar, comfort in shoes, affordability, initial and subsequent delay in procurement of new shoes once the child's feet overgrew the shoe, were the four containable factors on the part of Ponseti practitioner.

Bone density changes during adjuvant aromatase inhibitor treatment in breast cancer patients: Single center experience

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Background: Adjuvant aromatase inhibitors (AI) therapy in breast cancer accelerates bone loss resulting in increased incidence of fracture. We evaluated the effect of AI on bone density changes among breast cancer patients. Method: A total of 85 patients who had adjuvant AI for more than 24 months and 3 Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans were included in this study. Annual bone density change was calculated and correlated with various risk and prognostic factors. Results: Adjuvant AI was given in up-front (50), sequential (15) and extended adjuvant (17) therapy settings, with a median duration of 31 months. Intervals between scans varied from 6 - 33 months (median = 13 months), 63 patients had baseline DXA scans undertaken within 6 months from start of AI. Bisphosphonate was prescribed to 35 patients during AI therapy according to local practice. Changes in bone density according to WHO classification is shown in the table. Annual bone density change in the spine at 2nd scan was (-9.2% to +11%, mean = -0.89±4.11), after 3rd scan, (-11.7% to +10.7%, mean = 0.021±3.84). In the group of patients who had adjuvant chemotherapy (59 patients), significant bone loss was seen in the patients who did not have bisphosphonate (n=39), (-0.011 in BMD, Mean=0.88±0.02) compared to those who had bisphosphonate (n=20), (0.036 in BMD, Mean=0.93±0.02). In the patients who did not have chemotherapy (n=26), no bone loss was seen whether bisphosphonate was used or not. No clinical bone fracture was reported among patients who had osteoporosis at baseline. Conclusions: The patients who had chemotherapy are more likely to lose bone density and close monitoring is required for bisphosphonate therapy. Bone loss is more significant in the lumbar spine compared to the hip. Following intervention with bisphosphonate, the rate of bone loss was reduced, and as a result only 2.3% of patients developed osteoporosis during AI treatment. AI can be safely given from the bone health point of view with the appropriate use of bisphosphonate.

[Table: see text]

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Bisphosphonate therapy requirement during adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy in early breast cancer patients according to UK bone health guidelines

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Background: Adjuvant aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy increases bone loss and incidence of bone fracture. Recently published UK bone health guidelines recommend to prescribe bisphosphonate (BPN) during adjuvant AI therapy for T score of -2 or less, or annual loss of bone density >4%, or known vertebral fracture, or patients over the age of 75 with one or more clinical risk factors (previous low-trauma fracture after age 50, previous hip fracture, alcohol intake of >4 units/ day, diseases associated with secondary osteoporosis, prior corticosteroids for >6 months, BMI <22). We evaluated the impact of BPN therapy requirement using UK guidelines on adjuvant AI therapy patients. Methods: Patients who were commencing adjuvant AI therapy for early breast cancer underwent Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) bone density assessment, with a baseline scan and 2 subsequent scans. Results: A total of 91 patients were eligible and included in this study (median age 59). Different AIs included anastrozole(68), exemestane (7) and letrozole (16). Patients received AI therapy in up-front (56), sequential (15) and extended adjuvant (20) therapy settings. Median duration of AI therapy was 35 months, with 85 patients having received therapy for more than 24 months. BPN was prescribed to 35 patients during AI therapy as per local practice. According to WHO classification, 11 patients were found to have osteoporosis at the 1st scan, and 4 & 2 patients were found to develop osteoporosis at 2nd & 3rd scans, respectively. According to UK guidelines, however, BPN therapy would be indicated in 56 patients (62%): after 1st scan 22 patients, after 2nd scan another 26 patients and following the 3rd scan an additional 8 patients. Factors predictive of BPN indication during AI therapy are hyperthyroidism (p = 0.009), previous fracture (p = 0.001) and smoking (p = <0.001). Patients who took tamoxifen for more than one year are less likely to require BPN compared to those who did not take tamoxifen (p = 0.028) Conclusions: Majority of patients (up to 62% in our study) will require BPN during adjuvant AI for breast cancer. Therefore the cost of BPN and potential drug side effects need to be taken into account in the use of adjuvant AI, and it's health economic analysis.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Pharmacologic approaches for the management of systemic hypertension in pregnancy

Hypertension in pregnancy includes a group of distinct disorders that require special consideration in both prevention and pharmacologic treatment. In recent years, there have been few advances regarding the pathophysiology and prevention of preeclampsia, or in recommendations for first-line drug therapy of the hypertensive complications of preeclampsia. Similarly, the recommendations for pharmacologic treatment of women with chronic hypertension antedating pregnancy have changed little, primarily because first-line medications have the advantage of having been the subjects of extensive research experience. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of various second-line drugs for treating hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; whether these therapies can eventually replace the standard recommended medications will require more extensive long-term investigation.

Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: reoperation and return to work

OBJECTIVE

To define the functional outcome and residual disability in adults treated for isolated femoral shaft fractures.

DESIGN

A retrospective case study of HMRI records. The mean follow-up was 34.5 months from the time of injury.

SETTING

A tertiary-care teaching hospital.

PATIENTS

One hundred and thirty adults with femoral shaft fractures. Of these, 47 were isolated and qualified for study.

INTERVENTIONS

Primary reamed intramedullary nailing performed between April 1987 and September 1990.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Reoperation and return to work.

RESULTS

Of the 47 patients, primary healing occurred in 41 (87%) patients; 6 (13%) patients had delayed union or nonunion. Twenty (43%) patients had delayed implant-related pain after fracture healing; 85% of these had relief of pain after implant removal. Of 41 patients available for analysis of function based on return to work, 33 (80%) had returned to work full time in their original occupation at the time of follow-up, and 4 (10%) were working in other full-time employment; 3 (7%) were working part time. Only one (2%) patient was disabled and unable to work.

CONCLUSIONS

Primary reamed intramedullary nailing is an effective method of achieving consistent primary union in adults with femoral shaft fractures. However, the majority of patients will require secondary surgery. Most patients will be able to return to work after these injuries.

Epidermal growth factor administered in pregnancy has little effect on placental, fetal and postnatal growth and development in rats

Biosynthetic human epidermal growth factor (EGF) was injected daily into female rats (40 micrograms/rat/day) on days 14-20 of pregnancy in two experiments. Number in litter was significantly greater in EGF- than in vehicle-treated mothers in experiment 1 but not experiment 2. Number in litter affected fetal weight. When this factor was taken into account statistically, there was no significant effect of EGF treatment on fetal weight or placental weight, DNA and protein concentrations at 21 days of gestation; nor was birth weight affected by treatment. However, growth in body weight postnatally from 4 to 115 days was slightly but significantly depressed in the offspring of the EGF-treated mothers. A negative effect of additional EGF in pregnancy on subsequent milk production is postulated. The timing of attainment of developmental milestones in the offspring was not affected.

Epidermal growth factor receptors in rat placenta, amnion and yolk sac: characteristics of specific binding are dependent on gestational age

Studies of [125I]-EGF binding to the rat placenta, amnion and yolk sac were carried out on days 14, 17 and 20 of gestation. In the placenta EGF binding was detectable on all 3 days; in the amnion EGF binding was undetectably low on day 14 but was present on days 17 and 20, while in the yolk sac EGF binding was undetectably low on all 3 days. Although Scatchard analysis of EGF binding to placental tissue raised the possibility of high and low affinity receptors, a statistical analysis of the ligand binding data was consistent with the presence of only one type of EGF receptor. The overall affinity of the receptors did not change with stage of gestation. However, the concentration of EGF receptors was lower in placental tissue on day 17 than on days 14 or 20 of gestation; the receptor concentrations were similar on days 14 and 20. It is suggested that EGF binding to the placenta, amnion, and yolk sac may reflect the levels of cell proliferation in those tissues in the latter part of gestation.

Schistosoma mansoni: antigen preparations which induce antibodies to schistosomula surface antigens

To determine the easiest method of raising antibodies to antigens exposed on the surface of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni, several crude preparations of the parasite were used to immunize mice. Schistosomula released products, whole worm homogenate, and parasite eggs all raised antibodies which bound to the surface of live schistosomula, although the anti-egg antiserum did so less strongly. Anti-schistosomula released products antiserum recognized three schistosomula surface antigens of Mr 15,000, 20,000, and 32,000, anti-whole worm homogenate recognized 20,000, 32,000, and 38,000 Mr surface antigens, and anti-egg recognized a less than 200,000 Mr surface antigen. None of these antigens was recognized when the labeled preparation was immunoprecipitated with its homologous antiserum. When these antisera were used to immunoprecipitate cell free translation products of adult worm RNA, the antischistosomula released products and anti-whole worm homogenate recognized an 11,000 Mr doublet while the anti-egg precipitated 14,000 and 44,000 Mr antigens. Other crude preparations were used to immunize rabbits; Formalin-fixed schistosomula, denuded adult worms, and purified worm tegument all induced antibodies which recognized the 20,000, 32,000, and 38,000 Mr schistosomula surface antigens.