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Sun R, Balabanova A, Bajada CJ, Liu Y, Kriuchok M, Voolma SR, Đurić M, Mayer CH, Constantinou M, Chichua M, Li C, Foster-Estwick A, Borg K, Hill C, Kaushal R, Diwan K, Vitale V, Engels T, Aminudin R, Ursu I, Fadhlia TN, Wu YJ, Sekaja L, Hadchity M, Deak A, Sharaf S, Figueras P, Kaziboni A, Whiston A, Ioumpa K, Montelongo A, Pauw L, Pavarini G, Vedernikova E, Vu T, Nummenmaa L, Cong YQ, Nikolic M, Olguin A, Hou WK, Israelashvili J, Koo HJ, Khademi S, Ukachukwu CG, Juma DO, Kamiloğlu RG, Makhmud A, Lunga PS, Rieble C, Rizwan M, Helmy M, Vuillier L, Manokara K, Quezada EC, Tserendamba D, Yoshie M, Du AH, Philip-Joe K, Kúld PB, Damani K, Osei-Tutu A, Sauter D. Emotional experiences and psychological well-being in 51 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotion 2024; 24:397-411. [PMID: 37616109 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents challenges to psychological well-being, but how can we predict when people suffer or cope during sustained stress? Here, we test the prediction that specific types of momentary emotional experiences are differently linked to psychological well-being during the pandemic. Study 1 used survey data collected from 24,221 participants in 51 countries during the COVID-19 outbreak. We show that, across countries, well-being is linked to individuals' recent emotional experiences, including calm, hope, anxiety, loneliness, and sadness. Consistent results are found in two age, sex, and ethnicity-representative samples in the United Kingdom (n = 971) and the United States (n = 961) with preregistered analyses (Study 2). A prospective 30-day daily diary study conducted in the United Kingdom (n = 110) confirms the key role of these five emotions and demonstrates that emotional experiences precede changes in well-being (Study 3). Our findings highlight differential relationships between specific types of momentary emotional experiences and well-being and point to the cultivation of calm and hope as candidate routes for well-being interventions during periods of sustained stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | | | - Claude Julien Bajada
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | | | | | - Mirna Đurić
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Claude-Hélène Mayer
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg
| | | | - Mariam Chichua
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS
| | | | | | - Kurt Borg
- Department of Public Policy, Faculty of Economics, Management & Accountancy, University of Malta
| | - Carin Hill
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg
| | - Rishabh Kaushal
- Department of Information Technology, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women
| | - Ketaki Diwan
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
| | - Valeria Vitale
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Rabiah Aminudin
- Department of Political Science, International Islamic University Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yi-Jung Wu
- Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Lusanda Sekaja
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg
| | | | - Anita Deak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs
| | | | - Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London
| | - Anthony Kaziboni
- Institute for the Future of Knowledge, University of Johannesburg
| | | | - Kalliopi Ioumpa
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
| | - Alfredo Montelongo
- Operations Research Department, Management School, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Lisanne Pauw
- Department of Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University
| | | | | | - TuongVan Vu
- Department of Clinical, Neuro-, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | - Yong-Qi Cong
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | - Milica Nikolic
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
| | | | - Wai Kai Hou
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Psychosocial Health, Education University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Hyunjin J Koo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mai Helmy
- Psychology Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University
| | | | | | | | | | - Michiko Yoshie
- Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
| | - Amy H Du
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
| | | | - Pála Björk Kúld
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
| | | | | | - Disa Sauter
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
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Cayuso R, Figueras P, França T, Lehner L. Self-Consistent Modeling of Gravitational Theories beyond General Relativity. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:111403. [PMID: 37774295 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.111403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of extensions to general relativity (GR) display mathematical pathologies-higher derivatives, character change in equations that can be classified within partial differential equation theory, and even unclassifiable ones-that cause severe difficulties to study them, especially in dynamical regimes. We present here an approach that enables their consistent treatment and extraction of physical consequences. We illustrate this method in the context of single and merging black holes in a highly challenging beyond GR theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Cayuso
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago França
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Lehner
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
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Saló LA, Clough K, Figueras P. Well-Posedness of the Four-Derivative Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravity in Singularity Avoiding Coordinates. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:261104. [PMID: 36608187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.261104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We show that the most general scalar-tensor theory of gravity up to four derivatives in 3+1 dimensions is well-posed in a modified version of the CCZ4 formulation of the Einstein equations in singularity-avoiding coordinates. We demonstrate the robustness of our new formulation in practice by studying equal mass black hole binary mergers for different values of the coupling constants. Although our analysis of well-posedness is restricted to cases in which the couplings are small, we find that in simulations we are able to push the couplings to larger values, so that a certain weak coupling condition is order one, without instabilities developing. Our Letter provides the means for such simulations to be undertaken by the many numerical relativity codes that rely on the moving puncture gauge to evolve black hole singularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llibert Aresté Saló
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Clough
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Bantilan H, Figueras P, Mateos D. Real-Time Dynamics of Plasma Balls from Holography. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:191601. [PMID: 32469546 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasma balls are droplets of deconfined plasma surrounded by a confining vacuum. We present the first holographic simulation of their real-time evolution via the dynamics of localized, finite-energy black holes in the five-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) soliton background. The dual gauge theory is four-dimensional N=4 super Yang-Mills theory compactified on a circle with supersymmetry-breaking boundary conditions. We consider horizonless initial data sourced by a massless scalar field. Prompt scalar field collapse produces an excited black hole at the bottom of the geometry together with gravitational and scalar radiation. The radiation disperses to infinity in the noncompact directions and corresponds to particle production in the dual gauge theory. The black hole evolves toward the dual of an equilibrium plasma ball on a time scale longer than naively expected. This feature is a direct consequence of confinement and is caused by long-lived, periodic disturbances bouncing between the bottom of the AdS soliton and the AdS boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bantilan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - David Mateos
- Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica and Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICC), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, ES-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Bantilan H, Figueras P, Kunesch M, Romatschke P. Nonspherically Symmetric Collapse in Asymptotically AdS Spacetimes. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:191103. [PMID: 29219506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.191103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We numerically simulate gravitational collapse in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes away from spherical symmetry. Starting from initial data sourced by a massless real scalar field, we solve the Einstein equations with a negative cosmological constant in five spacetime dimensions and obtain a family of nonspherically symmetric solutions, including those that form two distinct black holes on the axis. We find that these configurations collapse faster than spherically symmetric ones of the same mass and radial compactness. Similarly, they require less mass to collapse within a fixed time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bantilan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research in String Theory, School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kunesch
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Romatschke
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Figueras P, Kunesch M, Lehner L, Tunyasuvunakool S. End Point of the Ultraspinning Instability and Violation of Cosmic Censorship. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:151103. [PMID: 28452541 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.151103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We determine the end point of the axisymmetric ultraspinning instability of asymptotically flat Myers-Perry black holes in D=6 spacetime dimensions. In the nonlinear regime, this instability gives rise to a sequence of concentric rings connected by segments of black membrane on the rotation plane. The latter become thinner over time, resulting in the formation of a naked singularity in finite asymptotic time and hence a violation of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture in asymptotically flat higher-dimensional spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kunesch
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Lehner
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Saran Tunyasuvunakool
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Figueras P, Kunesch M, Tunyasuvunakool S. End Point of Black Ring Instabilities and the Weak Cosmic Censorship Conjecture. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:071102. [PMID: 26943525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.071102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We produce the first concrete evidence that violation of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture can occur in asymptotically flat spaces of five dimensions by numerically evolving perturbed black rings. For certain thin rings, we identify a new, elastic-type instability dominating the evolution, causing the system to settle to a spherical black hole. However, for sufficiently thin rings the Gregory-Laflamme mode is dominant, and the instability unfolds similarly to that of black strings, where the horizon develops a structure of bulges connected by necks which become ever thinner over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Figueras
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kunesch
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Saran Tunyasuvunakool
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Figueras P, Wiseman T. Stationary holographic plasma quenches and numerical methods for non-killing horizons. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:171602. [PMID: 23679705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.171602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We explore use of the harmonic Einstein equations to numerically find stationary black holes where the problem is posed on an ingoing slice that extends into the interior of the black hole. Requiring no boundary conditions at the horizon beyond smoothness of the metric, this method may be applied for horizons that are not Killing. As a nontrivial illustration we find black holes which, via AdS-CFT, describe a time-independent CFT plasma flowing through a static spacetime which asymptotes to Minkowski in the flow's past and future, with a varying spatial geometry in between. These are the first nonperturbative examples of stationary black holes which do not have Killing horizons. When the CFT spacetime slowly varies, the CFT stress tensor derived from gravity is well described by viscous hydrodynamics. For fast variation it is not, and the solutions are stationary analogs of dynamical quenches, with the plasma being suddenly driven out of equilibrium. We find evidence these flows become unstable for sufficiently strong quenches, and speculate the instability may be turbulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Figueras
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We show how to construct low energy solutions to the Randall-Sundrum II (RSII) model by using an associated five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS(5)) and/or four-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT(4)) problem. The RSII solution is given as a perturbation of the AdS(5)-CFT(4) solution, with the perturbation parameter being the radius of curvature of the brane metric compared to the AdS length ℓ. The brane metric is then a specific perturbation of the AdS(5)-CFT(4) boundary metric. For low curvatures the RSII solution reproduces 4D general relativity on the brane. Recently, AdS(5)-CFT(4) solutions with a 4D Schwarzschild boundary metric were numerically constructed. We modify the boundary conditions to numerically construct large RSII static black holes with radius up to ~20ℓ. For a large radius, the RSII solutions are indeed close to the associated AdS(5)-CFT(4) solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Figueras
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Tejada Artigas A, Bello Dronda S, Chacón Vallés E, Muñoz Marco J, Villuendas Usón MC, Figueras P, Suarez FJ, Hernández A. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:304-9. [PMID: 11246310 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200102000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill trauma patients. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The trauma intensive care unit (ICU) of a 1500-bed tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS All critically ill trauma patients (n = 103) admitted consecutively between November 1995 and October 1996. INTERVENTIONS A comparison of data recorded at the time of ICU admission and during the clinical evolution in patients with (n = 23) and without (n = 80) nosocomial pneumonia was made. Data referred mainly to possible risk factors were recorded; they also included factors related to pneumonia etiology and evolutive factors. Predictors of nosocomial pneumonia were assessed by logistic regression analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The presence of significant growth on quantitative cultures of the protected specimen brush (> or = 103 colony forming units/mL) was required to accept pneumonia as microbiologically proven, as well as the concurrence of a cohort of clinical and radiologic signs. Twenty-three (22.3%) patients developed nosocomial pneumonia. The mean age of these patients was 41.7 yrs; 18 of them (78.3%) were men. The microorganisms isolated in significant concentrations were Acinetobacter baumanii (ten cases), Staphylococcus aureus (11 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (five cases), Haemophilus influenzae (two cases), and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus intermedius (one case each one). Risk factors for pneumonia by univariate analysis included nasogastric tube; continuous enteral feeding; prolonged mechanical ventilation (>1 day); use of H2-receptor antagonist, sucralfate, muscle relaxants, corticosteroids, barbiturates, and inotropic agents; positive end-expiratory pressure; intense sedation; re-intubation; tracheotomy; urgent brain computed tomography (CT) scan; craniotomy; iatrogenic event; and hyperventilation. The mortality rate was 43.5% (10 of 23) in the nosocomial pneumonia group and 18.8% in patients without nosocomial pneumonia (p =.02). Also, the mean stay in the ICU, the therapeutic charge (measured with total and mean punctuation of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System) and the complications, infectious and noninfectious, of the clinical evolution were significantly more frequent in patients with nosocomial pneumonia than in those without pneumonia (p <.05). In the multivariate analysis, continuous enteral feeding, craniotomy, prolonged mechanical ventilation (>24 hrs), use of positive end-expiratory pressure, and corticotherapy were independent predictors of nosocomial pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS It seems that factors related to the patient's clinical course, rather than variables registered on the first days of ICU admission, are those that would exert an influence on the development of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill trauma patients. In this way, from our point of view, in our study the main risk factors are the use of prolonged mechanical ventilation (>4 hrs) and positive end-expiratory pressure. At the same time, we can conclude that the reduction of this infection incidence could decrease the mean stay in the ICU, the therapeutic charge, and the prognosis in terms of mortality and morbidity.
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Martínez-Alvarez R, Figueras P, Sanjuán F, Ramos C, Pascual A, Arazo P. [Respiratory cryptosporidiosis as first manifestation of AIDS]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1996; 14:336-7. [PMID: 8744383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ayuso Blanco T, Martín Martínez J, Figueras P, Velilla Marco J, Monzón Monguilod MJ. [Chronic polyneuropathy due to vitamin E deficiency]. Neurologia 1994; 9:300-2. [PMID: 7946427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E deficiency has been implicated as a causal factor in neurological disease for some time. Nevertheless, only in the last 10 years have we begun to understand the role this vitamin plays in the normal functioning and structure of the nervous system. Chronic fat malabsorption syndromes are the most common causes of low levels of this highly fat-soluble vitamin. We present a case of chronic polyneuropathy due to vitamin E deficiency caused by malabsorption in which a biliary-cholonic fistula was present. Plasma tocopherol levels were normalized by parenteral substitution, leading to substantial clinical improvement. We suggest that vitamin E levels be determined in cases of digestive disorders involving malabsorption of fats and in chronic neurological diseases, particularly spinal-cerebral degenerative and polyneuropathic diseases that are mainly sensory or motor-sensory in nature, given the potential reversibility of these disorders when caused by vitamin E deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ayuso Blanco
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza
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