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Weller S, Li X, Petersen LR, Kempen P, Clergeaud G, Andresen TL. Influence of different conjugation methods for activating antibodies on polymeric nanoparticles: Effects for polyclonal expansion of human CD8+ T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111643. [PMID: 38340420 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Particle-based systems have become a state-of-the-art method for in vitro expanding cytotoxic T cells by tailoring their surface with activating molecules. However, commonly used methods utilize facile carbodiimide chemistry leading to uncontrolled orientation of the immobilized antibodies on the particle surface that can lead to poor binding to target cells. To address this, selective coupling strategies utilizing regioselective chemical groups such as disulfide bridges offer a simple approach. In this work we present a set of methods to investigate the effect of polymeric nanoparticles, conjugated with either regioselective- or randomly-immobilized antiCD3 and antiCD28 antibodies, on the activation potential, expansion and expression of activation markers in T cells. We show that nanoparticles with well-oriented monovalent antibodies conjugated via maleimide require fewer ligands on the surface to efficiently expand T cells compared to bivalent antibodies randomly-immobilized via carbodiimide conjugation. Analysis of the T cell expression markers reveal that the T cell phenotype can be fine-tuned by adjusting the surface density of well-oriented antibodies, while randomly immobilized antibodies showed no differences despite their ligand density. Both conjugation techniques induced cytotoxic T cells, evidenced by analyzing their Granzyme B secretion. Furthermore, antibody orientation affects the immunological synapse and T cell activation by changing the calcium influx profile upon activation. Nanoparticles with well-oriented antibodies showed lower calcium influx compared to their bivalent randomly-immobilized counterparts. These results highlight the importance of controlling the antibody density and orientation on the nanoparticle surface via controlled coupling chemistries, helping to develop improved particle-based expansion protocols to enhance T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Weller
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars R Petersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gael Clergeaud
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Gu L, Xiao X, Zhao G, Kempen P, Zhao S, Liu J, Lee SY, Solem C. Rewiring the respiratory pathway of Lactococcus lactis to enhance extracellular electron transfer. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1277-1292. [PMID: 36860178 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis, a lactic acid bacterium with a typical fermentative metabolism, can also use oxygen as an extracellular electron acceptor. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that L. lactis blocked in NAD+ regeneration can use the alternative electron acceptor ferricyanide to support growth. By electrochemical analysis and characterization of strains carrying mutations in the respiratory chain, we pinpoint the essential role of the NADH dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphtoquinone in extracellular electron transfer (EET) and uncover the underlying pathway systematically. Ferricyanide respiration has unexpected effects on L. lactis, e.g., we find that morphology is altered from the normal coccoid to a more rod shaped appearance, and that acid resistance is increased. Using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), we successfully enhance the capacity for EET. Whole-genome sequencing reveals the underlying reason for the observed enhanced EET capacity to be a late-stage blocking of menaquinone biosynthesis. The perspectives of the study are numerous, especially within food fermentation and microbiome engineering, where EET can help relieve oxidative stress, promote growth of oxygen sensitive microorganisms and play critical roles in shaping microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyan Gu
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ge Zhao
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shuangqing Zhao
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jianming Liu
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Tadesse BT, Zhao G, Kempen P, Solem C. Consolidated Bioprocessing in a Dairy Setting─Concurrent Yoghurt Fermentation and Lactose Hydrolysis without Using Lactase Enzymes. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11623-11630. [PMID: 36057098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a fast-growing lactic acid bacterium (LAB) used in yoghurt and cheese manufacturing. Recently, we reported how this bacterium could serve as a cell catalyst for hydrolyzing lactose when permeabilized by nisin A. To enhance the lactose hydrolyzing activity of S. thermophilus, we mutated a dairy strain and screened for variants with elevated β-galactosidase activity. Two isolates, ST30-8 and ST95, had 2.4-fold higher activity. Surprisingly, both strains were able to hydrolyze lactose when used as whole-cell lactase catalysts without permeabilization, and ST30-8 hydrolyzed 30 g/L lactose in 6 h at 50 °C using 0.18 g/L cells. Moreover, both strains hydrolyzed lactose while growing in milk. Genome sequencing revealed a mutation in l-lactate dehydrogenase, which we believe hampers growth and increases the capacity of S. thermophilus to hydrolyze lactose. Our findings will allow production of sweet lactose-reduced yoghurt without the use of costly purified lactase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tilahun Tadesse
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ge Zhao
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Ramos-Viana V, Møller-Hansen I, Kempen P, Borodina I. Modulation of the cell wall protein Ecm33p in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves the production of small metabolites. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6654878. [PMID: 35922083 PMCID: PMC9440718 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a dynamic organelle that determines the shape and provides the cell with mechanical strength. This study investigated whether modulation of cell wall composition can influence the production or secretion of small metabolites by yeast cell factories. We deleted and upregulated several cell wall-related genes KRE2, CWP1, CWP2, ECM33, PUN1, and LAS21 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for p-coumaric acid or β-carotene production. Deletions of las21∆ and ecm33∆ impaired the yeast growth on medium with cell wall stressors, calcofluor white, and caffeine. Both overexpression and deletion of ECM33 significantly improved the specific yield of p-coumaric acid and β-carotene. We observed no change in secretion in any cell wall altered mutants, suggesting the cell wall is not a limiting factor for small molecule secretion at the current production levels. We evaluated the cell wall morphology of the ECM33 mutant strains using transmission electron microscopy. The ecm33∆ mutants had an increased chitin deposition and a less structured cell wall, while the opposite was observed in ECM33-overexpressing strains. Our results point at the cell wall-related gene ECM33 as a potential target for improving production in engineered yeast cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramos-Viana
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Iben Møller-Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Li X, Halldórsdóttir HR, Weller S, Colliander A, Bak M, Kempen P, Clergeaud G, Andresen TL. Enhancing Adoptive Cell Therapy by T Cell Loading of SHP2 Inhibitor Nanocrystals before Infusion. ACS Nano 2022; 16:10918-10930. [PMID: 35838499 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whereas adoptive T cell therapy has been extensively studied for cancer treatment, the response is still limited primarily due to immune dysfunction related to poor cell engraftment, tumor infiltration and engagement, and lack of a target. In addition, the modification of therapeutic T cells often suffers from being complex and expensive. Here, we present a strategy to load T cells with SHP099, an allosteric SHP2 inhibitor, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the T cells. Remote-loading of SHP099 into lipid nanoparticles decorated with triarginine motifs resulted in nanocrystal formation of SHP099 inside the lipid vesicles and allowed high loading efficiency and prolonged retention of SHP099 nanocrystals within T cells. Cell-loaded SHP099 enabled sustained inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling and increased cytolytic activity of the T cells. We show in a mouse model that tumor-homing T cells can circulate with the cargos, improving their tumor accumulation compared to systemically administered lipid nanoparticles. On an established solid tumor model, adoptively transferred SHP099 loaded T cells induced complete tumor eradication and durable immune memory against tumor rechallenging on all treated mice by effectively inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint signal. We demonstrate that the combination of T cell therapy with SHP2 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy, and the lipid nanocrystal platform could be generalized as a promising approach for T cell loading of immunomodulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Sven Weller
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Colliander
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Bak
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gael Clergeaud
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Björgvinsdóttir UJ, Carstensen LS, Colliander A, Jæhger DE, Veiga GC, Halldórsdóttir HR, Jørgensen MS, Christensen E, Vangsgaard S, Koukos A, Bak M, Kempen P, Andresen TL. 771 Novel lipid nanoparticle vaccine platform for efficient delivery of high- and low-affinity epitopes. J Immunother Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTherapeutic cancer vaccines represent an intriguing approach to cancer immunotherapy and they have been widely explored for the last decade. As opposed to standard modalities, such as surgery and chemotherapy, an effective vaccine-based immune response may provide protection against metastatic disease. Peptide based vaccines can elicit a highly targeted immune response and include a simple, fast and cost-effective production due to recent developments in solid phase peptide synthesis. Recent development within the field of COVID-19 vaccines has highlighted the use of lipid nanoparticles as an effective drug delivery system for vaccination. Incorporation of peptide antigens into engineered micro- and nanoparticles enables induction of a potent T cell response, partly attributed to prolonged and improved antigen presentation by dendritic cells after particle internalization. Peptide-based vaccines are often based on delivery of high-affinity T cell model epitopes. However, the therapeutic relevance of vaccination with low-affinity epitopes is gaining increasing support following the observation that high-affinity epitopes can promote T cell exhaustion resulting from excessive T cell receptor stimulation. Here, we characterize and evaluate a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine platform that is suited for delivery of both high- and low-affinity epitopes in the setting of therapeutic cancer vaccination.MethodsLNPs were formulated to carry high- or low-affinity peptide epitopes from Ovalbumin (OVA) in conjunction with the TLR7 agonist 1V270. The peptides were anchored to the surface of the LNPs via a reducible DSPE-PEG2000 linker system. The therapeutic vaccine platform was evaluated in vivo both as a monotherapy and in combination with adoptive transfer of OT-I T cells in the syngeneic B16-OVA murine melanoma model.ResultsThe LNP vaccine promotes efficient antigen-release and ensures high, continuous antigen-presentation by antigen-presenting cells. While the LNPs can be administered via multiple routes, intratumoral vaccination favors enhanced particle uptake in dendritic cells in the tumor. Formulated with either high- or low-affinity epitopes, intratumorally delivered vaccine particles promote superior tumor-infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells, which translates into potent anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Finally, we show that vaccination with both CD8+ and CD4+ epitopes can delay tumor growth and prolong survival in an antigen-dependent manner.ConclusionsThis study presents a versatile and multi-purpose LNP vaccine platform that ensures effective delivery of high- and low-affinity epitopes. Intratumoral administration promotes vaccine particle uptake by intratumoral dendritic cells, which is followed by T cell infiltration and anti-tumor efficacy in vivo.Ethics ApprovalAll animal procedures were approved by the Danish National Animal Experiments Inspectorate.
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7
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Liu X, Jansman MMT, Li W, Kempen P, Thulstrup PW, Hosta-Rigau L. Metal-organic framework-based oxygen carriers with antioxidant protection as a result of a polydopamine coating. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7257-7274. [PMID: 34608905 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid haemorrhage control to restore tissue oxygenation is essential in order to improve survival following traumatic injury. To this end, the current clinical standard relies on the timely administration of donor blood. However, limited availability and portability, special storage requirements, the need for blood type matching and risks of disease transmission result in severe logistical challenges, impeding the use of donor blood in pre-hospital scenarios. Therefore, great effort has been devoted to the development of haemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), which could be used as a "bridge" to maintain tissue oxygenation until hospital admission. HBOCs hold the potential to diminish the deleterious effects of acute bleeding and associated mortality rates. We recently presented a novel HBOC, consisting of Hb-loaded metal organic framework (MOF)-based nanoparticles (NPs) (MOFHb-NPs), and demonstrated its ability to reversibly bind and release oxygen. However, a long standing challenge when developing HBOCs is that, over time, Hb oxidizes to non-functional methaemoglobin (metHb). Herein, we address this challenge by modifying the surface of the as-prepared MOFHb-NPs with an antioxidant polydopamine (PDA) coating. The conditions promoting the greatest PDA deposition are first optimized. Next, the ability of the resulting PDA-coated MOFHb-NPs to scavenge important reactive oxygen species is demonstrated both in a test tube and in the presence of two relevant cell lines (i.e., macrophages and endothelial cells). Importantly, this antioxidant protection translates into minimal metHb conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- DTU Health Tech, Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, B423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Michelle M T Jansman
- DTU Health Tech, Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, B423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Wengang Li
- EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, PO13889, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul Kempen
- DTU Nanolab, National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization Technical University of Denmark, Ørseds Plads, Building 347, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter W Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech, Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, B423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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8
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Jansman MMT, Liu X, Kempen P, Clergeaud G, Andresen TL, Thulstrup PW, Hosta-Rigau L. Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers Incorporating Nanozymes for the Depletion of Reactive Oxygen Species. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:50275-50286. [PMID: 33124811 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While transfusion of donor blood is a reasonably safe and well-established procedure, artificial oxygen carriers offer several advantages over blood transfusions. These benefits include compatibility with all blood types, thus avoiding the need for cross matching, availability, lack of infection, and long-term storage. Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are being explored as an "oxygen bridge" to replace or complement standard blood transfusions in extreme, life-threatening situations such as trauma in remote locations or austere battlefield or when blood is not an option due to compatibility issues or patient refusal due to religious objections. Herein, a novel HBOC was prepared using the layer-by-layer technique. A poly(lactide-co-glycolide) core was fabricated and subsequently decorated with Hb and nanozymes. The Hb was coated with poly(dopamine), and preservation of the protein structure and functionality was demonstrated. Next, cerium oxide nanoparticles were incorporated as nanozymes, and their ability to deplete reactive oxygen species (ROS) was shown. Finally, decorating the nanocarrier surface with poly(ethylene glycol) decreased protein adsorption and cell association/uptake. The as-prepared Hb-based oxygen nanocarriers were shown to be hemo- and bio-compatible. Their catalytic potential was furthermore demonstrated in terms of superoxide radical- and peroxide-scavenging abilities, which were retained over multiple cycles. Overall, these results demonstrate that the reported nanocarriers show potential as novel oxygen delivery systems with prolonged catalytic activity against ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maria Theresia Jansman
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gael Clergeaud
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Waaben Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Hansen AE, Henriksen JR, Jølck RI, Fliedner FP, Bruun LM, Scherman J, Jensen AI, Munck af Rosenschöld P, Moorman L, Kurbegovic S, de Blanck SR, Larsen KR, Clementsen PF, Christensen AN, Clausen MH, Wang W, Kempen P, Christensen M, Viby NE, Persson G, Larsen R, Conradsen K, McEvoy FJ, Kjaer A, Eriksen T, Andresen TL. Multimodal soft tissue markers for bridging high-resolution diagnostic imaging with therapeutic intervention. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb5353. [PMID: 32875113 PMCID: PMC7438096 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging often outperforms the surgeon's ability to identify small structures during therapeutic procedures. Smart soft tissue markers that translate the sensitivity of diagnostic imaging into optimal therapeutic intervention are therefore highly warranted. This paper presents a unique adaptable liquid soft tissue marker system based on functionalized carbohydrates (Carbo-gel). The liquid state of these markers allows for high-precision placement under image guidance using thin needles. Based on step-by-step modifications, the image features and mechanical properties of markers can be optimized to bridge diagnostic imaging and specific therapeutic interventions. The performance of Carbo-gel is demonstrated for markers that (i) have radiographic, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound visibility; (ii) are palpable and visible; and (iii) are localizable by near-infrared fluorescence and radio guidance. The study demonstrates encouraging proof of concept for the liquid marker system as a well-tolerated multimodal imaging marker that can improve image-guided radiotherapy and surgical interventions, including robotic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E. Hansen
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jonas R. Henriksen
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Rasmus I. Jølck
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Frederikke P. Fliedner
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Linda M. Bruun
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jonas Scherman
- Radiation Physics, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund SE-222 42, Sweden
| | - Andreas I. Jensen
- DTU Health Technology, The Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Per. Munck af Rosenschöld
- Radiation Physics, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund SE-222 42, Sweden
| | - Lilah Moorman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Sorel Kurbegovic
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Steen R. de Blanck
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Klaus R. Larsen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital), Copenhagen DK-2400, Denmark
| | - Paul F. Clementsen
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Department of Internal Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anders N. Christensen
- DTU Compute, Section for Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Wenbo Wang
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Merete Christensen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Niels-Erik Viby
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gitte Persson
- Department of Oncology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Larsen
- DTU Compute, Section for Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Knut Conradsen
- DTU Compute, Section for Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Fintan J. McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- DTU Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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10
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Arta A, Eriksen AZ, Melander F, Kempen P, Larsen M, Andresen TL, Urquhart AJ. Endothelial Protein C-Targeting Liposomes Show Enhanced Uptake and Improved Therapeutic Efficacy in Human Retinal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2119-2132. [PMID: 29677376 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) express the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and to realize its potential as a targeting moiety by developing novel single and dual corticosteroid-loaded functionalized liposomes that exhibit both enhanced uptake by HRECs and superior biologic activity compared to nontargeting liposomes and free drug. Methods EPCR expression of HRECs was investigated through flow cytometry and Western blot assays. EPCR-targeting liposomes were developed by functionalizing EPCR-specific antibodies onto liposomes, and the uptake of liposomes was assessed with flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The therapeutic potential of EPCR-targeting liposomes was determined by loading them with prednisolone either through bilayer insertion and/or by remote loading into the aqueous core. The carrier efficacy was assessed in two ways through its ability to inhibit secretion of interleukins in cells stimulated with high glucose and angiogenesis in vitro by using an endothelial cell tube formation assay. Results HRECs express EPCR at a similar level in both human aortic and umbilic vein endothelial cells. The EPCR-targeting liposomes displayed at least a 3-fold higher uptake compared to nontargeting liposomes. This enhanced uptake was translated into superior anti-inflammatory efficacy, as the corticosteroid-loaded EPCR-targeting liposomes significantly reduced the secretion of IL-8 and IL-6 and inhibited the development of cell tube formations in contrast to nontargeting liposomes. Conclusions We show that HRECs express EPCR and this receptor could be a promising nanomedicine target in ocular diseases where the endothelial barrier of the retina is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthoula Arta
- Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Z Eriksen
- Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Melander
- Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Urquhart
- Department for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Engudar G, Schaarup-Jensen H, Fliedner FP, Hansen AE, Kempen P, Jølck RI, Kjæer A, Andresen TL, Clausen MH, Jensen AI, Henriksen JR. Remote loading of liposomes with a 124I-radioiodinated compound and their in vivo evaluation by PET/CT in a murine tumor model. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5828-5841. [PMID: 30613265 PMCID: PMC6299439 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long circulating liposomes entrapping iodinated and radioiodinated compounds offer a highly versatile theranostic platform. Here we report a new methodology for efficient and high-yield loading of such compounds into liposomes, enabling CT/SPECT/PET imaging and 131I-radiotherapy. Methods: The CT contrast agent diatrizoate was synthetically functionalized with a primary amine, which enabled its remote loading into PEGylated liposomes by either an ammonium sulfate- or a citrate-based pH transmembrane gradient. Further, the amino-diatrizoate was radiolabeled with either 124I (t1/2 = 4.18 days) for PET or 125I (t1/2 = 59.5 days) for SPECT, through an aromatic Finkelstein reaction. Results: Quantitative loading efficiencies (>99%) were achieved at optimized conditions. The 124I-labeled compound was remote-loaded into liposomes, with an overall radiolabeling efficiency of 77 ± 1%, and imaged in vivo in a CT26 murine colon cancer tumor model by PET/CT. A prolonged blood circulation half-life of 19.5 h was observed for the radiolabeled liposomes, whereas injections of the free compound were rapidly cleared. Lower accumulation was observed in the spleen, liver, kidney and tumor than what is usually seen for long-circulating liposomes. Conclusion: The lower accumulation was interpreted as release of the tracer from the liposomes within these organs after accumulation. These results may guide the design of systems for controlled release of remote loadable drugs from liposomes.
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Stapelmann S, Kempen P, Kurz L. Application of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Staffing Model. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shuhendler AJ, Ye D, Brewer KD, Bazalova-Carter M, Lee KH, Kempen P, Dane Wittrup K, Graves EE, Rutt B, Rao J. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor Response to Therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14759. [PMID: 26440059 PMCID: PMC4594000 DOI: 10.1038/srep14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized cancer medicine requires measurement of therapeutic efficacy as early as possible, which is optimally achieved by three-dimensional imaging given the heterogeneity of cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can obtain images of both anatomy and cellular responses, if acquired with a molecular imaging contrast agent. The poor sensitivity of MRI has limited the development of activatable molecular MR contrast agents. To overcome this limitation of molecular MRI, a novel implementation of our caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation MRI (C-SNAM) contrast agent is reported. C-SNAM is triggered to self-assemble into nanoparticles in apoptotic tumor cells, and effectively amplifies molecular level changes through nanoaggregation, enhancing tissue retention and spin-lattice relaxivity. At one-tenth the current clinical dose of contrast agent, and following a single imaging session, C-SNAM MRI accurately measured the response of tumors to either metronomic chemotherapy or radiation therapy, where the degree of signal enhancement is prognostic of long-term therapeutic efficacy. Importantly, C-SNAM is inert to immune activation, permitting radiation therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Shuhendler
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Deju Ye
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kimberly D Brewer
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Magdalena Bazalova-Carter
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyun Lee
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Paul Kempen
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Brian Rutt
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Ye D, Pandit P, Kempen P, Lin J, Xiong L, Sinclair R, Rutt B, Rao J. Redox-triggered self-assembly of gadolinium-based MRI probes for sensing reducing environment. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1526-36. [PMID: 24992373 PMCID: PMC4140571 DOI: 10.1021/bc500254g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Controlled
self-assembly of small molecule gadolinium (Gd) complexes
into nanoparticles (GdNPs) is emerging as an effective approach to
design activatable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes and amplify
the r1 relaxivity. Herein, we employ a
reduction-controlled macrocyclization reaction and self-assembly to
develop a redox activated Gd-based MRI probe for sensing a reducing
environment. Upon disulfide reduction at physiological conditions,
an acyclic contrast agent 1 containing dual Gd-chelates
undergoes intramolecular macrocyclization to form rigid and hydrophobic
macrocycles, which subsequently self-assemble into GdNPs, resulting
in a ∼60% increase in r1 relaxivity
at 0.5 T. Probe 1 has high r1 relaxivity (up to 34.2 mM–1 s–1 per molecule at 0.5 T) upon activation, and also shows a high sensitivity
and specificity for MR detection of thiol-containing biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deju Ye
- Molecular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Smith BR, Kempen P, Bouley D, Xu A, Liu Z, Melosh N, Dai H, Sinclair R, Gambhir SS. Shape matters: intravital microscopy reveals surprising geometrical dependence for nanoparticles in tumor models of extravasation. Nano Lett 2012; 12:3369-77. [PMID: 22650417 PMCID: PMC3495189 DOI: 10.1021/nl204175t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Delivery is one of the most critical obstacles confronting nanoparticle use in cancer diagnosis and therapy. For most oncological applications, nanoparticles must extravasate in order to reach tumor cells and perform their designated task. However, little understanding exists regarding the effect of nanoparticle shape on extravasation. Herein we use real-time intravital microscopic imaging to meticulously examine how two different nanoparticles behave across three different murine tumor models. The study quantitatively demonstrates that high-aspect ratio single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) display extravasational behavior surprisingly different from, and counterintuitive to, spherical nanoparticles although the nanoparticles have similar surface coatings, area, and charge. This work quantitatively indicates that nanoscale extravasational competence is highly dependent on nanoparticle geometry and is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ronain Smith
- Radiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Zavaleta CL, Hartman KB, Miao Z, James ML, Kempen P, Thakor AS, Nielsen CH, Sinclair R, Cheng Z, Gambhir SS. Preclinical evaluation of Raman nanoparticle biodistribution for their potential use in clinical endoscopy imaging. Small 2011; 7:2232-40. [PMID: 21608124 PMCID: PMC4151626 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Raman imaging offers unsurpassed sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. However, its limited depth of light penetration makes direct clinical translation challenging. Therefore, a more suitable way to harness its attributes in a clinical setting would be to couple Raman spectroscopy with endoscopy. The use of an accessory Raman endoscope in conjunction with topically administered tumor-targeting Raman nanoparticles during a routine colonoscopy could offer a new way to sensitively detect dysplastic lesions while circumventing Raman's limited depth of penetration and avoiding systemic toxicity. In this study, the natural biodistribution of gold surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles is evaluated by radiolabeling them with (64) Cu and imaging their localization over time using micropositron emission tomography (PET). Mice are injected either intravenously (IV) or intrarectally (IR) with approximately 100 microcuries (μCi) (3.7 megabecquerel (MBq)) of (64) Cu-SERS nanoparticles and imaged with microPET at various time points post injection. Quantitative biodistribution data are obtained as % injected dose per gram (%ID g(-1)) from each organ, and the results correlate well with the corresponding microPET images, revealing that IV-injected mice have significantly higher uptake (p < 0.05) in the liver (5 h = 8.96% ID g(-1); 24 h = 8.27% ID g(-1)) than IR-injected mice (5 h = 0.09% ID g(-1); 24 h = 0.08% ID g(-1)). IR-injected mice show localized uptake in the large intestine (5 h = 10.37% ID g(-1); 24 h = 0.42% ID g(-1)) with minimal uptake in other organs. Raman imaging of excised tissues correlate well with biodistribution data. These results suggest that the topical application of SERS nanoparticles in the mouse colon appears to minimize their systemic distribution, thus avoiding potential toxicity and supporting the clinical translation of Raman spectroscopy as an endoscopic imaging tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L. Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948
| | - Keith B. Hartman
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948
| | - Zheng Miao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948
| | - Michelle L. James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948
| | - Paul Kempen
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University 416, Escondido Mall, Building 550, 94305-2205, USA
| | - Avnesh S. Thakor
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948
| | - Carsten H. Nielsen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948. Cluster for Molecular Imaging & Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University 416, Escondido Mall, Building 550, 94305-2205, USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305, USA, Ph: 650–725-2309; Fax: 650–724-4948. Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Thakor AS, Luong R, Paulmurugan R, Lin FI, Kempen P, Zavaleta C, Chu P, Massoud TF, Sinclair R, Gambhir SS. The fate and toxicity of Raman-active silica-gold nanoparticles in mice. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:79ra33. [PMID: 21508310 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an optical imaging method that is based on the Raman effect, the inelastic scattering of a photon when energy is absorbed from light by a surface. Although Raman spectroscopy is widely used for chemical and molecular analysis, its clinical application has been hindered by the inherently weak nature of the Raman effect. Raman-silica-gold-nanoparticles (R-Si-Au-NPs) overcome this limitation by producing larger Raman signals through surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Because we are developing these particles for use as targeted molecular imaging agents, we examined the acute toxicity and biodistribution of core polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ylated R-Si-Au-NPs after different routes of administration in mice. After intravenous administration, PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs were removed from the circulation by macrophages in the liver and spleen (that is, the reticuloendothelial system). At 24 hours, PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs elicited a mild inflammatory response and an increase in oxidative stress in the liver, which subsided by 2 weeks after administration. No evidence of significant toxicity was observed by measuring clinical, histological, biochemical, or cardiovascular parameters for 2 weeks. Because we are designing targeted PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs (for example, PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs labeled with an affibody that binds specifically to the epidermal growth factor receptor) to detect colorectal cancer after administration into the bowel lumen, we tested the toxicity of the core nanoparticle after administration per rectum. We observed no significant bowel or systemic toxicity, and no PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs were detected systemically. Although additional studies are required to investigate the long-term effects of PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs and their toxicity when carrying the targeting moiety, the results presented here support the idea that PEG-R-Si-Au-NPs can be safely used in living subjects, especially when administered rectally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnesh S Thakor
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA
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Thakor AS, Paulmurugan R, Kempen P, Zavaleta C, Sinclair R, Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Oxidative stress mediates the effects of Raman-active gold nanoparticles in human cells. Small 2011; 7:126-36. [PMID: 21104804 PMCID: PMC4154816 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated Raman-active gold nanoparticles (PEG-R-AuNPs) consist of an interchangeable Raman organic molecule layer held onto a gold nanocore by a silica shell. PEG-R-AuNPs have been shown preclinically to increase the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy, with picomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. Although clinical trials are being designed to use functionalized PEG-R-AuNPs in various applications (e.g., to target dysplastic bowel lesions during colonoscopy), the effects of these nanoparticles on human cells remain unknown. The occurrence and mechanisms underlying any potential cytotoxicity induced by these nanoparticles (0-1000 PEG-R-AuNPs/cell) are investigated in immortalized human HeLa and HepG2 cell lines at several time points (0-48 h) after exposure. Using fluorometric assays, cell viability (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (dichlorofluorescein diacetate), protein oxidation (protein carbonyl content), and total cellular antioxidant concentrations the concentrations (metmyoblobin-induced oxidation of ABTS) are assessed. Analysis of lipid oxidation using an enzyme immunoassay (8-isoprostane concentrations), gene expression of antioxidant enzymes using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, and the intracellular location of PEG-R-AuNPs using transmission electron microscopy is also undertaken. PEG-R-AuNPs cause no cytotoxicity in either HeLa or HepG2 cells in the acute setting as ROS generation is balanced by antioxidant enzyme upregulation. Following prolonged exposures (48 h) at relatively high concentrations (1000 PEG-R-AuNPs/cell), nanoparticles are found within vesicles inside cells. Under these conditions, a minimal amount of cytotoxicity is seen in both cell lines owing to increases in cellular oxidative stress, most likely due to ROS overwhelming the antioxidant defenses. Evidence of oxidative stress-induced damage includes increased lipid and protein oxidation. Although further in vivo toxicity studies are necessary, these initial encouraging results show that PEG-R-AuNPs cause minimal toxicity in human cells in the acute setting, which bodes well for potential future applications of these nanoparticles in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnesh S. Thakor
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, The James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA. Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, The James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Stanford University CA 94305-5427, USA
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, The James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Stanford University CA 94305-5427, USA
| | - Tarik F. Massoud
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, The James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA. Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, The James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA. Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Stanford University CA 94305-5427, USA. Department of Bioengineering and Bio-X Program Stanford University CA 94305-5427, USA
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Kempen P. Takotsubo vs myocardial infarction—a new anesthetic dilemma? J Clin Anesth 2006; 18:641-2; author reply 642-4. [PMID: 17175439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Erbel R, Schweizer P, Meyer J, Krebs W, Kempen P. [Pressure-dimension analysis of the poststimulation potentiation--influence of heart rate and ventricular function (author's transl)]. Z Kardiol 1979; 68:809-20. [PMID: 543200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of poststimulation potentiation (PSP) was studied in 17 patients with coronary artery disease by simultaneous pressure-dimension analysis. The left ventricular pressure (LVP) was measured by catheter-tip-micromanometer and LV diameter by M-mode echocardiography. The pressure signals were digitised and analysed on line by 400 Hz. The pressure-dimension tracings were additionally analysed half-automatically. Measurements were done during right atrial pacing at 80, 120, 140 beats/min and during the poststimulation period. 1. Right atrial pacing increased the rate of LV pressure development (dp/dt max), the rate of pressure fall (dp/dt min), the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF mn), and fiber dilatation (vcf mx) dependent on heart rate and cardiac function. 2. LV enddiastolic diameter (LVEDD) reached during the first poststimulation period the starting point independent on pacing rate and cardiac function. LV enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) showed a slight overshoot. PSP resulted in an increase of LVP, dp/dt max, VCF mn, and the velocity of posterior wall motion, dp/dt min, VCF mx, and the velocity of posterior wall relaxation decreased, however, with the first post-stimulation beat. 3. The PSP was dependent on atrial pacing rate. The higher the pacing rate the higher the PSP. dp/dt max increased after cessation of 120/min for +29% and after 140/min for +38%. The PSP for the preload independent parameter of contractility, V-40, was, however, equal for both heart rates +25% and +28% respectively. 4. Another determinant of PSP was cardiac function. The PSP was relatively higher in patients with reduced ejection fraction than in patients with a normal ejection fraction: dp/dt max +55% and 25%, VCF mn +18% and +7% respectively. From the derived ventricular function curves, it could be shown, that atrial pacing reflected an increase in LV contractility (Bowditch effect), whereas PSP reflected an increase in LV performance by the Frank-Straub-Starling (Woodworth staircase) effect on a new left ventricular function curve, which was shifted to the left by atrial pacing.
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