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Handelsman Y, Anderson JE, Bakris GL, Ballantyne CM, Beckman JA, Bhatt DL, Bloomgarden ZT, Bozkurt B, Budoff MJ, Butler J, Dagogo-Jack S, de Boer IH, DeFronzo RA, Eckel RH, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Green JB, Grunberger G, Guerin C, Inzucchi SE, Jellinger PS, Kosiborod MN, Kushner P, Lepor N, Mende CW, Michos ED, Plutzky J, Taub PR, Umpierrez GE, Vaduganathan M, Weir MR. DCRM Multispecialty Practice Recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108101. [PMID: 34922811 PMCID: PMC9803322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and heart failure (HF)-along with their associated risk factors-have overlapping etiologies, and two or more of these conditions frequently occur in the same patient. Many recent cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) have demonstrated the benefits of agents originally developed to control T2D, ASCVD, or CKD risk factors, and these agents have transcended their primary indications to confer benefits across a range of conditions. This evolution in CVOT evidence calls for practice recommendations that are not constrained by a single discipline to help clinicians manage patients with complex conditions involving diabetes, cardiorenal, and/or metabolic (DCRM) diseases. The ultimate goal for these recommendations is to be comprehensive yet succinct and easy to follow by the nonexpert-whether a specialist or a primary care clinician. To meet this need, we formed a volunteer task force comprising leading cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, and primary care physicians to develop the DCRM Practice Recommendations, a multispecialty consensus on the comprehensive management of the patient with complicated metabolic disease. The task force recommendations are based on strong evidence and incorporate practical guidance that is clinically relevant and simple to implement, with the aim of improving outcomes in patients with DCRM. The recommendations are presented as 18 separate graphics covering lifestyle therapy, patient self-management education, technology for DCRM management, prediabetes, cognitive dysfunction, vaccinations, clinical tests, lipids, hypertension, anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy, antihyperglycemic therapy, hypoglycemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), ASCVD, HF, CKD, and comorbid HF and CKD, as well as a graphical summary of medications used for DCRM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Javed Butler
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert H Eckel
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Einhorn
- Scripps Whittier Institute for Diabetes, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - George Grunberger
- Grunberger Diabetes Institute, Bloomfield Hills, MI, USA, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chris Guerin
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul S Jellinger
- The Center for Diabetes & Endocrine Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Mikhail N Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Norman Lepor
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian W Mende
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pam R Taub
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew R Weir
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Handelsman Y, Jellinger PS, Guerin CK, Bloomgarden ZT, Brinton EA, Budoff MJ, Davidson MH, Einhorn D, Fazio S, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Krauss RM, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Smith DA, Wyne KL. Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Algorithm - 2020 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract 2021; 26:1196-1224. [PMID: 33471721 DOI: 10.4158/cs-2020-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of lipid disorders begins with lifestyle therapy to improve nutrition, physical activity, weight, and other factors that affect lipids. Secondary causes of lipid disorders should be addressed, and pharmacologic therapy initiated based on a patient's risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Patients at extreme ASCVD risk should be treated with high-intensity statin therapy to achieve a goal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of <55 mg/dL, and those at very high ASCVD risk should be treated to achieve LDL-C <70 mg/dL. Treatment for moderate and high ASCVD risk patients may begin with a moderate-intensity statin to achieve an LDL-C <100 mg/dL, while the LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL for those at low risk. In all cases, treatment should be intensified, including the addition of other LDL-C-lowering agents (i.e., proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, ezetimibe, colesevelam, or bempedoic acid) as needed to achieve treatment goals. When targeting triglyceride levels, the desirable goal is <150 mg/dL. Statin therapy should be combined with a fibrate, prescription-grade omega-3 fatty acid, and/or niacin to reduce triglycerides in all patients with triglycerides ≥500 mg/dL, and icosapent ethyl should be added to a statin in any patient with established ASCVD or diabetes with ≥2 ASCVD risk factors and triglycerides between 135 and 499 mg/dL to prevent ASCVD events. Management of additional risk factors such as elevated lipoprotein(a) and statin intolerance is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Handelsman
- Medical Director & Principal Investigator, Metabolic Institute of America, Tarzana, California.
| | - Paul S Jellinger
- Professor of Clinical Medicine, Voluntary Faculty, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Center for Diabetes & Endocrine Care, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Chris K Guerin
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Voluntary Faculty, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Zachary T Bloomgarden
- Editor, the Journal of Diabetes, Clinical Professor, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eliot A Brinton
- President, Utah Lipid Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, Past President, American Board of Clinical Lipidology, Torrance, California
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Professor of Medicine, UCLA Endowed Chair of Preventive Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California
| | - Michael H Davidson
- Professor, Director of the Lipid Clinic, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Einhorn
- Associate Editor, the Journal of Diabetes, Medical Director, Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCSD, President, Diabetes and Endocrine Associates, San Diego, California
| | - Sergio Fazio
- The William and Sonja Connor Chair of Preventive Cardiology, Professor of Medicine and Physiology & Pharmacology, Director, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Assistant Dean for Clinical Research, Tullis Tulane Alumni Chair in Diabetes, Chief, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alan J Garber
- Professor, Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - George Grunberger
- Chairman, Grunberger Diabetes Institute, Clinical Professor, Internal Medicine and Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Professor, Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Visiting Professor, Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Past President, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, UCSF, Adjunct Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Dolores Jordan Endowed Chair, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey I Mechanick
- Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, The Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Clinical Cardiovascular Health at Mount Sinai Heart, Director, Metabolic Support, Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Heart, Director, Metabolic Support, Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paul D Rosenblit
- Clinical Professor, Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism), University California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, Co-Director, Diabetes Out-Patient Clinic, UCI Medical Center, Orange, California, Director & Site Principal Investigator, Diabetes/Lipid Management & Research Center, Huntington Beach, California
| | - Donald A Smith
- Endocrinologist, Clinical Lipidologist, Associate Professor of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, Director Lipids and Metabolism, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen L Wyne
- Director, Adult Type 1 Diabetes Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Grunberger G, Einhorn D, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bush MA, DeFronzo RA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Perreault L, Rosenblit PD, Samson S, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM - 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2020; 26:107-139. [PMID: 32022600 DOI: 10.4158/cs-2019-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Jellinger
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLorida
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM - 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:69-100. [PMID: 30742570 DOI: 10.4158/cs-2018-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, Bloomgarden ZT, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Guerin CK, Bell DSH, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Wyne K, Smith D, Brinton EA, Fazio S, Davidson M. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Endocr Pract 2019; 23:1-87. [PMID: 28437620 DOI: 10.4158/ep171764.appgl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of these guidelines is mandated by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and American College of Endocrinology (ACE) Board of Trustees and adheres with published AACE protocols for the standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). METHODS Recommendations are based on diligent reviews of the clinical evidence with transparent incorporation of subjective factors, according to established AACE/ACE guidelines for guidelines protocols. RESULTS The Executive Summary of this document contains 87 recommendations of which 45 are Grade A (51.7%), 18 are Grade B (20.7%), 15 are Grade C (17.2%), and 9 (10.3%) are Grade D. These detailed, evidence-based recommendations allow for nuance-based clinical decision-making that addresses multiple aspects of real-world medical care. The evidence base presented in the subsequent Appendix provides relevant supporting information for Executive Summary Recommendations. This update contains 695 citations of which 203 (29.2 %) are EL 1 (strong), 137 (19.7%) are EL 2 (intermediate), 119 (17.1%) are EL 3 (weak), and 236 (34.0%) are EL 4 (no clinical evidence). CONCLUSION This CPG is a practical tool that endocrinologists, other health care professionals, health-related organizations, and regulatory bodies can use to reduce the risks and consequences of dyslipidemia. It provides guidance on screening, risk assessment, and treatment recommendations for a range of individuals with various lipid disorders. The recommendations emphasize the importance of treating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in some individuals to lower goals than previously endorsed and support the measurement of coronary artery calcium scores and inflammatory markers to help stratify risk. Special consideration is given to individuals with diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia, women, and youth with dyslipidemia. Both clinical and cost-effectiveness data are provided to support treatment decisions. ABBREVIATIONS 4S = Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study A1C = glycated hemoglobin AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists AAP = American Academy of Pediatrics ACC = American College of Cardiology ACE = American College of Endocrinology ACS = acute coronary syndrome ADMIT = Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial ADVENT = Assessment of Diabetes Control and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Niaspan Trial AFCAPS/TexCAPS = Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study AHA = American Heart Association AHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AIM-HIGH = Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides trial ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ATP = Adult Treatment Panel apo = apolipoprotein BEL = best evidence level BIP = Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention trial BMI = body mass index CABG = coronary artery bypass graft CAC = coronary artery calcification CARDS = Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study CDP = Coronary Drug Project trial CI = confidence interval CIMT = carotid intimal media thickness CKD = chronic kidney disease CPG(s) = clinical practice guideline(s) CRP = C-reactive protein CTT = Cholesterol Treatment Trialists CV = cerebrovascular CVA = cerebrovascular accident EL = evidence level FH = familial hypercholesterolemia FIELD = Secondary Endpoints from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes trial FOURIER = Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk trial HATS = HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HeFH = heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia HHS = Helsinki Heart Study HIV = human immunodeficiency virus HoFH = homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia HPS = Heart Protection Study HPS2-THRIVE = Treatment of HDL to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events trial HR = hazard ratio HRT = hormone replacement therapy hsCRP = high-sensitivity CRP IMPROVE-IT = Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial IRAS = Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study JUPITER = Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Lp-PLA2 = lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 MACE = major cardiovascular events MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis MetS = metabolic syndrome MI = myocardial infarction MRFIT = Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial NCEP = National Cholesterol Education Program NHLBI = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Post CABG = Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft trial PROSPER = Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk trial QALY = quality-adjusted life-year ROC = receiver-operator characteristic SOC = standard of care SHARP = Study of Heart and Renal Protection T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus TG = triglycerides TNT = Treating to New Targets trial VA-HIT = Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial VLDL-C = very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol WHI = Women's Health Initiative.
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Jellinger PS. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Practice Guidelines. Diabetes Spectr 2018; 31:234-245. [PMID: 30140139 PMCID: PMC6092890 DOI: 10.2337/ds18-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Brief In February 2017, the American Association of Clinical Endocrin-ologists and the American College of Endocrinology published updated "Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease." The update encompassed recent important clinical trial outcomes and additional research related to the treatment of dyslipidemia. This article summarizes key recommendations from this important guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Jellinger
- Center for Diabetes & Endocrine Care, Hollywood, FL, and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Bloomgarden Z, Einhorn D, Handelsman Y, Misra A, Zonszein J, Grunberger G, Jellinger PS, Garber AJ. American College of Physicians diabetes guidelines attempt to turn back the clock, conflating good HbA1c with hypoglycemia. J Diabetes 2018; 10:618-620. [PMID: 29655268 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM - 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2017; 23:207-238. [PMID: 28095040 DOI: 10.4158/ep161682.cs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Henry RR, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM--2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:84-113. [PMID: 26731084 DOI: 10.4158/ep151126.cs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson MB, Einhorn D, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM--2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2016; 21:1403-14. [PMID: 26642101 DOI: 10.4158/ep151063.cs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This document represents the official position of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology. Where there were no randomized controlled trials or specific U.S. FDA labeling for issues in clinical practice, the participating clinical experts utilized their judgment and experience. Every effort was made to achieve consensus among the committee members. Position statements are meant to provide guidance, but they are not to be considered prescriptive for any individual patient and cannot replace the judgment of a clinician.
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Schwartz SS, Jellinger PS, Herman ME. Obviating much of the need for insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A re-assessment of insulin therapy’s safety profile. Postgrad Med 2016; 128:609-19. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1191955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson MB, Einhorn D, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez G, Davidson MH. AACE/ACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2015. Endocr Pract 2015; 21:438-47. [PMID: 25877012 DOI: 10.4158/ep15693.cs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden ZT, Grunberger G, Umpierrez G, Zimmerman RS, Bailey TS, Blonde L, Bray GA, Cohen AJ, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Ganda OP, Garber AJ, Garvey WT, Henry RR, Hirsch IB, Horton ES, Hurley DL, Jellinger PS, Jovanovič L, Lebovitz HE, LeRoith D, Levy P, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Mestman JH, Moghissi ES, Orzeck EA, Pessah-Pollack R, Rosenblit PD, Vinik AI, Wyne K, Zangeneh F. American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology - clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2015. Endocr Pract 2015; 21 Suppl 1:1-87. [PMID: 25869408 PMCID: PMC4959114 DOI: 10.4158/ep15672.gl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Handelsman
- Medical Director & Principal Investigator, Metabolic Institute of America, American College of Endocrinology, Tarzana, California
| | | | - George Grunberger
- Grunberger Diabetes Institute, Internal Medicine and Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
| | - Guillermo Umpierrez
- Endocrinology Section, Grady Health System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Lawrence Blonde
- Ochsner Diabetes Clinical Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - A Jay Cohen
- The Endocrine Clinic, P.C., Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Samuel Dagogo-Jack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jaime A Davidson
- Division of Endocrinology, Touchstone Diabetes Center, Southwestern Medical Center, The University of Texas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Daniel Einhorn
- American College of Endocrinology, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, La Jolla, California
| | - Om P Ganda
- Lipid Clinic, Joslin Diabetes Center, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan J Garber
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, UAB Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Mountain Brook, Alabama
| | - Robert R Henry
- UCSD, Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edward S Horton
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Lois Jovanovič
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Harold E Lebovitz
- State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Staten Island, New York
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Philip Levy
- Banner Good Samaritan Multispecialty Group, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Janet B McGill
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey I Mechanick
- Metabolic Support, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Etie S Moghissi
- University of California Los Angeles, Marina Del Ray, California
| | | | | | - Paul D Rosenblit
- Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, University California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Aaron I Vinik
- Medicine/Pathology/Neurobiology, Research & Neuroendocrine Unit, Eastern Virginia Medical Center, The Strelitz Diabetes Center, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Kathleen Wyne
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Farhad Zangeneh
- Endocrine, Diabetes & Osteoporosis Clinic, Sterling, Virginia
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Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden ZT, Grunberger G, Umpierrez G, Zimmerman RS, Bailey TS, Blonde L, Bray GA, Cohen AJ, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Ganda OP, Garber AJ, Garvey WT, Henry RR, Hirsch IB, Horton ES, Hurley DL, Jellinger PS, Jovanovič L, Lebovitz HE, LeRoith D, Levy P, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Mestman JH, Moghissi ES, Orzeck EA, Pessah-Pollack R, Rosenblit PD, Vinik AI, Wyne K, Zangeneh F. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY--CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING A DIABETES MELLITUS COMPREHENSIVE CARE PLAN--2015--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2015; 21:413-437. [PMID: 27408942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Hennekens CH, Pfeffer MA, Newcomer JW, Jellinger PS, Garber A. Treatment of diabetes mellitus: the urgent need for multifactorial interventions. Am J Manag Care 2014; 20:357-359. [PMID: 25181565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Hennekens
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 2800 S Ocean Blvd PHA, Boca Raton, FL 33432. E-mail:
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson MB, Einhorn D, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE, Davidson MH. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013 consensus statement--executive summary. Endocr Pract 2014; 19:536-57. [PMID: 23816937 DOI: 10.4158/ep13176.cs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson MB, Einhorn D, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez G, Davidson MH. AACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013. Endocr Pract 2013; 19:327-36. [PMID: 23598536 DOI: 10.4158/endp.19.2.a38267720403k242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS. Physicians' prescribing patterns for patients with diabetes are changing for the better. Am J Med 2012; 125:e11-2. [PMID: 23098867 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Rodbard
- Endocrine and Metabolic Consultants, 3200 Tower Oaks Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - P S Jellinger
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Hollywood, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS. Comment on: Inzucchi et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012;35:1364-1379. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:e70; author reply e72-3. [PMID: 22996184 PMCID: PMC3447834 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S. Jellinger
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, University of Miami, Hollywood, Florida
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Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, Ganda O, Handelsman Y, Rodbard HW, Shepherd MD, Seibel JA. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis: executive summary. Endocr Pract 2012; 18:269-93. [PMID: 22507559 DOI: 10.4158/ep.18.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, Ganda O, Handelsman Y, Rodbard HW, Shepherd MD, Seibel JA. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract 2012; 18 Suppl 1:1-78. [PMID: 22522068 DOI: 10.4158/ep.18.s1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS. Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2012; 157:75-6; author reply 76-7. [PMID: 22751768 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201207030-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Handelsman Y, Mechanick JI, Blonde L, Grunberger G, Bloomgarden ZT, Bray GA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Ganda O, Garber AJ, Hirsch IB, Horton ES, Ismail-Beigi F, Jellinger PS, Jones KL, Jovanovič L, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Moghissi ES, Orzeck EA, Vinik AI, Wyne KL. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for clinical practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan: executive summary. Endocr Pract 2011; 17:287-302. [PMID: 21474421 DOI: 10.4158/ep.17.2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Handelsman Y, Mechanick JI, Blonde L, Grunberger G, Bloomgarden ZT, Bray GA, Dagogo-Jack S, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Ganda O, Garber AJ, Hirsch IB, Horton ES, Ismail-Beigi F, Jellinger PS, Jones KL, Jovanovič L, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Moghissi ES, Orzeck EA, Vinik AI, Wyne KL, Hurley DL, Zangeneh F. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. Endocr Pract 2011; 17 Suppl 2:1-53. [PMID: 21474420 DOI: 10.4158/ep.17.s2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology (AACE/ACE) algorithm for managing glycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison with the ADA/EASD algorithm. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2458-60. [PMID: 20835856 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Successful management of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires a multifaceted, multidisciplinary approach that involves patient education and support, lifestyle modification, and appropriate use of pharmacologic interventions with frequent monitoring and adjustment to ensure that target goals for hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are achieved and maintained. Studies have shown that the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam HCl reduces hemoglobin A1c and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in patients with prediabetes and T2DM. This article briefly reviews current treatment guidelines for patients with prediabetes and T2DM and the potential role of colesevelam in the management of prediabetes and T2DM with oral antidiabetes agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Levy
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, the Phoenix Endocrinology Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA.
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Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Einhorn D, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Horton ES, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Moghissi ES, Schwartz SS. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract 2010; 15:540-59. [PMID: 19858063 DOI: 10.4158/ep.15.6.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This report presents an algorithm to assist primary care physicians, endocrinologists, and others in the management of adult, nonpregnant patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to minimize the risk of diabetes-related complications, the goal of therapy is to achieve a hemoglobin A1c (A1C) of 6.5% or less, with recognition of the need for individualization to minimize the risks of hypoglycemia. We provide therapeutic pathways stratified on the basis of current levels of A1C, whether the patient is receiving treatment or is drug naïve. We consider monotherapy, dual therapy, and triple therapy, including 8 major classes of medications (biguanides, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, incretin mimetics, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, and bile acid sequestrants) and insulin therapy (basal, premixed, and multiple daily injections), with or without orally administered medications. We prioritize choices of medications according to safety, risk of hypoglycemia, efficacy, simplicity, anticipated degree of patient adherence, and cost of medications. We recommend only combinations of medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that provide complementary mechanisms of action. It is essential to monitor therapy with A1C and self-monitoring of blood glucose and to adjust or advance therapy frequently (every 2 to 3 months) if the appropriate goal for each patient has not been achieved. We provide a flow-chart and table summarizing the major considerations. This algorithm represents a consensus of 14 highly experienced clinicians, clinical researchers, practitioners, and academicians and is based on the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Diabetes Guidelines and the recent medical literature.
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Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Einhorn D, Bergman DA, Bloomgarden ZT, Fonseca V, Garvey WT, Gavin JR, Grunberger G, Horton ES, Jellinger PS, Jones KL, Lebovitz H, Levy P, McGuire DK, Moghissi ES, Nesto RW. Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia: when do the risks of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 2009; 14:933-46. [PMID: 18996826 DOI: 10.4158/ep.14.7.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Insulin is a pleiotropic hormone that exerts a multitude of effects on metabolism and various cellular processes in the body. The main metabolic actions of insulin are to stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and the heart and to suppress the production of glucose and very-low-density lipoprotein in the liver. Other metabolic effects of insulin include inhibition of glucose release from the liver, inhibition of the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from adipose tissue, and stimulation of the process by which amino acids are incorporated into protein. Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which defects in the action of insulin are such that normal levels of insulin do not trigger the signal for glucose absorption. An excess of FFAs is implicated in the pathogenesis of IR. The effects of this condition can have profound pathophysiologic effects on various organs and tissues of the body. For example, IR is associated with impaired insulin signaling, impaired fibrinolysis, and inflammation. The clinical consequences include hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapies that target IR include metformin and the thiazolidinediones. Endocannabinoid antagonists, agents that target obesity and associated cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, are currently being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Jellinger
- The Center for Diabetes & Endocrine Care, Voluntary Faculty, University of Miami, Hollywood, Florida 33201, USA.
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Rodbard HW, Blonde L, Braithwaite SS, Brett EM, Cobin RH, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, Jellinger PS, Jovanovic LG, Levy P, Mechanick JI, Zangeneh F. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract 2007; 13 Suppl 1:1-68. [PMID: 17613449 DOI: 10.4158/ep.13.s1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Blonde L, Einhorn D, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, Lebovitz H, Levy P, Roberts VL. Road maps to achieve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: ACE/AACE Diabetes Road Map Task Force. Endocr Pract 2007; 13:260-8. [PMID: 17599857 DOI: 10.4158/ep.13.3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jellinger PS, Lebovitz HE, Davidson JA. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes: response to Nathan et al. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:e16-7; author reply e18-20, e21-2. [PMID: 17392531 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lebovitz HE, Austin MM, Blonde L, Davidson JA, Del Prato S, Gavin JR, Handelsman Y, Jellinger PS, Levy P, Riddle MC, Roberts VL, Siminerio LM. Ace/Aace Consensus Conference on The Implementation of Outpatient Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Consensus Conference Recommendations. Endocr Pract 2006; 12 Suppl 1:6-12. [PMID: 16627372 DOI: 10.4158/ep.12.s1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bates D, Clark NG, Cook RI, Garber JR, Hellman R, Jellinger PS, Kukora JS, Petal SM, Reason JT, Tourtelot JB. American College of Endocrinology and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists position statement on patient safety and medical system errors in diabetes and endocrinology. Endocr Pract 2005; 11:197-202. [PMID: 16239208 DOI: 10.4158/ep.11.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jellinger PS. Emerging concepts in management of the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003; 9 Suppl 2:105-12. [PMID: 14698988 DOI: 10.4158/ep.9.s2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, Jellinger PS, Kendall D, Krauss RM, Neufeld ND, Petak SM, Rodbard HW, Seibel JA, Smith DA, Wilson PWF. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003; 9:237-52. [PMID: 12924350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Jellinger PS, Dickey RA, Ganda OP, Mehta AE, Nguyen TT, Rodbard HW, Seibel JA, Shepherd MD, Smith DA. AACE medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherogenesis. Endocr Pract 2000; 6:162-213. [PMID: 11428356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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