1
|
Mrzljak A, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Jemersic L, Vilibic-Cavlek T. The Burden of Hepatitis E Infection in Chronic Liver Diseases in Croatia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:67-68. [PMID: 32877305 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), hepatitis E virus (HEV) may lead to decompensation and death. We tested 438 CLD patients (71.0% male; age 23-84 years) for HEV-IgG antibodies. Reactive samples were tested for HEV-IgM antibodies using ELISA. IgM positive samples were tested for HEV RNA using RT-PCR. HEV-IgG antibodies were found in 15.1% of patients, whereas 4.5% of IgG positive patients had detectable IgM antibodies. Not a single patient tested HEV RNA positive. Seroprevalence increased with age, from 9.7% (<45 years) to 17.4% (>60 years, p = 0.368). There was no difference in HEV-IgG seropositivity related to gender, level of education, geographic region, area of residence, liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma presence. Previous exposure to HEV was detected in 15.1% of patients, corresponding with the data from other endemic European regions. Despite the high local exposure, we did not find any evidence of acute or chronic hepatitis E among CLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lukenda Zanko V, Domislovic V, Trkulja V, Krznaric-Zrnic I, Turk-Wensveen T, Krznaric Z, Filipec Kanizaj T, Radic-Kristo D, Bilic-Zulle L, Orlic L, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Poropat G, Stimac D, Hauser G, Mikolasevic I. Vitamin D for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease detected by transient elastography: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2097-2106. [PMID: 32613718 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of vitamin D on transient elastography (TE, FibroScan) indices of liver steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter [CAP]) and fibrosis (liver stiffness measurement [LSM]) in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomized (2:1), double-blind, single-centre, 12-month trial, patients with NAFLD were treated with vitamin D (1000 IU/day) (n = 201) or a matching placebo (n = 110). Two co-primary outcomes were changes in CAP and LSM after 360 days of treatment versus baseline. Two main secondary outcomes were CAP/LSM changes after 180 days of treatment. RESULTS Both CAP and LSM gradually decreased in vitamin D-treated patients and slightly increased in the placebo arm. Vitamin D was superior to placebo for both primary outcomes (mean differences in CAP and LSM changes (-49.5 dB/m [95% CI -59.5 to -39.4] and -0.72 kPa [95% CI -1.43 to 0.00], respectively) and both secondary outcomes (-22.1 dB/m [-32.1 to -12.1] and -0.89 kPa [-1.61 to -0.17], respectively). Of a number of exploratory outcomes (change at 12 months vs. baseline), vitamin D reduced serum uric acid (-17.9 μmol/L [-30.6 to -5.2]), gamma-glutamyltransferase (-8.9 IU/L [-15.5 to -2.3)] and fasting serum insulin levels (-5.1 pmol/L [-9.3 to -0.8]) as well as the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (-1.6 [-3.1 to -0.2]) (false discovery rate [5%]-adjusted P-values between .0572 and .0952). CONCLUSION Low-medium dose supplementation of vitamin D (1000 IU/day) over 12 months reduces TE indices of liver steatosis (CAP) and fibrosis (LSM) in NAFLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Lukenda Zanko
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital "Josip Benčević", Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Viktor Domislovic
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Krznaric-Zrnic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Turk-Wensveen
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Krznaric
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tajana Filipec Kanizaj
- School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Delfa Radic-Kristo
- School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bilic-Zulle
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Centre, Rijeka and Department of Medical Informatics, Rijeka University School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lidija Orlic
- School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Goran Poropat
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Davor Stimac
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Goran Hauser
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Mikolasevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mrzljak A, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Santini M, Barbic L, Kosuta I, Savic V, Tabain I, Vilibic-Cavlek T. West Nile Virus: An Emerging Threat in Transplant Population. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:613-618. [PMID: 32228360 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has become one of the new challenges for transplant programs. In addition to transmission by mosquito bite, interhuman transmission is possible through blood products or organ transplantation. Majority of WNV infections present as asymptomatic or mild febrile illness, with less than 1% of infected developing neuroinvasive disease. Many studies report naturally acquired or donor-derived WNV infections in solid-organ transplant recipients, mainly kidney, but also liver, heart, lungs and pancreas. Given the much higher risk of neuroinvasive disease (40% and even higher) based on serologic and clinical studies and increased mortality in transplant population, WNV infection should be considered in all patients presented with fever and neurological symptoms after transplantation, especially during the arbovirus transmission season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Santini
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroinfections and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr Fran Mihaljevic", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Kosuta
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mrzljak A, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Knotek M, Kudumija B, Ilic M, Gulin M, Zibar L, Hrstic I, Jurekovic Z, Kolaric B, Jemersic L, Prpic J, Tomljenovic M, Vilibic-Cavlek T. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E in patients on haemodialysis in Croatia. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:371-378. [PMID: 31894559 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data on the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in heamodialysis (HD) patients are conflicting, ranging from 0 to 44%. The aim of this study was to determine the HEV seroprevalence and risk factors among HD patients in Croatia. METHODS A total of 394 HD patients from six medical facilities in five Croatian cities (three sites in the continental and three sites in the coastal region) were tested for HEV IgM/IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, all samples were tested for HEV RNA by RT-PCR. Sociodemographic data and risk factors were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS HEV IgG antibodies were detected in 110 (27.9%) patients. The seroprevalence varied significantly between dialysis centres, ranging from 5.2 to 43.4% (p = 0.001). HEV IgM antibodies were found in 0.04% of IgG positive patients. All patients tested negative for HEV RNA. Factors associated with HEV IgG seropositivity were age > 60 years (OR 8.17; 95% CI 1.08-62.14), living in the continental parts of the country (OR 2.58; 95% CI 1.55-4.30), and transfusion of blood products (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.01-2.73). After adjusting for age and gender, patients from continental regions had higher odds of HEV seropositivity compared to patients from coastal regions (OR 2.88; 95% CI 1.71-4.85) and those who had RBC transfusions (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.02-2.69) compared to those who did not. CONCLUSION The study showed a high HEV seropositivity among HD patients in Croatia, with significant variations between geographical regions. Continental area of residence and RBC transfusion were the most significant risk factors for HEV seropositivity. Due to the high seroprevalence, routine HEV screening among HD patients, especially in transplant candidates should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Mladen Knotek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Kudumija
- Policlinic for Internal Medicine and Dialysis B. Braun Avitum, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Ilic
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Marijana Gulin
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Sibenik, Sibenik, Croatia
| | - Lada Zibar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Irena Hrstic
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Pula, Pula, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Jurekovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kolaric
- Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Jelena Prpic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Morana Tomljenovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mrzljak A, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Jemersic L, Prpic J, Barbic L, Savic V, Stevanovic V, Vilibic-Cavlek T. Epidemiology of hepatitis E in South-East Europe in the "One Health" concept. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3168-3182. [PMID: 31333309 PMCID: PMC6626717 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of hepatitis E virus (HEV) as an important public health problem is rising. Until a decade ago, cases of HEV infection in Eur-ope were mainly confined to returning travelers, but nowadays, hepatitis E represents an emerging zoonotic infection in many European countries. The aim of this manuscript is to perform a systematic review of the published literature on hepatitis E distribution in humans, animals and environmental samples ("One Health" concept) in the South-Eastern European countries. Comparison of the available data showed that the anti-HEV seroprevalence in the South-Eastern Europe varies greatly, depending on the population studied, geographical area and methods used. The IgG seroprevalence rates in different population groups were found to be 1.1%-24.5% in Croatia, up to 20.9% in Bulgaria, 5.9-%17.1% in Romania, 15% in Serbia, up to 9.7% in Greece and 2%-9.7% in Albania. Among possible risk factors, older age was the most significant predictor for HEV seropositivity in most studies. Higher seroprevalence rates were found in animals. HEV IgG antibodies in domestic pigs were detected in 20%-54.5%, 29.2%-50%, 38.94%-50% and 31.1%-91.7% in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia, respectively. In wild boars seroprevalence rates were up to 10.3%, 30.3% and 31.1% in Romania, Slovenia and Croatia, respectively. A high HEV RNA prevalence in wild boars in some countries (Croatia and Romania) indicated that wild boars may have a key role in the HEV epidemiology. There are very few data on HEV prevalence in environmental samples. HEV RNA was detected in 3.3% and 16.7% surface waters in Slovenia and Serbia, respectively. There is no evidence of HEV RNA in sewage systems in this region. The available data on genetic characterization show that human, animal and environmental HEV strains mainly belong to the genotype 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Lorena Jemersic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Prpic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Grad Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vilibic-Cavlek T, Savic V, Petrovic T, Toplak I, Barbic L, Petric D, Tabain I, Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic I, Bogdanic M, Klobucar A, Mrzljak A, Stevanovic V, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Radmanic L, Monaco F, Listes E, Savini G. Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:437. [PMID: 31867347 PMCID: PMC6908483 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of West Nile (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) has changed dramatically over the past two decades. Since 1999, there have been regular reports of WNV outbreaks and the virus has expanded its area of circulation in many Southern European countries. After emerging in Italy in 1996, USUV has spread to other countries causing mortality in several bird species. In 2009, USUV seroconversion in horses was reported in Italy. Co-circulation of both viruses was detected in humans, horses and birds. The main vector of WNV and USUV in Europe is Culex pipiens, however, both viruses were found in native Culex mosquito species (Cx. modestus, Cx. perexiguus). Experimental competence to transmit the WNV was also proven for native and invasive mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex genera (Ae. albopictus, Ae. detritus, Cx. torrentium). Recently, Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus naturally-infected with USUV were reported. While neuroinvasive human WNV infections are well-documented, USUV infections are sporadically detected. However, there is increasing evidence of a role of USUV in human disease. Seroepidemiological studies showed that USUV circulation is more common than WNV in some endemic regions. Recent data showed that WNV strains detected in humans, horses, birds, and mosquitoes mainly belong to lineage 2. In addition to European USUV lineages, some reports indicate the presence of African USUV lineages as well. The trends in WNV/USUV range and vector expansion are likely to continue in future years. This mini-review provides an update on the epidemiology of WNV and USUV infections in Southern Europe within a multidisciplinary "One Health" context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamas Petrovic
- Department for Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases With Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dusan Petric
- Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic
- Center for Microbiology, Institute of Public Health Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Klobucar
- Division of Disinfection, Disinfestation and Pest Control, Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases With Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Luka Radmanic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases With Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Federica Monaco
- OIE Reference Center for West Nile Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Eddy Listes
- Laboratory for Diagnostics, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Regional Institute Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Center for West Nile Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mrzljak A, Dinjar-Kujundzic P, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Jemersic L, Prpic J, Dakovic-Rode O, Kolaric B, Vince A. Hepatitis E seroprevalence and associated risk factors in Croatian liver transplant recipients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190302. [PMID: 31618309 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0302-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solid-organ transplant recipients are at risk of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. We analyzed the seroprevalence/risk factors of HEV in Croatian liver transplant recipients. METHODS Two hundred forty-two serum samples were tested for HEV immunoglobuline IgG/IgM and HEV RNA. Sociodemographic data and risk factors were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS HEV IgG seroprevalence rate was 24.4%. Positive/equivocal HEV IgM were found in two patients. HEV RNA was not detected. Logistic regression showed that older age, female gender, rural area/farm, water well, and septic tank were associated with HEV seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a high exposure rate to HEV in Croatian liver recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- University Hospital Merkur, Department of Gastroenterology, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Department of Virology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Oktavija Dakovic-Rode
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr Fran Mihaljevic", Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Medical Virology, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kolaric
- Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Adriana Vince
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr Fran Mihaljevic", Department for Viral Hepatitis, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|