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Phaswana M, Gradidge PJL. Correction: Ukumela Impilo randomised trial: preliminary findings of height-adjustable sit-to-stand workstations on health outcomes of South African office workers. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:79. [PMID: 38486311 PMCID: PMC10941410 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Merling Phaswana
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Phaswana M, Gradidge PJL. Ukumela impilo randomised trial: preliminary findings of height-adjustable sit-to-stand workstations on health outcomes of South African office workers. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:361. [PMID: 38062500 PMCID: PMC10704807 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of sedentary behaviour has concurrently risen with multiple cardiometabolic risk markers independent of physical activity levels. Office-based workers accumulate the highest levels of sitting time during occupational times. This study aims to investigate the short-term effects of using height-adjustable sit-to-stand workstations on cardiometabolic risk markers of office-based workers in South Africa. RESULTS Sixty-two office-based workers were randomized into intervention (n = 44), and the control group (n = 18). Small improvements were observed in BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels in this cohort. CONCLUSION This preliminary investigation confirms that short-term height-adjustable sit-stand interventions are effective in reducing workplace sitting time and selected health outcomes. South Africa has been attributed with the highest burden of obesity in Sub-Saharan Africa, as a result, there is a need to implement long-term workplace intervention to reverse these implications. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR201911656014962 on the 12th of November 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merling Phaswana
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Torres G, Mukoma G, Neophytou N, Gradidge PJL. Employee Perceptions of an Established Health and Wellness Coaching Program to Improve Behavior. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e571-e577. [PMID: 37278149 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited evidence, particularly qualitative analysis, of health and wellness interventions within the South African workplace. The purpose of this study is to explore whether health and wellness coaching when offered as part of an employee wellness program has potential for developing lifestyle change in a South African workplace. METHODS There were four, 45-minute focus group discussions, where employees discussed their experiences of the workplace health and wellness intervention program. RESULTS Main categories identified from the coding of the transcripts were purpose of the health and wellness coaching program, as well as employees' program experience and improvement to the program. Common barriers to engagement, positive and negative experiences, and suggested improvements were defined by the employees. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted the need of understanding employee perceptions in the development and implementation of a workplace health and wellness program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Torres
- From the Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (G.T., N.N., P.J.-L.G.); and SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa (G.M.)
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Gradidge PJL, Torres G, Constantinou D, Zanwar P, Pinto SM, Negm A, Heyn PC. Exercise Reporting Template for long COVID Patients: A Rehabilitation Practitioner Guide. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023:S0003-9993(23)00111-9. [PMID: 36966955 PMCID: PMC10036291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
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Gradidge PJL, Casteleijn D, Palmeira A, Maddison R, Draper CE. Employee perceptions of non-communicable diseases health risks, absenteeism and the role of organisational support in a South African pharmaceutical manufacturing company. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279008. [PMID: 36508439 PMCID: PMC9744274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in South African workers has been shown to be associated with absenteeism and increased risk of morbidity. Low-income workers living in urban settings are particularly vulnerable. Consultation with workers is crucial for understanding risks and identifying opportunities for intervention to promote health in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to examine South African pharmaceutical manufacturing workers' perspectives of health risk factors and absenteeism, and to identify how they perceived a role for the organisation to initiate interventions to improve their health. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five focus groups were conducted to capture 27 employees' perspectives. The semi-structured focus group discussions were recorded and analysed using a thematic content analysis approach. RESULTS Participants indicated that they were aware of behavioural health risks such as prolonged sitting. They showed insight into strategies to prevent injuries and stay healthy, but also expressed dissatisfaction about the lack of organisational support, leading to stress and consequently absenteeism. Participants emphasized the responsibility of the organisation to support a range of health promoting strategies. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are important for cultivating a tailored workplace intervention to reduce NCD risk factors in the pharmaceutical manufacturing workforce. It is vital that these be supported by leadership of the company through the provision of funding and the development of internal healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Daleen Casteleijn
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - António Palmeira
- CIDEFES, University Lusóphone, Lisbon, Portugal
- Executive Director, International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ralph Maddison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine E. Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Jaff NG, Norris SA, Toman M, Crowther NJ. The negative association of lower body fat mass with cardiometabolic disease risk factors is partially mediated by adiponectin. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220156. [PMID: 36169024 PMCID: PMC9641776 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gluteofemoral fat correlates negatively with a number of cardiometabolic disease risk factors, but the mechanisms involved in these relationships are unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gluteofemoral fat attenuates the risk of cardiometabolic disease by increasing blood adiponectin levels. This was a cross-sectional study in which arm, leg, gluteofemoral, abdominal s.c. and visceral fat levels were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 648 African females. Fasting serum adiponectin, lipid, insulin and plasma glucose levels and blood pressure were measured. Relationships between variables were analysed using multivariable linear regression and structural equation modelling. Adiponectin correlated positively (β = 0.45, P < 0.0001) with gluteofemoral fat in a multivariable regression model that included age, height, and arm, s.c. and visceral fat levels. In further regression models, there was a negative correlation of gluteofemoral fat with fasting glucose (β = -0.28; P < 0.0001) and triglyceride levels (β = -0.29; P < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (HOMA; β = -0.26; P < 0.0001). Structural equation modelling demonstrated that adiponectin mediated 20.7% (P < 0.01) of the association of gluteofemoral fat with insulin resistance and 16.1% (P < 0.01) of the association with triglyceride levels but only 6.67% (P = 0.31) of the association with glucose levels. These results demonstrate that gluteofemoral and leg fat are positively associated with adiponectin levels and that the negative association of lower body fat with insulin resistance and triglyceride levels may partially be mediated by this adipokine. Further studies are required to determine other factors that mediate the effect of lower body fat on cardiometabolic disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole G Jaff
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marketa Toman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Draper CE, Casteleijn D, Palmeira A. Pharmaceutical workers' perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating: a qualitative study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:350. [PMID: 34496969 PMCID: PMC8425005 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The public health message ‘move for health’ is relevant given the high prevalence of insufficient physical activity, particularly in African countries. The call for behaviour modification including limiting unhealthy dietary patterns in these settings is therefore critical; however, there is limited knowledge on the adoption of health promotion strategies in the workplace. This study aimed to investigate workers’ perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating. Results Five focus groups were conducted with 28 participants employed in a South African pharmaceutical manufacturing company to explore perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating. Results showed that two categories emerged: physical activity and unhealthy behaviours. Participants recognised the importance of obtaining sufficient physical activity in various domains, however believed that contemporary lifestyle limited opportunities for movement. Likewise, participants viewed healthy eating as unrealistic due to financial constraints. There was however agreement that total physical activity time could be increased during recreational pursuits outside of vocational time and may include intermittent walking for travel. These findings are important for workplace interventions and provide a more robust understanding of workers’ perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05765-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daleen Casteleijn
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - António Palmeira
- CIDEFES, University Lusóphone, Lisbon, Portugal.,Executive Director, International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA), Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Gradidge PJL, Kruger HS. Physical activity, diet and quality of life during mandatory (COVID-19) quarantine following repatriation. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20972508. [PMID: 33240501 PMCID: PMC7675897 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20972508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 crisis in South Africa has been managed through an effective evidence-based approach. The aim of this case report was to determine the value of staying physically active during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, using online resources to prevent the harmful effects of sedentary behaviour under confined living conditions. A repatriated South African citizen was placed into monitored 14-day quarantine confined to a room, self-monitoring dietary intake and physical and health measures, while engaged in online exercise videos and indoor walking. This study demonstrates that structured indoor activity improves physical and mental health outcomes, despite prolonged sitting time during the day. During the current pandemic and in the presence of limited freedom of movement, sustained physical activity is made feasible by accessing online tools and resources, essentially reducing vulnerability to existing cardiovascular health concerns. However, these findings are based on a single participant and therefore further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports
Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - Herculina Salome Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition,
North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Hypertension
and Cardiovascular Disease Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom,
South Africa
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Cohen E, Ndao A, Bernard JY, Gueye A, Duboz P, Macia E, Boëtsch G, Pasquet P, Holdsworth M, Gradidge PJL. Development and validation of the body shape scale (BOSHAS) for assessing body shape perception in African populations. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1562. [PMID: 33066748 PMCID: PMC7566052 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a consequence of ‘Western’ acculturation, eating disorders and body image disturbances, such as fatness phobia and body dysmorphic disorders towards musculature and body shape, are emerging in Africa, with young people the most affected. It is therefore important to accurately assess perceptions of body shape. However, the existing body image assessment scales lack sufficient accuracy and validity testing to compare body shape perception across different African populations. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Body Shape Scale (BOSHAS) to evaluate body shape perceptions related body image disorders in African populations. Methods To develop the BOSHAS, anthropometric measures of 80 Cameroonians and 81 Senegalese (both sexes included; 40.1% females overall) were taken for three body shape criteria: somatotype components, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio. Subjects were selected to cover a wide variability in body shape and were photographed in full face and profile positions. To validate the BOSHAS, the scale was administered twice (2 weeks apart) to 106 participants (aged 31.2 ± 12.6 years) to assess its reliability. In addition, a questionnaire measuring different aspects of body shape (e.g. musculature) was also administered (n = 597; aged 36.7 ± 15.6 years) to assess its convergent validity. Results The BOSHAS includes two sex-specific subscales of 10 photographs each. Most participants were able to repeat their BOSHAS preference order. Test-retest reliability was also consistent in estimating Current Body Shape (CBS), Desired Body Shape and Ideal Body Shape for participants and their partners. CBS was correlated with BMI, and different BOSHAS indices were consistent with declarations obtained by questionnaire. Conclusions The BOSHAS is the first sex-specific scale of real African models photographed in face and profile, including large body shape variability. The validation protocol showed good validity and reliability for evaluating body shape perceptions and dissatisfaction of Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Cohen
- CNRS, UMR 7206 « Eco-anthropologie », Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7178 « Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert CURIEN », Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Amadou Ndao
- CNRS, UMR 8177, IIAC-LAIOS, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris, France.,Raum IG 551, Université de Francfort sur le Main, Institut Ethnologie, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Inserm, UMR 1153, Centre of research Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Early Determinants of Children's Health and Development (ORCHAD) team, Villejuif, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Amadoune Gueye
- CNRS, UMI 3189 « Environnement, Santé, Société », Faculté de Médecine, UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Priscilla Duboz
- CNRS, UMI 3189 « Environnement, Santé, Société », Faculté de Médecine, UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Enguerran Macia
- CNRS, UMI 3189 « Environnement, Santé, Société », Faculté de Médecine, UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Gilles Boëtsch
- CNRS, UMI 3189 « Environnement, Santé, Société », Faculté de Médecine, UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Patrick Pasquet
- CNRS, UMR 7206 « Eco-anthropologie », Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
Data regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics of elite national level female soccer players are scarce. Determining these characteristics may likely assist in evaluating the specificity of current training programmes, identify players who might lack specific qualities deemed critical for the successful execution of their tactical roles, and benchmark norms for developing future playing talent. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe anthropometric and motor characteristics of South African national level female soccer players (n = 37) and determine possible differences with regard to their playing position. The following measurements and tests were performed: anthropometry (body mass index and sum-of-skinfolds), the countermovement jump, sprints (10 m, 20 m and 40 m), upper body muscle endurance (push-ups) and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1. One-way analysis of variance revealed few differences in the main outcome variables. Fischer Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed that strikers had a greater body mass index than midfielders and defenders (both p = 0.04) and goalkeepers were heavier than defenders (p = 0.02). Goalkeepers were slower than strikers and defenders over 10 m (p = 0.01; p = 0.03) and 20 m (p = 0.001; p = 0.01). Midfielders were slower than strikers over 20 m (p = 0.02), and with strikers and defenders over 40 m (both p = 0.04). Defenders performed better than goalkeepers in the upper body muscle endurance test (p = 0.02). In conclusion, both strikers and defenders require speed to win ball possession, which may explain their fast sprint times. However, the similarity of certain motor characteristics across playing positions may suggest that conditioning coaches train players similarly, irrespective of their tactical position. The authors suggest that South African fitness professionals, particularly at a club level, develop physical conditioning programs specific to each field position. Furthermore, fitness assessments should occur on a continuous basis and comparisons should be made with existing normative data in order to guide the development of players over the course of their careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jon Booysen
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Cohen E, Gradidge PJL, Micklesfield LK, Norris SA. Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Body Image Disturbances Among South African Mothers and Their Daughters Living in Soweto, Johannesburg. Fam Community Health 2019; 42:140-149. [PMID: 30768479 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In South African families, a phenomenon of mothers' acceptance of stoutness coexists with their daughters' appreciation for thinness. A sample of N = 615 mother-and-daughter pairs was recruited to conjointly identify the relationships toward body image and body mass index between both groups by assessing body weight satisfaction, body esteem, and eating disorders risk. We observed higher prevalence of obesity in mothers and higher eating disorders risk in daughters, while mother-daughter relationships were identified for body mass index and psychometric dimensions. The high prevalence of obesity in mothers and their tolerance for stoutness could expose their daughters to eating disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Cohen
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa (Drs Cohen, Micklesfield, and Norris); and Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Wits Education Campus, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa (Dr Gradidge)
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Abstract
Background In the context of a growing obesity pandemic in sub-Saharan African countries little is known on how to address the problem /disease in the region. Methods A randomised controlled trial of walking to decrease obesity was conducted using 115 women employed at the University of Venda, Limpopo province. 49 of these participants were randomly selected into an intervention group, which walked for 30 minutes, 3 days per week for a period of 12 weeks on treadmills located in the university gym. The control group were instructed to continue with usual activities. Baseline and follow-up body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), body size discrepancy (measured by a feel-minus-ideal (FID) index), and physical activity were collected on all participants. Results The absolute changes in BMI, waist, systolic and diastolic BP in the intervention group was −0.80, −1.50, −4.02 and −2.37, respectively. In contrast, the absolute changes for these were +1.05, +1.73, +4.64 and +4.94, respectively in the control group. The results of the FID analysis showed that most had a desire for thinness. Conclusion Our data demonstrates that positive changes in BMI, waist, and BP were observed in the intervention group, indicating the potential scalability of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Precious Nkhensani Golele
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Kruger HS. Comparing beverage consumption, physical activity and anthropometry among young adult urban- and rural-dwelling African women. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2018.1540212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Herculina Salome Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Norris SA, Munthali R, Crowther NJ. Influence of socioeconomic status on changes in body size and physical activity in ageing black South African women. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2018; 15:6. [PMID: 29725487 PMCID: PMC5921976 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-018-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing prevalence of obesity in sub-Saharan African women is not well understood, and black South African women in the region are particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to examine whether the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) with changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) is mediated by physical activity in ageing African women. Methods In a longitudinal analysis of the 518 caregivers associated with the Birth to Twenty Plus study, the role of SES associated with 10-year changes in BMI and WC was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). The degree of mediation of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sitting time in this association was also assessed. Results The prevalence of obesity increased significantly from baseline to follow-up (p < 0.0001). In the SEM models, baseline SES had a direct positive effect on changes in BMI (β, 95% CI, 0.02 (0.005 to 0.04), and a direct negative effect on changes in MVPA (β, 95% CI, - 3.81 (- 6.92 to - 0.70). Baseline MVPA had a direct negative effect (β, 95% CI, - 0.002 (- 0.003 to - 0.0003) and indirect positive effect via change in MVPA (β, 95% CI, 0.01 (0.0001 to 0.001) on change in WC. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the role and interaction of sociodemographic and behavioural predictors of obesity, and suggests a multifaceted approach to management of the crisis in communities of ageing urban African women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- 1Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- 2MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Munthali
- 2MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- 3Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Cohen E. Body mass index and associated lifestyle and eating behaviours of female students at a South African university. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2017.1406176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Cohen
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Constantinou D. A comparative study on the cardiac morphology and vertical jump height of adolescent black South African male and female amateur competitive footballers. Cardiovasc J Afr 2017; 29:32-35. [PMID: 28817153 PMCID: PMC6002788 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2017-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this comparative study was to determine the gender differences in cardiac morphology and performance in adolescent black South African footballers. METHODS Anthropometry, electrocardiography and echocardiography data were measured in 167 (85 males and 82 females) adolescent black South African footballers (mean age: 14.8 ± 1.3 years). Vertical jump height was used as a performance measure of explosive lower-limb power. RESULTS The males had less body fat compared with the females (12.1 ± 3.6 vs 16.8 ± 4.1%, p < 0.05), while females had higher left ventricular end-diastolic diameters compared with males (48.7 ± 3.7 vs 40.7 ± 8.1, p < 0.05). Vertical jump height was higher in males (37.2 ± 10.3) compared with females (31.2 ± 8) and was inversely associated with body fat (β = -0.2, p < 0.05) and positively associated with lean mass (β = 0.5, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings showed that adolescent black South African male footballers had a performance advantage over females for explosive lower-limb power, which was explained by differences in body composition and not cardiac morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in African populations, and is particularly high in Black South African women (42%) vs women in the United Kingdom (23%) and the United States of America (36%). This population group is also known to have the highest prevalence of obesity in the sub-Saharan African region (42%), and consequently, a high risk of non-communicable diseases. In this article, we discuss factors (abdominal subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, lean mass, adiponectin, leptin, vitamin D, smoking and menopausal status) that have been investigated for their possible association with metabolic syndrome in African women, and discuss some recommendations for management of the syndrome. In particular, the infrastructural development of HIV/AIDS clinics in South Africa provides an ideal integrated platform to cater to the treatment needs of patients with multiple chronic morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of obesity and related metabolic diseases is high and increasing in sub-Saharan African women. Evidence on the determinants of these diseases is limited, particularly in black South African women. OBJECTIVE This PhD review attempts to understand the determinants of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a population of ageing urban-dwelling black South African women. METHODS Drawing on the longitudinal Birth-to-Twenty-Plus cohort, data were collected in 2002/03 and 2012/13, including information on behavioural factors (smoking, sitting time, physical activity, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol consumption), body-size perception, body composition (measures of adiposity and lean mass), blood pressure, and cardiometabolic biomarkers (lipid profile, fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, leptin, and adiponectin). RESULTS The prevalence of obesity and related cardiovascular disease risk was high and increased significantly over the 10 year period. Despite most of the study population being physically active, sitting time was high and associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertriglyceridaemia. Two groups of people were observed, those who were happy and those who were unhappy with their body size. In logistic regression analysis, the risk of MetS was lowered by abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and adiponectin, and increased by age, smoking, truncal lean mass, and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Obesity was confirmed to be increasing in black South African women, despite most women being sufficiently active according to guidelines of ≥150 min activity/week. Nevertheless, the contribution of sitting time to poor health outcomes is evident in this study population and must be addressed, particularly in women who are content with being obese. The novel finding of the effects of abdominal subcutaneous tissue and truncal lean mass with MetS requires further investigation. The protective effect of adiponectin against MetS is an important finding which highlights the novel interaction between adiposity and cardiometabolic diseases in black South African women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Jean-Luc Gradidge P, Norris SA, Jaff NG, Crowther NJ. Metabolic and Body Composition Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in a Cohort of Women with a High Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162247. [PMID: 27589387 PMCID: PMC5010252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aetiology of the metabolic syndrome and the inter-relationship between risk factors for this syndrome are poorly understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the risk factors for metabolic syndrome and their interactions in a cohort of women with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods Abdominal and whole body composition (ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), blood pressure, and cardiometabolic and demographic factors were measured in a cross-sectional study of 702 black African women from Soweto, Johannesburg. Data was analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Metabolic syndrome was present in 49.6% of the study cohort. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that adiponectin (odds ratio [95% CIs]: 0.84 [0.77, 0.92], p<0.0005) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (0.56 [0.39, 0.79], p = 0.001) reduced metabolic syndrome risk whilst insulin resistance (1.31 [1.16, 1.48], p<0.0005) and trunk fat-free soft-tissue mass (1.34 [1.10, 1.61], p = 0.002) increased risk. Within this group of risk factors, the relationship of adiponectin with metabolic syndrome risk, when analysed across adiponectin hexiles, was the least affected by adjustment for the other risk factors. Conclusions Adiponectin has a significant protective role against metabolic syndrome and is independent of other risk factors. The protective and possible augmentive effects of abdominal subcutaneous fat and lean trunk mass, respectively on metabolic syndrome risk demonstrate the existence of novel interactions between body composition and cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole G. Jaff
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gradidge PJL, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, Crowther NJ. The Role of Lifestyle and Psycho-Social Factors in Predicting Changes in Body Composition in Black South African Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132914. [PMID: 26171972 PMCID: PMC4501844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine whether lifestyle and psycho-social factors determine changes in body composition over 10 years in a population of black African females with a high prevalence of obesity. Materials and Methods Data were collected from 430 women at baseline and 10-year follow-up. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body fat mass and fat free soft tissue mass, and simple anthropometric measures were taken at both time points. Data on physical activity (PA), diet, smoking, and alcohol intake were collected at baseline. Body size dissatisfaction and body size discrepancy were determined at baseline using the feel minus ideal (FID) index and the perceived minus actual weight status discrepancy score (PAD), respectively. Results All body composition measurements increased over 10 years (p<0.0005). Two distinct groups of overweight/obese females were identified using PAD and FID: one that was content with their body size and one that wished to be leaner. Vigorous PA at baseline was inversely associated with absolute changes in all measures of adiposity. In subjects who underestimated their body size at baseline (74.0% of the study population) changes in total and peripheral levels of body fat were less than in subjects who correctly identified their body size. In the group that underestimated body size, more women wanted to be leaner than in the group who knew their body size (60.1% vs 47.5%, p<0.05). Conclusions Underestimation of body size is common and is associated with a lower gain in total body adiposity and a prevalent desire to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa K. Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Booysen MJ, Gradidge PJL, Watson E. The relationships of eccentric strength and power with dynamic balance in male footballers. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2157-65. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1064152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gradidge PJL, Crowther NJ, Chirwa ED, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK. Patterns, levels and correlates of self-reported physical activity in urban black Soweto women. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:934. [PMID: 25200747 PMCID: PMC4176558 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban black South African women have a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the physical activity patterns of a cohort of middle-aged urban-dwelling black African women and to determine if physical activity is associated with anthropometric measures and metabolic outcomes in this population. METHODS Physical activity and sitting time were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) in a cross-sectional study of 977 black African women (mean age 41.0 ± 7.84 years) from the Birth to Twenty study based in Soweto, Johannesburg. Anthropometric outcomes were measured and fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile were analysed to determine metabolic disease risk and prevalence. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent of the population were classified as active according to GPAQ criteria, and the domain that contributed most to overall weekly physical activity was walking for travel. Only 45.0% of women participated in leisure time activity. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this sample was 40.0%, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 29.2% and 48.0%, respectively. Women who reported owning a motor vehicle walked for travel less, and participated in more leisure-time activity (both p < 0.01), while women who owned a television reported significantly lower moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and walking for travel (both p < 0.01). Sitting time (mins/wk) was not different between the activity groups, but was associated with triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure. Total physical activity was inversely associated with fasting insulin, and physical activity in the work domain was associated with fat free soft tissue mass. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study show that the majority of urban dwelling black South African women are classified as physically active despite a high prevalence of obesity and metabolic disease risk factors. Sitting time had detrimental effects on both triglyceride levels and diastolic blood pressure whilst total physical activity attenuated fasting insulin levels. As walking for travel is a major contributor to physical activity, future research should attempt to determine whether the intensity of this activity plays a role in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- />Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- />Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Esnat D Chirwa
- />MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- />MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- />MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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