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Davis JS, Kanikarla-Marie P, Gagea M, Yu PL, Fang D, Sebastian M, Yang P, Hawk E, Dashwood R, Lichtenberger LM, Menter D, Kopetz S. Sulindac plus a phospholipid is effective for polyp reduction and safer than sulindac alone in a mouse model of colorectal cancer development. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:871. [PMID: 32912193 PMCID: PMC7488444 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and sulindac are effective for colorectal cancer prevention in humans and some animal models, but concerns over gastro-intestinal (GI) ulceration and bleeding limit their potential for chemopreventive use in broader populations. Recently, the combination of aspirin with a phospholipid, packaged as PL-ASA, was shown to reduce GI toxicity in a small clinical trial. However, these studies were done for relatively short periods of time. Since prolonged, regular use is needed for chemopreventive benefit, it is important to know whether GI safety is maintained over longer use periods and whether cancer prevention efficacy is preserved when an NSAID is combined with a phospholipid. Methods As a first step to answering these questions, we treated seven to eight-week-old, male and female C57B/6 Apcmin/+ mice with the NSAID sulindac, with and without phosphatidylcholine (PC) for 3-weeks. At the end of the treatment period, we evaluated polyp burden, gastric toxicity, urinary prostaglandins (as a marker of sulindac target engagement), and blood chemistries. Results Both sulindac and sulindac-PC treatments resulted in significantly reduced polyp burden, and decreased urinary prostaglandins, but sulindac-PC treatment also resulted in the reduction of gastric lesions compared to sulindac alone. Conclusions Together these data provide pre-clinical support for combining NSAIDs with a phospholipid, such as phosphatidylcholine to reduce GI toxicity while maintaining chemopreventive efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Davis
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX, 77230-1439, USA.
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick L Yu
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dexing Fang
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manu Sebastian
- Departments of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peiying Yang
- Departments of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest Hawk
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roderick Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - David Menter
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Micinski D, Jain SK. Hyperglycemia (high-glucose) decreases L-cysteine and glutathione levels in cultured monocytes and blood of Zucker diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:151-156. [PMID: 31172369 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
L-Cysteine (LC) is an essential precursor of GSH biosynthesis. GSH is a major physiological antioxidant, and its depletion increases oxidative stress. Diabetes is associated with lower blood levels of LC and GSH. The mechanisms leading to a decrease in LC in diabetes are not entirely known. This study reports a significant decrease in LC in human monocytes exposed to high glucose (HG) concentrations as well as in the blood of type 2 diabetic rats. Thus, a significant decrease in the level of LC in response to exposure to HG supports the assertion that uncontrolled hyperglycemia contributes to a reduction of blood levels of LC and GSH seen in diabetic patients. Increased requirement of LC to replace GSH needed to scavenge excess ROS generated by hyperglycemia can result in lower levels of LC and GSH. Animal and human studies report that LC supplementation improves GSH biosynthesis and is beneficial in lowering oxidative stress and insulin resistance. This suggests that hyperglycemia has a direct role in the impairment of LC and GSH homeostasis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - David Micinski
- Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Kopetz S, Hawk ET, Millward SW, Sood AK, Gresele P, Overman M, Honn K, Menter DG. Bioactive lipid metabolism in platelet "first responder" and cancer biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:439-454. [PMID: 30112590 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelets can serve as "first responders" in cancer and metastasis. This is partly due to bioactive lipid metabolism that drives both platelet and cancer biology. The two primary eicosanoid metabolites that maintain platelet rapid response homeostasis are prostacyclin made by endothelial cells that inhibits platelet function, which is counterbalanced by thromboxane produced by platelets during activation, aggregation, and platelet recruitment. Both of these arachidonic acid metabolites are inherently unstable due to their chemical structure. Tumor cells by contrast predominantly make more chemically stable prostaglandin E2, which is the primary bioactive lipid associated with inflammation and oncogenesis. Pharmacological, clinical, and epidemiologic studies demonstrate that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which target cyclooxygenases, can help prevent cancer. Much of the molecular and biological impact of these drugs is generally accepted in the field. Cyclooxygenases catalyze the rate-limiting production of substrate used by all synthase molecules, including those that produce prostaglandins along with prostacyclin and thromboxane. Additional eicosanoid metabolites include lipoxygenases, leukotrienes, and resolvins that can also influence platelets, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Our knowledge base and technology are now progressing toward identifying newer molecular and cellular interactions that are leading to revealing additional targets. This review endeavors to summarize new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Office of the Vice President Cancer Prevention and Population Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Steven W Millward
- Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Gynocologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michael Overman
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Kenneth Honn
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave. 430 Chemistry, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David G Menter
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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Jain SK, Parsanathan R, Achari AE, Kanikarla-Marie P, Bocchini JA. Glutathione Stimulates Vitamin D Regulatory and Glucose-Metabolism Genes, Lowers Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Increases 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Blood: A Novel Approach to Treat 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1792-1807. [PMID: 30160165 PMCID: PMC6208166 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)VD] deficiency/inadequacy is a major public health issue affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide. A convincing association exists between low levels of circulating 25(OH)VD and the poor health outcomes associated with chronic diseases. However, high supraphysiological doses of VD are needed to achieve the required 25(OH)VD levels in the blood, because many subjects respond poorly to supplementation. RESULTS This study reports a link between 25(OH)VD deficiency and a reduction in glutathione (GSH) in obese adolescents. The improvement in GSH status that results from cosupplementation with VD and l-cysteine (LC; a GSH precursor) significantly reduced oxidative stress in a mouse model of 25(OH)VD deficiency. It also positively upregulated VD regulatory genes (VDBP/VD-25-hydroxylase/VDR) in the liver and glucose metabolism genes (PGC-1α/VDR/GLUT-4) in muscle, boosted 25(OH)VD, and reduced inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) levels in the blood compared with supplementation with VD alone. In vitro GSH deficiency caused increased oxidative stress and downregulation of VDBP/VD-25-hydroxylase/VDR and upregulation of CYP24a1 in hepatocytes and downregulation of PGC-1α/VDR/GLUT-4 in myotubes. This study demonstrates that improvement in the GSH status exerts beneficial effects on the blood levels of 25(OH)VD, as well as on the inflammation and IR in a VD-deficient mouse model. Thus, the VD supplements widely consumed by the public are unlikely to be successful unless the GSH status is also corrected. INNOVATION These studies demonstrate a previously undiscovered mechanism by which GSH status positively upregulates the bioavailability of 25(OH)VD. CONCLUSION Supplementation with a combination of VD and LC or GSH precursor, rather than supplementation with VD alone, is beneficial and helps achieve more successful VD supplementation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Arunkumar E Achari
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Joseph A Bocchini
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Lam M, Sorokin AV, Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Menter DG. Platelet Metabolism and Other Targeted Drugs; Potential Impact on Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:107. [PMID: 29732316 PMCID: PMC5919962 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of platelets in cancer progression has been well recognized in the field of cancer biology. Emerging studies are elaborating further the additional roles and added extent that platelets play in promoting tumorigenesis. Platelets release factors that support tumor growth and also form heterotypic aggregates with tumor cells, which can provide an immune-evasive advantage. Their most critical role may be the inhibition of immune cell function that can negatively impact the body’s ability in preventing tumor establishment and growth. This review summarizes the importance of platelets in tumor progression, therapeutic response, survival, and finally the notion of immunotherapy modulation being likely to benefit from the inclusion of platelet inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Lam
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexey V Sorokin
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David G Menter
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Menter DG, Kanikarla-Marie P, Lam M, Davis JS, Kopetz S. Platelet microparticles: small payloads with profound effects on tumor growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 31218277 DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2017.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lam
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer S Davis
- Departments of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Diets that boost ketone production are increasingly used for treating several neurological disorders. Elevation in ketones in most cases is considered favorable, as they provide energy and are efficient in fueling the body's energy needs. Despite all the benefits from ketones, the above normal elevation in the concentration of ketones in the circulation tend to illicit various pathological complications by activating injurious pathways leading to cellular damage. Recent literature demonstrates a plausible link between elevated levels of circulating ketones and oxidative stress, linking hyperketonemia to innumerable morbid conditions. Ketone bodies are produced by the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver as a source of alternative energy that generally occurs in glucose limiting conditions. Regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis plays an important role in dictating ketone concentrations in the blood. Hyperketonemia is a condition with elevated blood levels of acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. Several physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones. Complications of the brain, kidney, liver, and microvasculature were found to be elevated in diabetic patients who had elevated ketones compared to those diabetics with normal ketone levels. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which hyperketonemia and ketoacidosis cause an increase in redox imbalance and thereby increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Jain SK. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits oxidative stress and monocyte adhesion by mediating the upregulation of GCLC and GSH in endothelial cells treated with acetoacetate (ketosis). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:94-101. [PMID: 26949104 PMCID: PMC4825694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significantly higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients than among non-diabetic subjects. T1D is associated with hyperketonemia, a condition with elevated blood levels of ketones, in addition to hyperglycemia. The biochemical mechanism by which vitamin D (VD) may reduce the risk of CVD is not known. This study examines whether VD can be beneficial in reducing hyperketonemia (acetoacetate, AA) induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. METHODS HUVEC were pretreated with 1,25(OH)2D3, and later exposed to the ketone body acetoacetate. RESULTS The increases in ROS production, ICAM-1 expression, MCP-1 secretion, and monocyte adhesion in HUVEC treated with AA were significantly reduced following treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, an increase in glutathione (GSH) levels was also observed with 1,25(OH)2D3 in ketone treated cells. The effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on GSH, ROS, and monocyte-endothelial adhesion were prevented in GCLC knockdown HUVEC. This suggests that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits ROS, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and adherence of monocytes mediated by the upregulation of GCLC and GSH. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the biochemical mechanism through which VD supplementation may reduce the excess monocyte adhesion to endothelium and inflammation associated with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Jain SK, Kanikarla-Marie P, Warden C, Micinski D. L-cysteine supplementation upregulates glutathione (GSH) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) in hepatocytes cultured in high glucose and in vivo in liver, and increases blood levels of GSH, VDBP, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1090-8. [PMID: 26778482 PMCID: PMC4876732 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Scope Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) status has an effect on and can potentially improve the status of 25(OH) vitamin D and increase the metabolic actions of 25(OH) vitamin D under physiological and pathological conditions. Diabetes is associated with lower levels of glutathione (GSH) and 25(OH) vitamin D. This study examined the hypothesis that upregulation of GSH will also upregulate blood levels of VDBP and 25(OH) vitamin D in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods and results L‐cysteine (LC) supplementation was used to upregulate GSH status in a FL83B hepatocyte cell culture model and in vivo using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Results show that LC supplementation upregulates both protein and mRNA expression of VDBP and vitamin D receptor (VDR) and GSH status in hepatocytes exposed to high glucose, and that GSH deficiency, induced by glutamate cysteine ligase knockdown, resulted in the downregulation of GSH, VDBP, and VDR and an increase in oxidative stress levels in hepatocytes. In vivo, LC supplementation increased GSH and protein and mRNA expression of VDBP and vitamin D 25‐hydroxylase (CYP2R1) in the liver, and simultaneously resulted in elevated blood levels of LC and GSH, as well as increases in VDBP and 25(OH) vitamin D levels, and decreased inflammatory biomarkers in ZDF rats compared with those in placebo‐supplemented ZDF rats consuming a similar diet. Conclusion LC supplementation may provide a novel approach by which to raise blood levels of VDBP and 25(OH) vitamin D in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Cassandra Warden
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - David Micinski
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Jain SK. Role of Hyperketonemia in Inducing Oxidative Stress and Cellular Damage in Cultured Hepatocytes and Type 1 Diabetic Rat Liver. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 37:2160-70. [PMID: 26606728 DOI: 10.1159/000438573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients have a higher incidence of liver disease. T1D patients frequently experience elevated plasma ketone levels along with hyperglycemia. However, no study has examined whether hyperketonemia per se has any role in excess liver damage in T1D. This study investigates the hypothesis that hyperketonemia can induce oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction. METHODS STZ treated diabetic rats, FL83B hepatocytes, and GCLC knocked down (GSH deficient) hepatocytes were used. RESULTS The blood levels of ALT and AST, biomarkers of liver damage, and ketones were elevated in T1D rats. An increase in NOX4 and ROS along with a reduction in GSH and GCLC levels was observed in T1D rat livers in comparison to those seen in non-diabetic control or type 2 diabetic rats. MCP-1 and ICAM-1 were also elevated in T1D rat livers and ketone treated hepatocytes. Macrophage markers CCR2 and CD11A that interact with MCP-1, and ICAM-1 respectively, were also elevated in the T1D liver, indicating macrophage infiltration. Additionally, activated macrophages increased hepatocyte damage with ketone treatment, which was similar to that seen in GCLC knockdown hepatocytes without ketones. CONCLUSION Hyperketonemia per se can induce macrophage mediated damage to hepatocytes and the liver, caused by GSH depletion and oxidative stress up regulation in T1D.
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Jain SK. Hyperketonemia (acetoacetate) upregulates NADPH oxidase 4 and elevates oxidative stress, ICAM-1, and monocyte adhesivity in endothelial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 35:364-73. [PMID: 25591777 DOI: 10.1159/000369702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The incidence of developing microvascular dysfunction is significantly higher in type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients. Hyperketonemia (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate) is frequently found along with hyperglycemia in T1D. Whether hyperketonemia per se contributes to the excess oxidative stress and cellular injury observed in T1D is not known. METHODS HUVEC were treated with ketones in the presence or absence of high glucose for 24 h. NOX4 siRNA was used to specifically knockdown NOX4 expression in HUVEC. RESULTS Ketones alone or in combination with high glucose treatment cause a significant increase in oxidative stress, ICAM-1, and monocyte adhesivity to HUVEC. Using an antisense approach, we show that ketone induced increases in ROS, ICAM-1 expression, and monocyte adhesion in endothelial cells were prevented in NOX4 knockdown cells. CONCLUSION This study reports that elevated levels of ketones upregulate NOX, contributing to increased oxidative stress, ICAM-1 levels, and cellular dysfunction. This provides a novel biochemical mechanism that elucidates the role of hyperketonemia in the excess cellular injury in T1D. New drugs targeting inhibition of NOX seems promising in preventing higher risk of complications associated with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Rains JL, Kanikarla-Marie P, Jain SK. Hyperketonemia induces upregulation of LFA-1 in monocytes, which is mediated by ROS and P38 MAPK activation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1642-6. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetic patients have hyperketonemia, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and a higher incidence of vascular disease. This study examines the hypothesis that hyperketonemia increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is in part responsible for increased expression of adhesion molecules in monocytes. THP-1 monocytes were treated with acetoacetate (AA) or β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (0–10 mmol/L) for 24 h. Results show that AA, but not BHB, increases ROS production in monocytes. Pretreatment of monocytes with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited AA-induced ROS production. AA treatment induced upregulation of LFA-1 and pretreatment of monocytes with NAC or an inhibitor to p38 MAPK inhibited this upregulation in monocytes. This suggests that physiological concentrations of AA can contribute to increased ROS and activation of p38 MAPK, which may be responsible for AA-induced upregulation of LFA-1 in monocytes. Thus, hyperketonemia contributes to the risk for cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Rains
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K. Jain
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Jain SK. Effect of hyperketonemia and L‐cysteine on monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.633.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushil K. Jain
- PediatricsLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center in ShreveportShreveportLA
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Ronald S, De Benedetti A. Nucleosome resection at a double-strand break during Non-Homologous Ends Joining in mammalian cells - implications from repressive chromatin organization and the role of ARTEMIS. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:13. [PMID: 21255428 PMCID: PMC3035584 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The S. cerevisiae mating type switch model of double-strand break (DSB) repair, utilizing the HO endonuclease, is one of the best studied systems for both Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) and direct ends-joining repair (Non-Homologous Ends Joining - NHEJ). We have recently transposed that system to a mammalian cell culture model taking advantage of an adenovirus expressing HO and an integrated genomic target. This made it possible to compare directly the mechanism of repair between yeast and mammalian cells for the same type of induced DSB. Studies of DSB repair have emphasized commonality of features, proteins and machineries between organisms, and differences when conservation is not found. Two proteins that stand out that differ between yeast and mammalian cells are DNA-PK, a protein kinase that is activated by the presence of DSBs, and Artemis, a nuclease whose activity is modulated by DNA-PK and ATM. In this report we describe how these two proteins may be involved in a specific pattern of ends-processing at the DSB, particularly in the context of heterochromatin. FINDINGS We previously published that the repair of the HO-induced DSB was generally accurate and occurred by simple rejoining of the cohesive 3'-overhangs generated by HO. During continuous passage of those cells in the absence of puromycin selection, the locus appears to have become more heterochromatic and silenced by displaying several features. 1) The site had become less accessible to cleavage by the HO endonuclease; 2) the expression of the puro mRNA, which confers resistance to puromycin, had become reduced; 3) occupancy of nucleosomes at the site (ChIP for histone H3) was increased, an indicator for more condensed chromatin. After reselection of these cells by addition of puromycin, many of these features were reversed. However, even the reselected cells were not identical in the pattern of cleavage and repair as the cells when originally created. Specifically, the pattern of repair revealed discrete deletions at the DSB that indicated unit losses of nucleosomes (or other protein complexes) before religation, represented by a ladder of PCR products reminiscent of an internucleosomal cleavage that is typically observed during apoptosis. This pattern of cleavage suggested to us that perhaps, Artemis, a protein that is believed to generate the internucleosomal fragments during apoptosis and in DSB repair, was involved in that specific pattern of ends-processing. Preliminary evidence indicates that this may be the case, since knock-down of Artemis with siRNA eliminated the laddering pattern and revealed instead an extensive exonucleolytic processing of the ends before religation. CONCLUSIONS e have generated a system in mammalian cells where the absence of positive selection resulted in chromatin remodeling at the target locus that recapitulates many of the features of the mating-type switching system in yeast. Specifically, just as for yeast HML and HMR, the locus had become transcriptionally repressed; accessibility to cleavage by the HO endonuclease was reduced; and processing of the ends was drastically changed. The switch was from high-fidelity religation of the cohesive ends, to a pattern of release of internucleosomal fragments, perhaps in search of micro-homology stretches for ligation. This is consistent with reports that the involvement of ATM, DNA-PK and Artemis in DSB repair is largely focused to heterochromatic regions, and not required for the majority of IR-induced DSB repair foci in euchromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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