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Zwirner S, Abu Rmilah AA, Klotz S, Pfaffenroth B, Kloevekorn P, Moschopoulou AA, Schuette S, Haag M, Selig R, Li K, Zhou W, Nelson E, Poso A, Chen H, Amiot B, Jia Y, Minshew A, Michalak G, Cui W, Rist E, Longerich T, Jung B, Felgendreff P, Trompak O, Premsrirut PK, Gries K, Muerdter TE, Heinkele G, Wuestefeld T, Shapiro D, Weissbach M, Koenigsrainer A, Sipos B, Ab E, Zacarias MO, Theisgen S, Gruenheit N, Biskup S, Schwab M, Albrecht W, Laufer S, Nyberg S, Zender L. First-in-class MKK4 inhibitors enhance liver regeneration and prevent liver failure. Cell 2024; 187:1666-1684.e26. [PMID: 38490194 PMCID: PMC11011246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Diminished hepatocyte regeneration is a key feature of acute and chronic liver diseases and after extended liver resections, resulting in the inability to maintain or restore a sufficient functional liver mass. Therapies to restore hepatocyte regeneration are lacking, making liver transplantation the only curative option for end-stage liver disease. Here, we report on the structure-based development and characterization (nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] spectroscopy) of first-in-class small molecule inhibitors of the dual-specificity kinase MKK4 (MKK4i). MKK4i increased liver regeneration upon hepatectomy in murine and porcine models, allowed for survival of pigs in a lethal 85% hepatectomy model, and showed antisteatotic and antifibrotic effects in liver disease mouse models. A first-in-human phase I trial (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials [EudraCT] 2021-000193-28) with the clinical candidate HRX215 was conducted and revealed excellent safety and pharmacokinetics. Clinical trials to probe HRX215 for prevention/treatment of liver failure after extensive oncological liver resections or after transplantation of small grafts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zwirner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; HepaRegeniX GmbH, Tübingen 72072, Germany
| | - Anan A Abu Rmilah
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sabrina Klotz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bent Pfaffenroth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Philip Kloevekorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Athina A Moschopoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Svenja Schuette
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany
| | - Roland Selig
- HepaRegeniX GmbH, Tübingen 72072, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kewei Li
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Erek Nelson
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Harvey Chen
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yao Jia
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anna Minshew
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory Michalak
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Elke Rist
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Felgendreff
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Omelyan Trompak
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Gries
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas E Muerdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany
| | - Georg Heinkele
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany
| | - Torsten Wuestefeld
- Laboratory for In Vivo Genetics & Gene Therapy, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | | | - Alfred Koenigsrainer
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of General-, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eiso Ab
- ZoBio B.V., Leiden 2333 CH, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany; iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD(2)), Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Scott Nyberg
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD(2)), Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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Mendoza RP, Momeni A, Saha N, Arshi J, Gabutan EC, Alejandro N, Zuretti A, Premsrirut PK, Nikolov DB. The Angiopoietin Signaling Pathway Is Involved in Inflammatory Processes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2940. [PMID: 38138084 PMCID: PMC10745910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral agent SARS-CoV-2 clearly affects several organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. Angiopoietins are involved in vascular integrity and angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) promotes vessel stabilization, while angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), which is usually expressed at low levels, is significantly elevated in inflammatory and angiogenic conditions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to induce defective angiogenesis via the activation of the Ang2 pathway. Vasculitis and vasculopathy are some of the defining features of moderate to severe COVID-19-associated systemic disease. We investigated the serum levels of angiopoietins, as well as interleukin-6 levels and anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG titers, in hospitalized COVID-19 patients across disease severity and healthy controls. Ang2 levels were elevated in COVID-19 patients across all severity compared to healthy controls, while Ang1 levels were decreased. The patients with adverse outcomes (death and/or prolonged hospitalization) had relatively lower and stable Ang1 levels but continuously elevated Ang2 levels, while those who had no adverse outcomes had increasing levels of both Ang1 and Ang2, followed by a decrease in both. These results suggest that the dynamic levels of Ang1 and Ang2 during the clinical course may predict adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Ang1 seems to play an important role in controlling Ang2-related inflammatory mechanisms in COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and anti-SARS-CoV2 spike protein IgG levels were significantly elevated in patients with severe disease. Our findings represent an informative pilot assessment into the role of the angiopoietin signaling pathway in the inflammatory response in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle P. Mendoza
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Amir Momeni
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Nayanendu Saha
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Juwairiya Arshi
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Elmer C. Gabutan
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (E.C.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nichole Alejandro
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Alejandro Zuretti
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (E.C.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Prem K. Premsrirut
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
- Mirimus Inc., 760 Parkside Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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Premsrirut PK, Wang H, Reino EJG, Breen I, Vasileva AA. Abstract 946: Utility of intestinal organoids to model serrated colon cancer in vitro. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Serrated colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive and treatment-resistant form of colorectal carcinogenesis that accounts for one-fourth of the patients with CRC1. At the molecular level, serrated CRC is characterized by epigenetic modifications termed the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) and the presence of somatic mutations that activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway1,2,3. The BRAFV600E is an early genetic change in serrated polyps, but it is not sufficient to drive tumor formation. Combinations of mutations and epigenetic modifications in P16INK4A, MLH1, ZNFR3, RNF43, and TGFBR2 are often seen in most patients4. Therefore, a combinatorial approach to develop BrafV600E-driven serrated CRC organoids harboring a variety of the above mutants will enable in vitro studies of the tumorigenic potential of each combination as well as allow engraftment into animals. In turn, the latter will allow for applying preclinical in-vivo pharmacology modalities in vitro, thereby bypassing the time required to create a specific knock-in/out strain for each genetic modification desired. Here, we describe a pipeline to directly genetically manipulate specific organoid systems in vitro. We first established organoid cultures from the small and large intestine of unique Tet-inducible RNAi mice where efficient gene knock-down can contribute to microsatellite instability. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we then edited these to generate CRC organoid models containing the BrafV600E mutation in combination with knock outs or knock-ins of cell cycle regulators and negative regulators of the Wnt pathway. These deficiencies mimic the progressive mutational changes upon acquisition BrafV600E. Our data lay the groundwork for future use of RNAi technology in combination with sequential gene editing for in vitro pharmacology and modeling diseases with complex genetic architecture both in vitro and in vivo.
Citation Format: Prem K. Premsrirut, Huaien Wang, Eduardo J. Garcia Reino, Isabella Breen, Ana A. Vasileva. Utility of intestinal organoids to model serrated colon cancer in vitro [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 946.
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4
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Li Z, Bruce JL, Cohen B, Cunningham CV, Jack WE, Kunin K, Langhorst BW, Miller J, Moncion RA, Poole CB, Premsrirut PK, Ren G, Roberts RJ, Tanner NA, Zhang Y, Carlow CKS. Development and implementation of a simple and rapid extraction-free saliva SARS-CoV-2 RT-LAMP workflow for workplace surveillance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268692. [PMID: 35617204 PMCID: PMC9135294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic requires widespread and frequent testing of the population for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Saliva has emerged as an attractive alternative to nasopharyngeal samples for surveillance testing as it does not require specialized personnel or materials for its collection and can be easily provided by the patient. We have developed a simple, fast, and sensitive saliva-based testing workflow that requires minimal sample treatment and equipment. After sample inactivation, RNA is quickly released and stabilized in an optimized buffer, followed by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and detection of positive samples using a colorimetric and/or fluorescent readout. The workflow was optimized using 1,670 negative samples collected from 172 different individuals over the course of 6 months. Each sample was spiked with 50 copies/μL of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus to monitor the efficiency of viral detection. Using pre-defined clinical samples, the test was determined to be 100% specific and 97% sensitive, with a limit of detection of 39 copies/mL. The method was successfully implemented in a CLIA laboratory setting for workplace surveillance and reporting. From April 2021-February 2022, more than 30,000 self-collected samples from 755 individuals were tested and 85 employees tested positive mainly during December and January, consistent with high infection rates in Massachusetts and nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Li
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Barry Cohen
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - William E. Jack
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katell Kunin
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jacob Miller
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reynes A. Moncion
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Guoping Ren
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Nathan A. Tanner
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yinhua Zhang
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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6
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Mendoza RP, Bi C, Cheng HT, Gabutan E, Pagaspas GJ, Khan N, Hoxie H, Hanna S, Holmes K, Gao N, Lewis R, Wang H, Neumann D, Chan A, Takizawa M, Lowe J, Chen X, Kelly B, Asif A, Barnes K, Khan N, May B, Chowdhury T, Pollonini G, Gouda N, Guy C, Gordon C, Ayoluwa N, Colon E, Miller-Medzon N, Jones S, Hossain R, Dodson A, Weng M, McGaskey M, Vasileva A, Lincoln AE, Sikka R, Wyllie AL, Berke EM, Libien J, Pincus M, Premsrirut PK. Implementation of a pooled surveillance testing program for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in K-12 schools and universities. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38:101028. [PMID: 34308321 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.09.21251464v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impact of continued school closures during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic warrants the establishment of cost-effective strategies for surveillance and screening to safely reopen and monitor for potential in-school transmission. Here, we present a novel approach to increase the availability of repetitive and routine COVID-19 testing that may ultimately reduce the overall viral burden in the community. METHODS We implemented a testing program using the SalivaClear࣪ pooled surveillance method that included students, faculty and staff from K-12 schools (student age range 5-18 years) and universities (student age range >18 years) across the country (Mirimus Clinical Labs, Brooklyn, NY). The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, kappa agreement, and outlier detection analysis. FINDINGS From August 27, 2020 until January 13, 2021, 253,406 saliva specimens were self-collected from students, faculty and staff from 93 K-12 schools and 18 universities. Pool sizes of up to 24 samples were tested over a 20-week period. Pooled testing did not significantly alter the sensitivity of the molecular assay in terms of both qualitative (100% detection rate on both pooled and individual samples) and quantitative (comparable cycle threshold (Ct) values between pooled and individual samples) measures. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva was comparable to the nasopharyngeal swab. Pooling samples substantially reduced the costs associated with PCR testing and allowed schools to rapidly assess transmission and adjust prevention protocols as necessary. In one instance, in-school transmission of the virus was determined within the main office and led to review and revision of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems. INTERPRETATION By establishing low-cost, weekly testing of students and faculty, pooled saliva analysis for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 enabled schools to determine whether transmission had occurred, make data-driven decisions, and adjust safety protocols. We provide strong evidence that pooled testing may be a fundamental component to the reopening of schools by minimizing the risk of in-school transmission among students and faculty. FUNDING Skoll Foundation generously provided funding to Mobilizing Foundation and Mirimus for these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle P Mendoza
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Chongfeng Bi
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Hui-Ting Cheng
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Elmer Gabutan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | | | - Nadia Khan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Helen Hoxie
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Stephen Hanna
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Kelly Holmes
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Nicholas Gao
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Raychel Lewis
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Huaien Wang
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Daniel Neumann
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Angela Chan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Meril Takizawa
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - James Lowe
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Brianna Kelly
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Aneeza Asif
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Keena Barnes
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Nusrat Khan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Brandon May
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Tasnim Chowdhury
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | | | - Nourelhoda Gouda
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Chante Guy
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Candice Gordon
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Nana Ayoluwa
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Elvin Colon
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | | | - Shanique Jones
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Rauful Hossain
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Arabia Dodson
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Meimei Weng
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Miranda McGaskey
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Ana Vasileva
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Andrew E Lincoln
- MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, 2900 S Hanover St., Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Robby Sikka
- Minnesota Timberwolves, 600 Hennepin Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55403, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ethan M Berke
- OptumLabs, UnitedHealth Group, 12700 Whitewater Dr, Minnetonka, MN 55343 USA
| | - Jenny Libien
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Matthew Pincus
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Prem K Premsrirut
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
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7
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Mendoza RP, Bi C, Cheng HT, Gabutan E, Pagapas GJ, Khan N, Hoxie H, Hanna S, Holmes K, Gao N, Lewis R, Wang H, Neumann D, Chan A, Takizawa M, Lowe J, Chen X, Kelly B, Asif A, Barnes K, Khan N, May B, Chowdhury T, Pollonini G, Gouda N, Guy C, Gordon C, Ayoluwa N, Colon E, Miller-Medzon N, Jones S, Hossain R, Dodson A, Weng M, McGaskey M, Vasileva A, Lincoln AE, Sikka R, Wyllie AL, Berke EM, Libien J, Pincus M, Premsrirut PK. Implementation of a pooled surveillance testing program for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in K-12 schools and universities. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38:101028. [PMID: 34308321 PMCID: PMC8286123 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impact of continued school closures during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic warrants the establishment of cost-effective strategies for surveillance and screening to safely reopen and monitor for potential in-school transmission. Here, we present a novel approach to increase the availability of repetitive and routine COVID-19 testing that may ultimately reduce the overall viral burden in the community. METHODS We implemented a testing program using the SalivaClear࣪ pooled surveillance method that included students, faculty and staff from K-12 schools (student age range 5-18 years) and universities (student age range >18 years) across the country (Mirimus Clinical Labs, Brooklyn, NY). The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, kappa agreement, and outlier detection analysis. FINDINGS From August 27, 2020 until January 13, 2021, 253,406 saliva specimens were self-collected from students, faculty and staff from 93 K-12 schools and 18 universities. Pool sizes of up to 24 samples were tested over a 20-week period. Pooled testing did not significantly alter the sensitivity of the molecular assay in terms of both qualitative (100% detection rate on both pooled and individual samples) and quantitative (comparable cycle threshold (Ct) values between pooled and individual samples) measures. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva was comparable to the nasopharyngeal swab. Pooling samples substantially reduced the costs associated with PCR testing and allowed schools to rapidly assess transmission and adjust prevention protocols as necessary. In one instance, in-school transmission of the virus was determined within the main office and led to review and revision of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems. INTERPRETATION By establishing low-cost, weekly testing of students and faculty, pooled saliva analysis for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 enabled schools to determine whether transmission had occurred, make data-driven decisions, and adjust safety protocols. We provide strong evidence that pooled testing may be a fundamental component to the reopening of schools by minimizing the risk of in-school transmission among students and faculty. FUNDING Skoll Foundation generously provided funding to Mobilizing Foundation and Mirimus for these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle P. Mendoza
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Chongfeng Bi
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Hui-Ting Cheng
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Elmer Gabutan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | | | - Nadia Khan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Helen Hoxie
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Stephen Hanna
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Kelly Holmes
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Nicholas Gao
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Raychel Lewis
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Huaien Wang
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Daniel Neumann
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Angela Chan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Meril Takizawa
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - James Lowe
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Brianna Kelly
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Aneeza Asif
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Keena Barnes
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Nusrat Khan
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Brandon May
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Tasnim Chowdhury
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | | | - Nourelhoda Gouda
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Chante Guy
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Candice Gordon
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Nana Ayoluwa
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Elvin Colon
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | | | - Shanique Jones
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Rauful Hossain
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Arabia Dodson
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Meimei Weng
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Miranda McGaskey
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Ana Vasileva
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Andrew E. Lincoln
- MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, 2900 S Hanover St., Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Robby Sikka
- Minnesota Timberwolves, 600 Hennepin Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55403, USA
| | - Anne L. Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ethan M. Berke
- OptumLabs, UnitedHealth Group, 12700 Whitewater Dr, Minnetonka, MN 55343 USA
| | - Jenny Libien
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Matthew Pincus
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
| | - Prem K. Premsrirut
- Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA
- Corresponding author at: Mirimus Inc, 760 Parkside Ave. Suite 206, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA.
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8
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Wang CL, Yang YT, Vasileva A, Maurice A, Dow L, Zuber J, Lowe S, Premsrirut PK. Abstract 6119: RNAi rat models for drug discovery. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cost of drug development has skyrocketed to an estimated $2.6B for every FDA approved drug primarily due to failures from lack of efficacy or safety. This suggests that our current preclinical validation process has been insufficient in predicting therapeutic potential and toxicity in humans. While genetically engineered mice have become the gold standard for dissecting cancer mechanisms and evaluating novel drug targets in vivo, the rat has historically been the major model species in many biomedical fields, notably toxicology and carcinogenicity testing; and for many scientists, the rat still remains the preferred rodent due to their larger size for surgical manipulation, repeat blood sampling, and their cognitive and physiological characteristics that more closely resemble humans than their mouse counterparts. Moreover, many hormone-dependent tumors cannot be engineered in mouse models and are better modeled in rats. Here, we take advantage of our two-step engineering approach and exploit the efficiency of CRISPR-based targeting to develop RNAi rat models that enable inducible and reversible gene silencing to simulate therapeutic regimes. We demonstrate that our approach allows us to rapidly generate RNAi rat models and mimic the function of the targeted small molecule inhibitors, such as BET inhibitors targeting Brd4. These results demonstrate that our high-throughput system currently used to generate RNAi mice is also applicable to the rat system and, by extension, other mammalian models. Inducible RNAi rat models will undoubtedly be powerful tools that can be used to model human cancers, to mimic the action of putative drugs, and to assess the potential of therapeutic targeting strategies in vivo prior to the costly drug development, ultimately guiding the development of safer and more effective drugs.
Citation Format: Chia-Lin Wang, Yu-ting Yang, Ana Vasileva, Allison Maurice, Lukas Dow, Johannes Zuber, Scott Lowe, Prem K. Premsrirut. RNAi rat models for drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Wang
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Yu-ting Yang
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ana Vasileva
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Allison Maurice
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lukas Dow
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Scott Lowe
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Prem K. Premsrirut
- Mirimus, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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9
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Premsrirut PK, Wang CL, Yang YT, Dow LE, Zuber J, Lowe SW. Abstract 5106: CRISPR/Cas9-based development of RNAi rat models for drug discovery. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cost of drug development has skyrocketed to an estimated $2.6B for every FDA approved drug primarily due to failures from lack of efficacy or safety. This suggests that our current preclinical validation process has been insufficient in predicting therapeutic potential and toxicity in humans. While genetically engineered animal models have been highlighted as the gold standard for dissecting cancer mechanisms and evaluating novel drug targets in vivo, the cost and long lead time to develop them previously prevented their routine use in the oncology drug discovery process. Now, with the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the speed and precision in which genetically engineered mouse models can be created is unprecedented. When combined with inducible RNA inteference technology, we we can not only generate cancer de novo in a few weeks time, but also mimic drug therapy via RNAi in the same mice, giving us advanced capabilities to perform preclinical studies in vivo. Despite the utility of mouse models, the rat has historically been the major model species in many biomedical fields, notably toxicology and carcinogenicity testing; and for many scientists, the rat still remains the preferred rodent due to their larger size for surgical manipulation, repeat blood sampling, and their cognitive and physiological characteristics that more closely resemble humans than their mouse counterparts. Here, we take advantage of our two-step engineering approach and exploit the efficiency of CRISPR-based targeting to develop RNAi rat models that enable inducible and reversible gene silencing to simulate therapeutic regimes. We demonstrate that our approach allows us to rapidly generate RNAi rat models and mimic the function of the targeted small molecule inhibitors, such as BET inhibitors targeting Brd4. We compare our results to our Brd4 RNAi mice and demonstrate organism variances that provide valuable insight to cross-species differences. These results demonstrate that our high-throughput system currently used to generate RNAi mice is also applicable to the rat system and, by extension, other mammalian models. Inducible RNAi rat models will undoubtedly be powerful tools that can be used to model human cancers, to mimic the action of putative drugs, and to assess the potential of therapeutic targeting strategies in vivo prior to the costly drug development, ultimately guiding the development of safer and more effective drugs.
Citation Format: Prem K. Premsrirut, Chia-Lin Wang, Yu-Ting Yang, Lukas E. Dow, Johannes Zuber, Scott W. Lowe. CRISPR/Cas9-based development of RNAi rat models for drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5106.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Zuber
- 3Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- 4Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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10
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Wolter K, Pesic M, Klotz S, Herranz N, Wuestefeld T, Kang TW, Seehawer M, Chawla R, Zwirner S, Cotton J, Zhou B, Krüger M, Klawonn F, Longerich T, Sipos B, Pichler B, Gil J, Eilers M, Premsrirut PK, Poso A, Zender L. Abstract LB-335: Induction of Ribosomal Checkpoint Induced Senescence (RCIS) for the treatment of liver cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-lb-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While ribosomal proteins are generally considered to be essential genes, the existence of ribosomopathies suggests that a therapeutic window for exploiting ribosomal proteins as targets for cancer therapy may exist. We report distinct stress responses of tumor cells and normal cells upon knockdown of Rpl15, a ribosomal protein which was identified in a direct in vivo shRNA screen for new therapeutic targets in liver cancer. While normal cells undergo a reversible cell cycle arrest, we found that in tumor cells, the knockdown of Rpl15 triggers a ribosomal stress response followed by induction of cellular senescence, designated ribosomal checkpoint induced senescence (RCIS). Importantly, Rpl15 suppression triggered RCIS independent of any reduction in global protein translation. Using well established therapy resistant murine HCC models, we show that shRNAs targeting Rpl15 potently suppress tumor development in genetically diverse murine HCCs. Using Rpl15 shRNA transgenic mice, allowing for ubiquitous shRNA mediated suppression of Rpl15, we show that systemic Rpl15 suppression can be tolerated for up to 5 days, thus revealing a therapeutic window for metronomic Rpl15 inhibitory therapies. However, molecular modeling analyses revealed that Rpl15 is not druggable by small molecule inhibitors and we thus set out to explore whether RCIS can be induced via interference with other ribosomal proteins or other factors involved in ribosome biogenesis. We generated and screened a focused shRNA library targeting 41 ribosomal proteins and 19 ribosome biogenesis factors and found that apart from Rpl15, only a small subset of shRNAs scored. From a druggability point of view it was interesting, that shRNAs targeting components of the RNA polymerase I complex had scored, as recently a pharmacological RNA polymerase I inhibitor became available. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of RNA polymerase I induced RCIS and mediated an excellent prolongation of survival (far superior to the clinically used standard therapy Sorafenib), however in contrast to targeting Rpl15, targeting RNA polymerase I failed to achieve full long term tumor suppression. Mechanistically we found a less efficient immune mediated clearance of senescent cells as a possible explanation. In line with the idea that distinct secretory profiles underlie differences in immune mediated clearance of RCIS cells, cytokine arrays revealed distinct secretory profiles of RCIS induced by Rpl15 suppression and RCIS induced via shRNA or pharmacological RNA polymerase I inhibition.
Citation Format: Katharina Wolter, Marina Pesic, Sabrina Klotz, Nicolas Herranz, Torsten Wuestefeld, Tae-Won Kang, Marco Seehawer, Rishabh Chawla, Stefan Zwirner, Jonathan Cotton, Benyuan Zhou, Marcel Krüger, Frank Klawonn, Thomas Longerich, Bence Sipos, Bernd Pichler, Jesus Gil, Martin Eilers, Prem K. Premsrirut, Antti Poso, Lars Zender. Induction of Ribosomal Checkpoint Induced Senescence (RCIS) for the treatment of liver cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-335. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-335
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wolter
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marina Pesic
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Klotz
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Herranz
- 2Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Wuestefeld
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tae-Won Kang
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marco Seehawer
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rishabh Chawla
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Zwirner
- 1University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- 3University Hospital Tuebingen; Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benyuan Zhou
- 3University Hospital Tuebingen; Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krüger
- 3University Hospital Tuebingen; Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- 4Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- 5University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Pathology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- 6University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Pichler
- 3University Hospital Tuebingen; Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jesus Gil
- 2Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Eilers
- 7Julius-Maximilians-Universität Klinikum Würzburg; Theordor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften; Lehrstuhl für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Antti Poso
- 9University of Eastern Finland School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, Finland and University Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine VIII, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- 10University Hospital Tuebingen; Internal Medicine VIII and Physiology I, Tuebingen; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group within the German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Tuebingen, Germany
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11
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Pelossof R, Fairchild L, Huang CH, Widmer C, Sreedharan VT, Sinha N, Lai DY, Guan Y, Premsrirut PK, Tschaharganeh DF, Hoffmann T, Thapar V, Xiang Q, Garippa RJ, Rätsch G, Zuber J, Lowe SW, Leslie CS, Fellmann C. Prediction of potent shRNAs with a sequential classification algorithm. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:350-353. [PMID: 28263295 PMCID: PMC5416823 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present SplashRNA, a sequential classifier to predict potent microRNA-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Trained on published and novel datasets, SplashRNA outperforms previous algorithms and reliably predicts the most efficient shRNAs for a given gene. Combined with an optimized miR-E backbone, >90% of high-scoring SplashRNA predictions trigger >85% protein knockdown when expressed from a single genomic integration. SplashRNA can significantly improve the accuracy of loss-of-function genetics studies and facilitates the generation of compact shRNA libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Pelossof
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Fairchild
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Widmer
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Machine Learning Group, Department of Computer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vipin T Sreedharan
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vishal Thapar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qing Xiang
- RNAi Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ralph J Garippa
- RNAi Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christof Fellmann
- Mirimus Inc., Woodbury, New York, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
With the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the speed and precision in which genetically engineered mouse models can be created is unprecedented. We now have at our disposal a genetic toolbox that will enable the rapid generation of sophisticated mouse models of cancer. Recently, an inducible CRISPR-Cas9 (iCRISPR) system was described that enables doxycycline-regulated Cas9 induction of widespread gene mutagenesis in multiple tissues. Previously, we also demonstrated how inducible RNA interference (RNAi) can be exploited experimentally to effectively and reversibly silence nearly any gene target not only in vitro but also in live mice. Here, we take advantage of these powerful technologies and combine both tet-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 and inducible RNAi-mediated gene silencing to develop animal models in which both de novo tumorigenesis can be induced by Cas9-mediated genome editing and therapeutic strategies assessed downstream via RNA interference-mediated gene silencing. By using this combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi technologies, we are able to not only model disease pathogenesis, but also mimic drug therapy in the same mice, giving us exceptional capabilities to perform preclinical studies in vivo. Using our robust flexible system, we have created a cost-effective and scalable platform for the production of complex genetically engineered mouse models of cancer with RNAi silencing of nearly any gene - mice with enormous predictive power that will shape our development of better tolerated therapies.
Citation Format: Prem K. Premsrirut, Gregory Martin, Lukas Dow, Sang Yong Kim, Johannes Zuber, Scott Lowe, Greg Hannon. RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 based in vivo models for drug discovery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4188.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lukas Dow
- 3Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Johannes Zuber
- 5Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott Lowe
- 6Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Greg Hannon
- 7Cancer Research UK, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Mullenders J, Aranda-Orgilles B, Lhoumaud P, Keller M, Pae J, Wang K, Kayembe C, Rocha PP, Raviram R, Gong Y, Premsrirut PK, Tsirigos A, Bonneau R, Skok JA, Cimmino L, Hoehn D, Aifantis I. Cohesin loss alters adult hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis, leading to myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1833-50. [PMID: 26438359 PMCID: PMC4612095 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex (consisting of Rad21, Smc1a, Smc3, and Stag2 proteins) is critically important for proper sister chromatid separation during mitosis. Mutations in the cohesin complex were recently identified in a variety of human malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To address the potential tumor-suppressive function of cohesin in vivo, we generated a series of shRNA mouse models in which endogenous cohesin can be silenced inducibly. Notably, silencing of cohesin complex members did not have a deleterious effect on cell viability. Furthermore, knockdown of cohesin led to gain of replating capacity of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, cohesin silencing in vivo rapidly altered stem cells homeostasis and myelopoiesis. Likewise, we found widespread changes in chromatin accessibility and expression of genes involved in myelomonocytic maturation and differentiation. Finally, aged cohesin knockdown mice developed a clinical picture closely resembling myeloproliferative disorders/neoplasms (MPNs), including varying degrees of extramedullary hematopoiesis (myeloid metaplasia) and splenomegaly. Our results represent the first successful demonstration of a tumor suppressor function for the cohesin complex, while also confirming that cohesin mutations occur as an early event in leukemogenesis, facilitating the potential development of a myeloid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Mullenders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Beatriz Aranda-Orgilles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Priscillia Lhoumaud
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Matthew Keller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Juhee Pae
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kun Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Clarisse Kayembe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Pedro P Rocha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ramya Raviram
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Yixiao Gong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jane A Skok
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Daniela Hoehn
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, and Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
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Mullenders J, Aranda-Orgilles B, Lhoumaud P, Keller M, Pae J, Wang K, Kayembe C, Rocha PP, Raviram R, Gong Y, Premsrirut PK, Tsirigos A, Bonneau R, Skok JA, Cimmino L, Hoehn D, Aifantis I. Cohesin loss alters adult hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis, leading to myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2015. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2111oia225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Premsrirut PK, Fellmann C. Abstract LB-078: RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9-based in vivo models for drug discovery. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-lb-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are a powerful platform that enable the study of disease initiation and maintenance, the microenvironment and the responsiveness of disease to known or novel therapeutics; however, the long lead times and high costs required to develop, intercross and maintain models with various disease predisposing gene combinations have limited their practical utility in the drug discovery process. RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism that controls gene expression, is a rapid and cost-effective alternative to gene deletion that can be exploited experimentally to reversibly silence nearly any gene target not only in vitro but also in live mice. By using our “Sensor assay” to biologically identify short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that induce potent gene suppression in combination with a new miRNA scaffold, miR-E, we have engineered a reliable system for in vivo gene suppression. Furthermore, by utilizing tetracycline-regulated miR-E based shRNAs with high efficiency ES cell targeting, we have developed a fast, scalable pipeline for the production of shRNA transgenic mice with reversible gene silencing. Recently, with the advent of new genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we are able to introduce additional sensitizing lesions to induce disease pathogenesis. In synergy with RNAi technology, complex multi-allelic ESC based GEMMs can be generated without extensive intercrossing. Using this combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi technologies, we are able to not only model disease pathogenesis, but also mimic drug therapy in mice, giving us unprecedented capabilities to perform preclinical studies in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that RNAi in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing enables us to recapitulate the phenotypes of knockout mice and further explore potential therapeutic approaches within the same model. Using our robust system, we have created a a cost-effective and scalable platform for the production of complex GEMMs with RNAi silencing of nearly any gene - mice with enormous predictive power that will shape our development of better tolerated therapies.
Citation Format: Prem K. Premsrirut, Christof Fellmann. RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9-based in vivo models for drug discovery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-078. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-078
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Li X, Chuang PY, D'Agati VD, Dai Y, Yacoub R, Fu J, Xu J, Taku O, Premsrirut PK, Holzman LB, He JC. Nephrin Preserves Podocyte Viability and Glomerular Structure and Function in Adult Kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2361-77. [PMID: 25644109 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrin is required during kidney development for the maturation of podocytes and formation of the slit diaphragm junctional complex. Because nephrin expression is downregulated in acquired glomerular diseases, nephrin deficiency is considered a pathologic feature of glomerular injury. However, whether nephrin deficiency exacerbates glomerular injury in glomerular diseases has not been experimentally confirmed. Here, we generated mice with inducible RNA interference-mediated nephrin knockdown. Short-term nephrin knockdown (6 weeks), starting after the completion of kidney development at 5 weeks of age, did not affect glomerular structure or function. In contrast, mice with long-term nephrin knockdown (20 weeks) developed mild proteinuria, foot process effacement, filtration slit narrowing, mesangial hypercellularity and sclerosis, glomerular basement membrane thickening, subendothelial zone widening, and podocyte apoptosis. When subjected to an acquired glomerular insult induced by unilateral nephrectomy or doxorubicin, mice with short-term nephrin knockdown developed more severe glomerular injury compared with mice without nephrin knockdown. Additionally, nephrin-knockdown mice developed more exaggerated glomerular enlargement when subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and more podocyte apoptosis and depletion after doxorubicin challenge. AKT phosphorylation, which is a slit diaphragm-mediated and nephrin-dependent pathway in the podocyte, was markedly reduced in mice with long-term or short-term nephrin knockdown challenged with uninephrectomy or doxorubicin. Taken together, our data establish that under the basal condition and in acquired glomerular diseases, nephrin is required to maintain slit diaphragm integrity and slit diaphragm-mediated signaling to preserve glomerular function and podocyte viability in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Li
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Nephrology; Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Y Chuang
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Nephrology, Shanghai First Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotao University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Rabi Yacoub
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jia Fu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Oltjon Taku
- State University of New York at University at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
| | | | - Lawrence B Holzman
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Renal Section, James J Peter Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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Sridhar V, Lai DY, Sinha N, Premsrirut PK, Fellmann C. Abstract LB-319: Functionally validated shRNA libraries for large-scale RNAi screens. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-lb-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has become an indispensable tool for loss-of-function genetics across eukaryotes. By enabling stable and reversible gene silencing, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) triggers of RNAi provide a means to study long term phenotypes, perform pool-based forward genetic screens and examine the consequences of temporary target inhibition in vivo. However, efficient implementation in vertebrate systems has been hindered by our incomplete understanding of the sequence requirements for effective shRNA biogenesis and target suppression. Consequently, single-gene studies still depend on laborious testing of many candidates and pooled shRNA screens contain non-functional sequences that make the interpretation of negative results inconclusive.
To address this limitation, we recently developed a high-throughput “RNAi Sensor assay” that enables functional identification of effective shRNAs at large scale. We showed that this assay allows testing of tens of thousands of candidates in parallel and robustly identifies potent single-copy shRNAs targeting virtually any gene. Here we applied this technology to evaluate 20,000 preselected candidate shRNAs targeting over 330 disease-relevant mouse genes to generate a functionally validated shRNA library for potent single-copy target knockdown. Beyond their use in RNAi transgenic animals, such shRNA libraries will enable comprehensive pooled RNAi screening and open a promising avenue for high-throughput functional genetics in the post-genomic era.
Citation Format: Vaishali Sridhar, Dan Yu Lai, Nishi Sinha, Prem K. Premsrirut, Christof Fellmann. Functionally validated shRNA libraries for large-scale RNAi screens. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-319. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-319
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Premsrirut PK, Yoon B, Pesic M, Dow LE, Zuber J, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, Zender L, Fellmann C. Abstract 2974: RNAi mouse models: Revolutionizing drug discovery in vivo. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RNA interference is a powerful tool for studying gene function, however, the reproducible generation of RNAi tools including RNAi transgenic mice remains a significant limitation. One main hurdle is the identification of potent RNAi triggers, or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), that will induce stable and regulated gene silencing. Due to the lack of understanding of the requirements for shRNA biogenesis and target suppression, many predicted shRNAs fail to efficiently induce gene suppression. We have developed a “Sensor assay” that enables the biological identification of effective shRNAs at large scale and show that our assay reliably identifies potent shRNAs that are surprisingly rare and predominantly missed by existing algorithms. In addition, we have engineered a new miRNA scaffold, miR-E, that is more efficiently processed and thus produces more potent knockdown of target genes than our previous miR30 system. By combining our sensored miR-E based shRNAs with high efficiency ES cell targeting, we have developed a fast, scalable pipeline for the production of shRNA transgenic mice with reversible gene silencing. We show that RNAi can cause sufficient knockdown to recapitulate the phenotypes of knockout mice, particularly in cancer models. More importantly, unlike traditional knockout models, RNAi has the powerful advantage of reversibility, since the endogenous gene remains intact. Using this system, we generated a number of inducible RNAi transgenic lines and demonstrate how this approach can identify predicted phenotypes and also unknown functions for well-studied genes. In addition, through regulated gene silencing we are able to mimic drug therapy in mice without the actual drug molecule, allowing us to determine the therapeutic value and/or toxic effects associated with systemic gene suppression. Using this approach, we have been able to pinpoint potential toxicities associated with gene inhibition, results that will guide drug development to avoid target failures which will likely cause harmful and intolerable effects in patients. In a model of hepatocellular carcinoma, we demonstrate that short-term inhibition of a ribosomal protein is sufficient to induce stable cell cycle arrest of liver tumor cells. This system provides a cost-effective and scalable platform for the production of RNAi transgenic mice targeting any mammalian gene - mice with enormous predictive power that will shape our development of better tolerated therapies.
Citation Format: Prem K. Premsrirut, BoYoung Yoon, Marina Pesic, Lukas E. Dow, Johannes Zuber, Scott W. Lowe, Gregory J. Hannon, Lars Zender, Christof Fellmann. RNAi mouse models: Revolutionizing drug discovery in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2974. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2974
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lukas E. Dow
- 3Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Johannes Zuber
- 4Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- 3Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Lars Zender
- 2University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Premsrirut PK, Dow LE, Park Y, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW. Creating transgenic shRNA mice by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:835-42. [PMID: 24003198 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot077057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) enables sequence-specific, experimentally induced silencing of virtually any gene by tapping into innate regulatory mechanisms that are conserved among most eukaryotes. The principles that enable transgenic RNAi in cell lines can also be used to create transgenic animals, which express short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in a regulated or tissue-specific fashion. However, RNAi in transgenic animals is somewhat more challenging than RNAi in cultured cells. The activities of promoters that are commonly used for shRNA expression in cell culture can vary enormously in different tissues, and founder lines also typically vary in transgene expression due to the effects of their single integration sites. There are many ways to produce mice carrying shRNA transgenes and the method described here uses recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). RMCE permits insertion of the shRNA transgene into a well-characterized locus that gives reproducible and predictable expression in each founder and enhances the probability of potent expression in many cell types. This procedure is more involved and complex than simple pronuclear injection, but if even a few shRNA mice are envisioned, for example, to probe the functions of several genes, the effort of setting up the processes outlined below are well worthwhile. Note that when creating a transgenic mouse, one should take care to use the most potent shRNA possible. As a rule of thumb, the sequence chosen should provide >90% knockdown when introduced into cultured cells at single copy (e.g., on retroviral infection at a multiplicity of ≤0.3).
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Lin CJ, Nasr Z, Premsrirut PK, Porco JA, Hippo Y, Lowe SW, Pelletier J. Targeting synthetic lethal interactions between Myc and the eIF4F complex impedes tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2013; 1:325-33. [PMID: 22573234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The energetically demanding process of translation is linked to multiple signaling events through mTOR-mediated regulation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4F complex assembly. Disrupting mTOR constraints on eIF4F activity can be oncogenic and alter chemotherapy response, making eIF4F an attractive antineoplastic target. Here, we combine a newly developed inducible RNAi platform and pharmacological targeting of eIF4F activity to define a critical role for endogenous eIF4F in Myc-dependent tumor initiation. We find elevated Myc levels are associated with deregulated eIF4F activity in the prelymphomatous stage of the Eμ-Myc lymphoma model. Inhibition of eIF4F is synthetic lethal with elevated Myc in premalignant pre-B/B cells resulting in reduced numbers of cycling pre-B/B cells and delayed tumor onset. At the organismal level, eIF4F suppression affected a subset of normal regenerating cells, but this was well tolerated and rapidly and completely reversible. Therefore, eIF4F is a key Myc client that represents a tumor-specific vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ju Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Hwangpo TA, Jordan JD, Premsrirut PK, Jayamaran G, Licht JD, Iyengar R, Neves SR. G Protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth (GRIN) modulates Sprouty protein repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by growth factor stimulation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13674-85. [PMID: 22383529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gα(o/i) interacts directly with GRIN (G protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth). Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified Sprouty2 as an interacting partner of GRIN. Gα(o) and Sprouty2 bind to overlapping regions of GRIN, thus competing for GRIN binding. Imaging experiments demonstrated that Gα(o) expression promoted GRIN translocation to the plasma membrane, whereas Sprouty2 expression failed to do so. Given the role of Sprouty2 in the regulation of growth factor-mediated MAPK activation, we examined the contribution of the GRIN-Sprouty2 interaction to CB1 cannabinoid receptor regulation of FGF receptor signaling. In Neuro-2A cells, a system that expresses all of the components endogenously, modulation of GRIN levels led to regulation of MAPK activation. Overexpression of GRIN potentiated FGF activation of MAPK and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of Sprouty2. Pretreatment with G(o/i)-coupled CB1 receptor agonist attenuated subsequent FGF activation of MAPK. Decreased expression of GRIN both diminished FGF activation of MAPK and blocked CB1R attenuation of MAPK activation. These observations indicate that Gα(o) interacts with GRIN and outcompetes GRIN from bound Sprouty. Free Sprouty then in turn inhibits growth factor signaling. Thus, here we present a novel mechanism of how G(o/i)-coupled receptors can inhibit growth factor signaling to MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Anh Hwangpo
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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22
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Dow LE, Premsrirut PK, Zuber J, Fellmann C, McJunkin K, Miething C, Park Y, Dickins RA, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW. A pipeline for the generation of shRNA transgenic mice. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:374-93. [PMID: 22301776 PMCID: PMC3724521 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an extremely effective tool for studying gene function in almost all metazoan and eukaryotic model systems. RNAi in mice, through the expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), offers something not easily achieved with traditional genetic approaches-inducible and reversible gene silencing. However, technical variability associated with the production of shRNA transgenic strains has so far limited their widespread use. Here we describe a pipeline for the generation of miR30-based shRNA transgenic mice that enables efficient and consistent targeting of doxycycline-regulated, fluorescence-linked shRNAs to the Col1a1 locus. Notably, the protocol details crucial steps in the design and testing of miR30-based shRNAs to maximize the potential for developing effective transgenic strains. In all, this 14-week procedure provides a fast and cost-effective way for any laboratory to investigate gene function in vivo in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas E Dow
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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Premsrirut PK, Dow LE, Kim SY, Camiolo M, Malone CD, Miething C, Scuoppo C, Zuber J, Dickins RA, Kogan SC, Shroyer KR, Sordella R, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW. A rapid and scalable system for studying gene function in mice using conditional RNA interference. Cell 2011; 145:145-58. [PMID: 21458673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a powerful tool for studying gene function, however, the reproducible generation of RNAi transgenic mice remains a significant limitation. By combining optimized fluorescence-coupled miR30-based shRNAs with high efficiency ES cell targeting, we developed a fast, scalable pipeline for the production of shRNA transgenic mice. Using this system, we generated eight tet-regulated shRNA transgenic lines targeting Firefly and Renilla luciferases, Oct4 and tumor suppressors p53, p16(INK4a), p19(ARF) and APC and demonstrate potent gene silencing and GFP-tracked knockdown in a broad range of tissues in vivo. Further, using an shRNA targeting APC, we illustrate how this approach can identify predicted phenotypes and also unknown functions for a well-studied gene. In addition, through regulated gene silencing we validate APC/Wnt and p19(ARF) as potential therapeutic targets in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and lung adenocarcinoma, respectively. This system provides a cost-effective and scalable platform for the production of RNAi transgenic mice targeting any mammalian gene. PAPERCLIP:
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Takiguchi M, James C, Josefsson EC, Carmichael CL, Premsrirut PK, Lowe SW, Hamilton JR, Huang DCS, Kile BT, Dickins RA. Transgenic, inducible RNAi in megakaryocytes and platelets in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2751-6. [PMID: 21138522 PMCID: PMC3285240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for suppressing gene function. The tetracycline (tet)-regulated expression system has recently been adapted to allow inducible RNAi in mice, however its efficiency in a particular cell type in vivo depends on a transgenic tet transactivator expression pattern and is often highly variable. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish a transgenic strategy that allows efficient and inducible gene knockdown in particular hematopoietic lineages in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a tet-regulated reporter gene strategy, we found that transgenic mice expressing the rtTA (tet-on) transactivator under control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (CMV-rtTA mice) display inducible reporter gene expression with unusual and near-complete efficiency in megakaryocytes and platelets. To test whether the CMV-rtTA transgene can drive inducible and efficient gene knockdown within this lineage, we generated a novel mouse strain harboring a tet-regulated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Bcl-x(L) , a pro-survival Bcl-2 family member known to be essential for maintaining platelet survival. Doxycycline treatment of adult mice carrying both transgenes induces shRNA expression, depletes Bcl-x(L) in megakaryocytes and triggers severe thrombocytopenia, whereas doxycycline withdrawal shuts off shRNA expression, normalizes Bcl-x(L) levels and restores platelet numbers. These effects are akin to those observed with drugs that target Bcl-x(L) , clearly demonstrating that this transgenic system allows efficient and inducible inhibition of genes in megakaryocytes and platelets. CONCLUSIONS We have established a novel transgenic strategy for inducible gene knockdown in megakaryocytes and platelets that will be useful for characterizing genes involved in platelet production and function in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takiguchi
- Molecular Medicine Division Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Dickins RA, McJunkin K, Hernando E, Premsrirut PK, Krizhanovsky V, Burgess DJ, Kim SY, Cordon-Cardo C, Zender L, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW. Tissue-specific and reversible RNA interference in transgenic mice. Nat Genet 2007; 39:914-21. [PMID: 17572676 PMCID: PMC4595852 DOI: 10.1038/ng2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice provide powerful tools for understanding mammalian gene function. These models traditionally rely on gene overexpression from transgenes or targeted, irreversible gene mutation. By adapting the tetracycline (tet)-responsive system previously used for gene overexpression, we have developed a simple transgenic system to reversibly control endogenous gene expression using RNA interference (RNAi) in mice. Transgenic mice harboring a tet-responsive RNA polymerase II promoter driving a microRNA-based short hairpin RNA targeting the tumor suppressor Trp53 reversibly express short hairpin RNA when crossed with existing mouse strains expressing general or tissue-specific 'tet-on' or 'tet-off' transactivators. Reversible Trp53 knockdown can be achieved in several tissues, and restoring Trp53 expression in lymphomas whose development is promoted by Trp53 knockdown leads to tumor regression. By leaving the target gene unaltered, this approach permits tissue-specific, reversible regulation of endogenous gene expression in vivo, with potential broad application in basic biology and drug target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Dickins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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