Fluoropyrimidine type, patient age, tumour sidedness and mutation status as determinants of benefit in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with EGFR monoclonal antibodies: individual patient data pooled analysis of randomised trials from the ARCAD database

BACKGROUND

KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are used as predictive biomarkers to select therapy with EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Other factors may be significant determinants of benefit.

METHODS

Individual patient data from randomised trials with a head-to-head comparison between EGFR mAb versus no EGFR mAb (chemotherapy alone or best supportive care) in mCRC, across all lines of therapy, were pooled. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between groups. Treatment effects within the predefined KRAS biomarker subsets were estimated by adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) and 95% confidence interval (CI). EGFR mAb efficacy was measured within the KRAS wild-type subgroup according to BRAF and NRAS mutation status. In both KRAS wild-type and mutant subgroups, additional factors that could impact EGFR mAb efficacy were explored including the type of chemotherapy, line of therapy, age, sex, tumour sidedness and site of metastasis.

RESULTS

5675 patients from 8 studies were included, all with known mCRC KRAS mutation status. OS (HRadj 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.98, p = 0.01) and PFS benefit (HRadj 0.73, 95% CI 0.68-0.79, p < 0.001) from EGFR mAbs was observed in the KRAS wild-type group. PFS benefit was seen in patients treated with fluorouracil (HRadj 0.75, 95% CI 0.68-0.82) but not with capecitabine-containing regimens (HRadj 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.26) (pinteraction = 0.002). Sidedness also interacted with EGFR mAb efficacy, with survival benefit restricted to left-sided disease (pinteraction = 0.038). PFS benefits differed according to age, with benefits greater in those under 70 (pinteraction = 0.001). The survival benefit was not demonstrated in those patients with mutations found in the KRAS, NRAS or BRAF genes. The presence of liver metastases interacted with EGFR mAb efficacy in patients with KRAS mutant mCRC (pinteraction = 0.004).

CONCLUSION

The benefit provided by EGFR mAbs in KRAS WT mCRC is associated with left-sided primary tumour location, younger patient age and absence of NRAS or BRAF mutations. Survival benefit is observed with fluorouracil but not capecitabine. Exploratory results support further research in KRAS mutant mCRC without liver metastases.

HER2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β promotes mammary morphogenesis and breast cancer progression

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and HER2 signaling collaborate to promote breast cancer progression. However, their molecular interplay is largely unclear. TGF-β can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we report that TGF-β enhances HER2 activation, leading to the activation of MAPK and AKT. This process depends on the TGF-β type I receptor TβRI kinase activity. TβRI phosphorylates HER2 at Ser779, promoting Y1248 phosphorylation and HER2 activation. Mice with HER2 S779A mutation display impaired mammary morphogenesis, reduced ductal elongation, and branching. Furthermore, wild-type HER2, but not S779A mutant, promotes TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and lung metastasis of breast cells. Increased HER2 S779 phosphorylation is observed in human breast cancers and positively correlated with the activation of HER2, MAPK, and AKT. Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of TGF-β-induced S779 phosphorylation in HER2 activation, mammary gland development, and the pro-oncogenic function of TGF-β in breast cancer progression.

[Effect of dual fluorescence imaging in identifying central lymph nodes and parathyroid glands during thyroid cancer surgery]

Objective: To investigate the effect of dual fluorescence imaging in identifying central lymph nodes and parathyroid glands during thyroid cancer surgery. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Patients who underwent surgery for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2022 and September 2023 were included. All patients underwent thyroid lobectomy or total resection, and central lymph node dissection was performed at the same time. During the operation, tracing injection of mitoxantrone hydrochloride and 785 nm and 660 nm dual fluorescence imaging technique were used to measure the fluorescence intensity (FI) of parathyroid glands, central lymph nodes and background. After correcting to obtain the standardized FI, the paired t-test was used to compare the standardized FI of the parathyroid glands and central lymph nodes, and the Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the standardized FI and various clinical indicators. Results: The study included 30 patients (8 males and 22 females), with a mean age of (41.8±10.4) years. A total of 76 parathyroid glands and 234 central lymph nodes were identified under dual fluorescence imaging, and the standardized FI of parathyroid glands was less than that of central lymph nodes (44.7±16.8 vs 99.5±28.4, P<0.001). The visualization rate, false rate and miscut rate of parathyroid glands under 785 nm wavelength excitation light were 98.7% (76/77), 0 (0/77) and 1.3% (1/77), respectively (one case with no visualization and miscutting parathyroid gland was the encapsulated type). The visualization rate of central lymph nodes under 660 nm wavelength excitation light was 98.7% (234/237). There was no significant correlation between FI and clinical indicators such as gender, age, height, weight, body mass index, preoperative thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid microsomal antibody, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone level and surgical procedure (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Dual fluorescence imaging of central lymph nodes and parathyroid glands can improve the ability to identify parathyroid gland while assisting central lymph node dissection.

Frailty-Related Factors among Women Living with and without HIV Aged 40 Years and Older. The Women's Interagency HIV Study

BACKGROUND

Frailty is a clinical, geriatric syndrome linked to disability and mortality; and may be associated with a variety of factors among underrepresented and underserved women living with HIV (WLWH) and without HIV (WLWOH) transitioning through the adult life course.

OBJECTIVES

Determine whether a published set of factors associated cross-sectionally with frailty in WLWH and similar WLWOH at average age 39 years in 2005/2006 were associated with frailty in 2018/2019 among women who initiated frailty assessments at age ≥40 years, or whether a new set of factors were associated with frailty.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional analyses within a longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING

The multi-center Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS).

PARTICIPANTS

1285 participants (951 WLWH, 334 WLWOH), median age 53 years (interquartile range 47-58 years).

MEASUREMENTS

The Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP) in association with 23 factors representing HIV serostatus, other infections, sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and chronic diseases.

RESULTS

Frailty prevalence was 11.1% in 2018/2019 (12.6% among WLWOH, 9.6% among WLWH, p=0.121). The published 2005/2006 final multivariable stepwise regression model contained 9 predictors of frailty. When refit to women in 2018/2019, only age ≥50 years and annual income ≤$12,000 were independently positively associated with frailty; other significant 2005/2006 factors, HIV serostatus, CD4+ count <500 cells/mL among WLWH, smoking, drinking, FIB-4 and eGFR, were not. A newly-derived stepwise model considering all 23 predictors measured in 2018/2019, showed independent positive associations between frailty and age ≥50 years, annual income ≤$12,000, obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30kg/m2), and history of tuberculosis and cancer.

CONCLUSION

Different chronic and infectious disease factors were associated with frailty among WLWH and WLWOH over the adult life course. Understanding factors associated with frailty by adult life stage, allows identification and implementation of novel, temporal interventions to alleviate frailty-associated outcomes and enhance quality of life among WLWH and WLWOH.

Different prognostic values of KRAS exon 2 submutations and BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite stable (MSS) and unstable (MSI) stage III colon cancer: an ACCENT/IDEA pooled analysis of seven trials

BACKGROUND

The prognostic value of KRAS and BRAFV600E mutations in stage III colon cancer (CC) remains controversial and has never been clearly analyzed in patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors due to sample size limitations. Data are also lacking for KRAS submutations and prognosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We examined clinicopathological variables and prognosis in patients with surgically resected stage III CC who participated in seven clinical trials from the ACCENT/IDEA databases. Associations between KRAS exon 2 and BRAFV600E mutations and time to recurrence (TTR), overall survival (OS), and survival after recurrence (SAR) were assessed using a Cox model. We also analyzed the prognostic value of KRAS exon 2 submutations.

RESULTS

Among 8460 patients, 11.4% had MSI-H status. In the MSI-H group, BRAFV600E, KRAS exon 2 mutants, and double-wild-type statuses were detected in 40.6%, 18.1%, and 41.3%, respectively, whereas and in the microsatellite stable (MSS) group, these were detected in 7.7%, 38.6%, and 53.8%, respectively. In the MSS group, 5-year TTR rates of 61.8%, 66.3%, and 72.9% were observed among patients with BRAFV600E, KRAS exon 2 mutants, and those who were DWT, respectively [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.58 and 1.31, both P < 0.001]. In the MSI-H group, 5-year TTR rates did not differ significantly among the mutated subgroups. Similar results were found for OS. However, survival after relapse was significantly shorter in the KRAS exon 2- and BRAFV600E-mutated patients in both MSS (adjusted HR = 2.06 and 1.15; both P < 0.05) and MSI-H (adjusted HR = 1.99 and 1.81; both P < 0.05) groups. In the MSS group, KRAS exon 2 mutations were associated with TTR, but only p.G12C, p.G12D, and p.G13D were associated with poor outcomes after disease recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Testing for both KRAS and BRAFV600E mutations in stage III patients should be considered as they can better define individual patient prognosis, and may also enable patient selection for (neo)adjuvant trials dedicated to specific molecular subtypes with poor prognosis.

[Clinical analysis of adult oculomoclonus-myoclonus syndrome with vertigo]

The clinical manifestation, physical and laboratory examination, electrophysiological, and imaging data of 2 female adult OMS patients with vertigo were analyzed at the Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from February 2021 to March 2022. The treatment strategy and clinical outcome were followed up. The two female patients were aged 42 and 66 years. Anti-NMDA receptor antibody and anti-GABAB receptor antibody were detected in serological screening, respectively. The two patients met the diagnostic criteria for OMS, and one was screened for breast tumor. The clinical symptoms of the two patients were relieved after immunomodulation therapy. OMS is a group of rare clinical syndromes; its clinical evaluation process should be standardized and the etiology should be actively searched for.

[Preliminary analysis of neuroprotective effects of capillary fascia preservation recurrent laryngeal nerve anatomical method in right level Ⅵ dissection]

Objective: To investigate the application and effect of capillary fascia preservation between the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and common carotid artery (fascia preservation method) in nerve protection when dissecting right level Ⅵ lymph nodes for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective cohort study enrolling 195 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing right level Ⅵ lymph node dissection in Beijing Tongren Hospital from March 2021 to August 2022 was carried out. The RLN was dissected by fascia preservation method in study group and by routine method in control group. The intraoperative electrical signal amplitude of the RLN, the number of dissected lymph nodes, and the postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 195 patients (study group: 94 cases, control group: 101 cases) were collected. There were 71 males and 124 females, with the median age of 32 (39, 51) years. In the study group, the total number of right level Ⅵ lymph nodes was significantly larger than the number of right Ⅵa level lymph nodes [8 (6, 11) vs 6 (4, 8), P<0.001]. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the number of level Ⅵa or level Ⅵb lymph nodes [Ⅵa: 6 (4, 8) vs 5 (3, 7), P=0.373; Ⅵb: 3 (1, 4) vs 2 (1, 4), P=0.337] and metastasis rate [Ⅵa: 51.1% (48/94) vs 52.5% (53/101), P=0.844; Ⅵb: 12.8% (12/94) vs 15.8% (16/101), P=0.541]. The ratio of electromyography (EMG) amplitude R2 in lower level Ⅵ and entry into larynx (grouped as>90%, 50%~90%,<50%) in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). No significant differences were detected between the two groups in temporary RLN paralysis [1.1% (1/94) vs 2.0% (2/101), P=1.000]. Conclusions: Fascia preservation method can decrease the stimulus and traction to RLN and preserve the capillary network serving RLN. It can thoroughly dissect lymph nodes and decrease the injury of RLN.

Alliance A022101: A Pragmatic Randomized Phase III Trial Evaluating Total Ablative Therapy for Patients with Limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer - Evaluating Radiation, Ablation and Surgery (ERASur)

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

For patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), aggressive local therapy of isolated metastases, particularly in the liver, has been associated with long-term progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) primarily based on retrospective evidence. However, in patients with limited metastatic CRC that is deemed inoperable or those with additional disease outside of the liver or lungs, the role of local ablative therapies, including microwave ablation (MWA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), to render patients disease free is less clear. Further, despite the long history of treating oligometastatic CRC with local therapy, which is provider biased and not evidence based, questions remain regarding the benefit of extending the paradigm of metastatic directed therapy to patients with more extensive disease. This trial seeks to use a pragmatic multimodality approach that mirrors the current clinical dilemma. This study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adding total ablative therapy (TAT) of all sites of disease to standard of care systemic treatment in those with limited metastatic CRC.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A022101 is a National Clinical Trials Network randomized phase III study planned to enroll 364 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic CRC (BRAF wild-type, microsatellite stable) with 4 or fewer sites of metastatic disease on baseline imaging. Liver-only metastatic disease is not permitted, and lesions must be amenable to any combination of surgical resection, MWA, and/or SBRT with SBRT required for at least one lesion. Patients receive first-line systemic therapy for 4-6 months and are then randomized 1:1, stratified by number of metastatic organ sites (1-2 vs. 3-4), timing of metastatic disease diagnosis (de novo vs. secondary), and presence of metastatic disease outside the liver and lungs in at least one site. Patients in Arm 1 will receive TAT which consists of treatment of all metastatic sites with SBRT ± MWA ± surgical resection followed by standard of care systemic therapy. Patients in Arm 2 will continue with standard of care systemic therapy alone. The primary endpoint is OS. Secondary endpoints include event-free survival, treatment-related toxicities, and local recurrence with exploratory biomarker analyses. The study needs 346 evaluable patients combined in the 2 arms to demonstrate an improvement in OS with a hazard ratio of 0.7 to provide 80% power with a one-sided alpha of 5%. The trial utilizes a group sequential design with two interim analyses (25% and 50% of events) for futility.

RESULTS

The trial activated in January 2023.

CONCLUSION

Recruitment is ongoing.

The impact of acute-phase reaction on mortality and re-fracture after zoledronic acid in hospitalized elderly osteoporotic fracture patients

This study involving 674 elderly osteoporotic fracture (OPF) patients undergoing orthopedic surgery investigated the long-term outcomes of acute phase reaction (APR) after initial zoledronic acid (ZOL). Those who had an APR had a 97% higher risk of mortality and a 73% lower rate of re-fracture than patients who did not.

INTRODUCTION

Annual infusion of ZOL efficiently decreases the risk of fracture. A temporary APR, consisting of flu-like symptoms, myalgia, and fever, is frequently observed within 3 days after the first dose. This work aimed to identify whether the occurrence of APR after initial ZOL infusion is a reliable indicator of drug efficacy for mortality and re-fracture in elderly OPF patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.

METHODS

This retrospectively observed work was constructed on a database prospectively collected from the Osteoporotic Fracture Registry System of a tertiary level A hospital in China. Six hundred seventy-four patients 50 years old or older with newly identified hip/morphological vertebral OPF who received ZOL for the first time after orthopedic surgery were included in the final analysis. APR was identified as a maximum axillary body temperature greater than 37.3 °C for the first 3 days after ZOL infusion. We utilized models of multivariate Cox proportional hazards to compare the risk of all-cause mortality in OPF patients with APR (APR+) and without APR (APR-). Competing risks regression analysis was used to examine the association between the occurrence of APR and re-fracture when mortality was taken into account.

RESULTS

In a fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, APR+ patients had a significantly higher risk of death than APR- patients with a hazard ratio [HR] 1.97 (95% CI, 1.09-3.56; P-value = 0.02). Furthermore, in an adjusted competing risk regression analysis, APR+ patients had a significantly reduced risk of re-fracture compared with APR- patients with a sub-distribution HR, 0.27 (95% CI, 0.11-0.70; P-value = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested a potential association between the occurrence of APR and increased mortality risk. An initial dose of ZOL following orthopedic surgery was found to be protective against re-fracture in older patients with OPFs.

[Analysis of the clinical characteristics of 25 cases with parenchymal neuro-Behcet's disease]

Objective: To retrospectively investigate the clinical data, radiological characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with parenchymal neuro-Behcet's disease (P-NBD) with particular emphasis on dizziness. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of clinical data from 25 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of P-NBD who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between 2010 and 2022. The median age of the population was 37 years (range: 17-85 years). Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed, including gender, age of onset, disease duration, clinical manifestations, serum immune indicators, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) routine biochemical and cytokine levels, cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, treatment, and outcome. Results: The majority of patients were male (16 cases; 64.0%), the mean age of onset was (28±14) (range: 4-58 years), and the disease course was acute or subacute. Fever was the most common clinical presentation, and the complaint of dizziness was not uncommon (8/25 patients). Analysis of serum immune indices, including complement (C3 and C4), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrotic factor-alpha were abnormal in 80.0% of patients (20/25). Most of the 16/25 patients who underwent lumbar puncture tests had normal intracranial pressure and increased CSF white cell count and protein [median values were 44 (15-380) ×10⁶/L and 0.73 (0.49-2.81) g/L, respectively]. Of the five patients who underwent CSF cytokine tests, four patients had abnormal results; of these, an elevated level of IL-6 was most common, followed by IL-1 and IL-8. The most common site of involvement in cranial MRI was the brainstem and basal ganglia (60.0% respectively), followed by white matter (48.0%) and the cortex (44.0%). Nine cases (36.0%) showed lesions with enhancement and six cases (24.0%) showed mass-like lesions. Three patients (12.0%) patients had lesions in the spinal cord, most frequently in the thoracic cord. All patients received immunological intervention therapy; during follow up, the majority had a favorable outcome. Conclusions: P-NBD is an autoimmune disease with multiple system involvement and diverse clinical manifestations. The symptom of dizziness is not uncommon and can be easily ignored. Early treatment with immunotherapy is important and can improve the outcome of these patients.

Partial cellular reprogramming stably restores the stemness of senescent epidermal stem cells

OBJECTIVE

Adult stem cell senescence and exhaustion are important drivers of organismal age. Restored stem cell self-renewal has revealed novel therapeutic targets for decreasing the incidence of age-associated diseases (AADs) and prolonging the human health span. Transient ectopic expression of the reprogramming factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (collectively known as OSKM) in somatic cells can induce partial cellular reprogramming and effectively ameliorate their age-associated hallmarks. However, how this form of rejuvenation is applied to senescent stem cells remains unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Integrin-α6highCD71high epidermal stem cells (ESCs) with low self-renewal ability were sorted by flow cytometry and then treated by the interrupted reprogramming induced by transient expression of OSKM. The ability of secondary clones' generation and self-proliferation in vitro, as well as stem cell marker p63, were detected to determine their self-renewal ability. Besides, gene and protein of epidermal cell markers were detected to determine whether their cell identities were retained. Finally, DNA methylation age (eAge) and DNA dehydroxymethylase/methyltransferase were analyzed to explore the alternation of their global DNA methylation pattern during this rejuvenation.

RESULTS

The partial reprogramming restored the youthful self-renewal and proliferation in senescent ESCs, including larger secondary clone generation, higher expression of stem cell marker p63 and proliferation marker Ki67, and faster proliferation speed, in each case without abolishing epithelial cellular identity. Moreover, the rejuvenation of adult stem cells could be maintained for 2 weeks after reprogramming factor withdrawal, which was more stable than that of differentiated somatic cells. Additionally, we found that partial reprogramming counteracted the acceleration of eAge in senescent epidermal stem cells and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) may play a crucial role in this process.

CONCLUSIONS

Partial reprogramming has high therapeutic potential for reversing adult stem cell age, providing an advanced way to treat AADs.

[Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic analysis of testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]

Objective: To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) . Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 68 patients with testicular DLBCL admitted to Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from October 2001 to April 2020. The gene mutation profile was evaluated by targeted sequencing (55 lymphoma-related genes) , and prognostic factors were analyzed. Results: A total of 68 patients were included, of whom 45 (66.2% ) had primary testicular DLBCL and 23 (33.8% ) had secondary testicular DLBCL. The proportion of secondary testicular DLBCL patients with Ann Arbor stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ (P<0.001) , elevated LDH (P<0.001) , ECOG score ≥ 2 points (P=0.005) , and IPI score 3-5 points (P<0.001) is higher than that of primary testicular DLBCL patients. Sixty-two (91% ) patients received rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) -based first-line regimen, whereas 54 cases (79% ) underwent orchiectomy prior to chemotherapy. Patients with secondary testicular DLBCL had a lower estimated 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate (16.5% vs 68.1% , P<0.001) and 5-year overall survival (OS) rate (63.4% vs 74.9% , P=0.008) than those with primary testicular DLBCL, and their complete remission rate (57% vs 91% , P=0.003) was also lower than that of primary testicular DLBCL. The ECOG scores of ≥2 (PFS: P=0.018; OS: P<0.001) , Ann Arbor stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ (PFS: P<0.001; OS: P=0.018) , increased LDH levels (PFS: P=0.015; OS: P=0.006) , and multiple extra-nodal involvements (PFS: P<0.001; OS: P=0.013) were poor prognostic factors in testicular DLBCL. Targeted sequencing data in 20 patients with testicular DLBCL showed that the mutation frequencies of ≥20% were PIM1 (12 cases, 60% ) , MYD88 (11 cases, 55% ) , CD79B (9 cases, 45% ) , CREBBP (5 cases, 25% ) , KMT2D (5 cases, 25% ) , ATM (4 cases, 20% ) , and BTG2 (4 cases, 20% ) . The frequency of mutations in KMT2D in patients with secondary testicular DLBCL was higher than that in patients with primary testicular DLBCL (66.7% vs 7.1% , P=0.014) and was associated with a lower 5-year PFS rate in patients with testicular DLBCL (P=0.019) . Conclusion: Patients with secondary testicular DLBCL had worse PFS and OS than those with primary testicular DLBCL. The ECOG scores of ≥2, Ann Arbor stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ, increased LDH levels, and multiple extra-nodal involvements were poor prognostic factors in testicular DLBCL. PIM1, MYD88, CD79B, CREBBP, KMT2D, ATM, and BTG2 were commonly mutated genes in testicular DLBCL, and the prognosis of patients with KMT2D mutations was poor.

[Application and prospect of tissue engineering strategies based on decellularized extracellular matrix in bone-tendon injuries]

Under the rapid development of national health and fitness, the incidence rates of bone-tendon injuries have been increasing observably. Bone-to-tendon healing poses a formidable clinical challenge due to the complex structure, composition and mechanics of the interface. A variety of strategies, including advanced biomaterials, bioactive growth factors and multiple stem cell lineages, have been developed, providing new adjuvant therapies for the repair of motor system injuries. Among them, tissue engineering of decellularized extracellular matrix materials is one of the most promising approaches. The well-designed shapes of scaffolds, the improvements of acellular protocols, the bioactivity enhancement of materials and the appropriate seed cells in biomimetic applications have been proved to have more satisfactory clinical efficacy and application prospects. This review intends to provide a reference for future innovations in bone-tendon injury by summarizing the research progresses of tissue engineering strategies in recent years.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary and secondary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the pancreas]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary and secondary pancreatic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) . Methods: Clinical data of patients with pancreatic DLBCL admitted at Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2003 to June 2020 were analyzed. Gene mutation profiles were evaluated by targeted sequencing (55 lymphoma-related genes). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to evaluate the prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) . Results: Overall, 80 patients were included; 12 patients had primary pancreatic DLBCL (PPDLBCL), and 68 patients had secondary pancreatic DLBCL (SPDLBCL). Compared with those with PPDLBCL, patients with SPDLBCL had a higher number of affected extranodal sites (P<0.001) and had higher IPI scores (P=0.013). There was no significant difference in the OS (P=0.120) and PFS (P=0.067) between the two groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that IPI intermediate-high/high risk (P=0.025) and double expressor (DE) (P=0.017) were independent adverse prognostic factors of OS in patients with pancreatic DLBCL. IPI intermediate-high/high risk (P=0.021) was an independent adverse prognostic factor of PFS in patients with pancreatic DLBCL. Targeted sequencing of 29 patients showed that the mutation frequency of PIM1, SGK1, BTG2, FAS, MYC, and MYD88 in patients with pancreatic DLBCL were all >20%. PIM1 (P=0.006 for OS, P=0.032 for PFS) and MYD88 (P=0.001 for OS, P=0.017 for PFS) mutations were associated with poor OS and PFS in patients with SPDLBCL. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the OS and PFS between patients with PPDLBCL and those with SPDLBCL. IPI intermediate-high/high risk and DE were adverse prognostic factors of pancreatic DLBCL. PIM1, SGK1, BTG2, FAS, MYC, and MYD88 were common mutations in pancreatic DLBCL. PIM1 and MYD88 mutations indicated worse prognosis.

[Role of preoperative ultrasound-guided inferior parathyroid gland localization and new classification to assist intraoperative search and protection of parathyroid glands]

Objective: To investigate the role and significance of ultrasound-guided inferior parathyroid gland (IPTG) localization in searching and protecting parathyroid glands before thyroid surgery. Methods: A randomized controlled trial study was conducted. A total of 306 patients (433 cases of lateral parathyroidectomy) who underwent primary thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection in Beijing Tongren Hosipital from March to October 2021 were enrolled. In order to locate IPTG more quickly and effectively, new IPTG classification and the definition of quadrant position were carried out. The patients were divided into the study group (n=228) and the control group (n=205). The study group underwent ultrasound-guided IPTG examination before operation and measured the distance between the IPTG and the lower pole of the thyroid and the midline of the trachea. During the operation, the IPTG was found and protected depending on the localization. The control group did not use any auxiliary preoperative positioning method. The distribution ratio of IPTG and the coincidence rate between intraoperative validation and ultrasound localization were calculated. Results: There were 306 patients enrolled in the final analysis (95 males and 211 females), with a median age of 41 years old (18-70). Type Ⅱ and Ⅲ IPTG accounted for 77.2% (176/228) of the total cases. The total coincidence rate ranged from 72.8% to 79.4% in different IPTG groups. Type Ⅲ and quadrant 2 IPTG had the highest coincidence rate [92.4% (73/79) and 92.9% (79/85), respectively]. The study group had better in situ retention rate [82.0% (187/228) vs 73.2% (150/205), χ²=4.896, P=0.027] and less implantation rate [8.8% (20/228) vs 16.1% (33/205), χ²=5.393, P=0.020] than those of the control group. The in situ retention rate were better in type Ⅲ IPTG group, compared with those of the control group [94.9% (74/78) vs 77.4% (48/62), χ²=7.898, P=0.005]. There was no permanent hypoparathyroidism in two groups and the temporary hypoparathyroidism rate was 32.0% (24/75) and 34.6% (18/52), respectively (χ²=0.095, P=0.758). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided IPTG localization examination has important implications for searching and protecting IPTG during operation, which can significantly increase in situ retention rate of IPTG and decrease the implantation rate.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of postoperative recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) invasion. Methods: The data of PTC patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion treated in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2006 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The acoustic parameters were compared between different subgroups. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the overall survival (OS) and the recurrence-free rate (RFS), and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the risk factors for postoperative recurrence. Results: A total of 150 PTC patients were enrolled in the final analysis, including 102 females and 48 males, with an average age of (53.5±13.7) years, and 62 patients (41.3%) aged over 55 years. There were 88 cases with stage Ⅰ, and 62 cases with stage Ⅲ. Fifty-five patients presented with preoperative vocal cord paralysis. There were 75 cases appearing adhesion between tumor or lymph node and recurrent laryngeal nerve while 75 cases presented with direct invasion. The comparisons of acoustic parameters showed that patients with RLN invasion had higher jitter compared with patients without RLN invasion [2.3% (1.4%, 3.2%) vs 1.8% (0.8%, 2.6%), P<0.001]. Moreover, patients with preoperative vocal cord paralysis (VCP) had higher jitter[3.1% (2.2%, 4.6%) vs 2.0% (1.1%, 2.8%), P<0.001] and shimmer [7.1% (4.9%, 9.9%) vs 5.5% (4.2%, 7.3%), P<0.001] and shorter maximum phonation time (MPT) [8.0 (6.0, 10.0) s vs 12.0 (10.0, 15.3) s, P<0.001] compared with patients without preoperative VCP. However, there was no statistical difference in acoustic parameters between cases with RLN adhesion and RLN invasion (all P>0.05). Postoperative follow-up time ranged between 12-196 months, with an average of (65.0±35.9) months. Sixteen patients (10.7%) had recurrence or metastasis, and 8 cases (5.3%) died of recurrence or metastasis. The 5-year OS rate was 95.1%, and the 10-year OS rate was 92.8%. The 5-year RFS rate was 88.9%, and the 10-year RFS rate was 86.2%. Univariate Cox analysis showed that age of onset ≥ 55 years, preoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, laryngeal, trachea or esophageal invasion were the risk factors for postoperative recurrence of PTC with RLN invasion (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that age of onset ≥ 55 years (OR=1.060, 95%CI: 1.011-1.110, P=0.015) was an independent risk factor. Conclusions: Age of onset ≥ 55 years is an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence in PTC patients with RLN invasion. Preoperative acoustic parameters may provide reference for evaluation of RLN function.

Dishevelled phase separation promotes Wnt signalosome assembly and destruction complex disassembly

The amplitude of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is precisely controlled by the assembly of the cell surface-localized Wnt receptor signalosome and the cytosolic β-catenin destruction complex. How these two distinct complexes are coordinately controlled remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the signalosome scaffold protein Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Dvl2 LLPS is mediated by an intrinsically disordered region and facilitated by components of the signalosome, such as the receptor Fzd5. Assembly of the signalosome is initiated by rapid recruitment of Dvl2 to the membrane, followed by slow and dynamic recruitment of Axin1. Axin LLPS mediates assembly of the β-catenin destruction complex, and Dvl2 attenuates LLPS of Axin. Compared with the destruction complex, Axin partitions into the signalosome at a lower concentration and exhibits a higher mobility. Together, our results revealed that Dvl2 LLPS is crucial for controlling the assembly of the Wnt receptor signalosome and disruption of the phase-separated β-catenin destruction complex.

Association of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with survival depends on primary tumor sidedness in stage III colon cancers (NCCTG N0147) [Alliance]

BACKGROUND

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a robust and independent prognostic variable in localized colon cancer. Given reported differences in molecular features and prognosis of right- versus left-sided tumors, we examined the association of TIL densities with patient survival by primary tumor sidedness in stage III cancers, including clinical low- (T1-3, N1) and high-risk (T4 and/or N2) groups.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a phase III trial of FOLFOX-based adjuvant chemotherapy, TIL densities were analyzed and dichotomized in colon carcinomas (N = 1532) based on a previously determined cut point optimized for disease-free survival (DFS). Right-sided tumors were defined as proximal to the splenic flexure. Associations of TILs and sidedness with 5-year DFS were examined using Kaplan-Meier methodology along with multivariable modeling and relative contribution analysis by Cox regression.

RESULTS

Lower TIL densities were found in left- versus right-sided tumors (P < 0.0001). The association of TIL densities with DFS differed significantly by tumor sidedness (Pinteraction = 0.045). Overall, patient tumors with low (versus high) TILs had significantly poorer DFS in right-sided (hazard ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.45-2.82; Padj < 0.0001), but not left-sided tumors (Padj = 0.1731). Among clinical low-risk patients, low (versus high) TILs were adversely prognostic only in right-sided tumors (Padj = 0.0058). Among high-risk patients, low TILs were prognostic independent of sidedness (Padj < 0.025). The relative contribution of TILs to DFS was substantially greater in right- versus left-sided tumors (24% versus 1.5%). In high-risk tumors, TILs had the highest relative contribution to DFS (42%) of all variables. In low-risk tumors, the contribution of TILs (16%) to DFS was second to KRAS.

CONCLUSIONS

The association of TIL densities with patient survival differed by primary tumor sidedness and clinical risk group, suggesting that TILs should be interpreted in this context among stage III colon cancers.

CLINICALTRIALS

GOV IDENTIFIER

NCT00079274; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00079274.

[Retrospective study on clinical manifestation, thigh MRI and electrophysiology characteristics of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy]

Objective: To summarize the clinical, thigh magnetic resonance (tMRI) and electromyographic (EMG) characteristics in patients with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Methods: A total of 32 IMNM patients who were admitted to the Department of Neurology from April 2019 to April 2021 were enrolled at the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital. According to the type of antibody, the patients were divided into anti-SRP antibody positive (SRP⁺) group, anti-HMGCR antibody positive (HMGCR⁺) group and seronegative (SN) group. The gender, age, course of disease, myositis antibodies, extramuscular manifestations, EMG were collected and analyzed among three groups. The characteristics of skeletal muscle were assessed by tMRI inflammatory edema and fat infiltration scores. Analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test were used to compare the differences in different clinical characteristics and tMRI scores among the three groups. When there was a statistical difference among the three groups, the comparison between the two groups was corrected by the Bonferroni method. Result: (1) Of the 32 patients, 20 were females (62.5%).The median age of onset was 47±14 years, 25 (78.1%) patients had an acute or subacute course.There were 17 (53.1%) with SRP⁺, 8 (25.0%) with HMGCR⁺, and 7 (21.9%) with MSAs (myositis specific antibodies) negative. Anti-Ro52 antibody was the most common combined antibody (12/32, 37.5%), among which 10 were in SRP⁺group.(2) The CK of all patients were elevated, median was 5 948 (4 229, 7 664) U/L. There was no statistical difference of MMT scores among three groups. The proximal limb score was lower than distal limb (P<0.01). The axial muscle score was lower than the distal limb score (P<0.05).(3) Extramuscular manifestations of HMGCR⁺ group were lower than those of the other two groups (12.5% vs. 71.4% and 76.5%, P<0.017). Rash (60.0% vs.14.3%, P<0.05) and interstitial pulmonary diseases (70.0% vs. 14.3%, P<0.05) were more common in patients with anti-SRP coexistence with anti-Ro52 than those with isolated anti-SRP. Connective tissue disease was more common in SN group (57.1% vs. 11.8% and 0, P<0.017).(4) tMRI showed fascial edema of SN group was more obvious than that of the other two groups (P<0.017). There was no statistical difference in the degree of fat infiltration and inflammatory edema among three groups, but SRP⁺ group had more cases of early fat infiltration.(5) Myotonic potentials (25.0% vs. 0 and 0, P<0.017) and compound repetitive discharges (CRDs) (50.0% vs. 5.9% and 0, P<0.017) were common in HMGCR⁺ group. Proteomic analysis found significantly different expressed proteins in skeletal muscle of patients with myotonic potentials or CRDs were associated with cytoskeleton, cell junction and extracellular matrix. Conclusion: IMNM with pure anti-SRP antibody positive and anti-HMGCR positive were mainly affected by skeletal muscles. Those who were co-positive for anti-SRP antibody and anti-Ro52 antibody had more extramuscular manifestations, which might be a special subtype of SRP⁺ group. This study proposed for the first time that myofascial inflammatory edema is an early sign of SN-IMNM injury. EMG of HMGCR⁺group were more prone to myotonia potential and CRDs.

[Research progress in biological characteristics and influencing factors of jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell]

Jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (JBMMSC), which exists in the maxilla and mandible, is adult stem cells with strong proliferation ability and multiple differentiation potential. Pathological, physicochemical and biological factors can affect the biological characteristics of JBMMSC. Compared with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from long bone, the biological characteristics of JBMMSC are site-specific because of the different sources of tissue and osteogenesis of bone. The same influencing factors have different effects on these two kinds of cells. Besides, JBMMSC also has the advantages of easier access, less trauma and lower immunogenicity. It has broad application prospects in craniomaxillofacial defect repair, periodontal tissue regeneration, and improving the success rate after implantation and so on. It has attracted wide attention in the basic and clinical studies. However, the regulation mechanism of its proliferation and differentiation is not clear, which affects its application as seed cell. Therefore, this paper reviews the biological characteristics influencing factors of JBMMSC and application progress in clinical and basic research, aiming to provide reference for further research and clinical application.

Phase separation of Axin organizes the β-catenin destruction complex

In Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the β-catenin protein level is deliberately controlled by the assembly of the multiprotein β-catenin destruction complex composed of Axin, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), casein kinase 1α (CK1α), and others. Here we provide compelling evidence that formation of the destruction complex is driven by protein liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Axin. An intrinsically disordered region in Axin plays an important role in driving its LLPS. Phase-separated Axin provides a scaffold for recruiting GSK3β, CK1α, and β-catenin. APC also undergoes LLPS in vitro and enhances the size and dynamics of Axin phase droplets. The LLPS-driven assembly of the destruction complex facilitates β-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3β and is critical for the regulation of β-catenin protein stability and thus Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Regulation of Dishevelled protein activity and stability by post-translational modifications and autophagy

As a key component of Wnt signaling, Dishevelled (Dvl/Dsh) plays essential roles in development processes and adult tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms, and its deregulation results in human development disorders and other diseases. Dvl integrates and relays complex Wnt signals by acting as a branch-point of β-catenin-dependent canonical and β-catenin-independent noncanonical pathways. It dynamically interacts with multiple proteins to modulate Wnt signaling, while its activity and stability are tightly controlled by other proteins. This Review summarizes the current understanding of regulation of Dvl activity, localization, and stability by post-translational modifications, aggregation, and autophagy, and the impacts on Dvl function in both Wnt signaling and biological processes.

Liquid-liquid phase separation drives the β-catenin destruction complex formation

The intracellular multiprotein complex β-catenin destruction complex plays a key role in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Wnt stimulation induces the assembly of the receptor-associated signalosome and the inactivation of the destruction complex, leading to β-catenin accumulation and transcriptional activation of the target genes. The core components of the destruction complex include Axin, APC, GSK3β, CK1α and other proteins. Recent studies demonstrated that Axin and APC undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which is critical for their function to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here, we discuss the possible roles of LLPS in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and regulation of Axin LLPS by post-translational modifications.

Combining tumor deposits with the number of lymph node metastases to improve the prognostic accuracy in stage III colon cancer: a post hoc analysis of the CALGB/SWOG 80702 phase III study (Alliance)☆

BACKGROUND

In colon cancer, tumor deposits (TD) are considered in assigning prognosis and staging only in the absence of lymph node metastasis (i.e. stage III pN1c tumors). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the presence and the number of TD in patients with stage III, node-positive colon cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All participants from the CALGB/SWOG 80702 phase III trial were included in this post hoc analysis. Pathology reports were reviewed for the presence and the number of TD, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Associations with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by multivariable Cox models adjusting for sex, treatment arm, T-stage, N-stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and lymph node ratio.

RESULTS

Overall, 2028 patients were included with 524 (26%) TD-positive and 1504 (74%) TD-negative tumors. Of the TD-positive patients, 80 (15.4%) were node negative (i.e. pN1c), 239 (46.1%) were pN1a/b (<4 positive lymph nodes) and 200 (38.5%) were pN2 (≥4 positive lymph nodes). The presence of TD was associated with poorer DFS [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.63, 95% CI 1.33-1.98] and OS (aHR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.24-2.04). The negative effect of TD was observed for both pN1a/b and pN2 groups. Among TD-positive patients, the number of TD had a linear negative effect on DFS and OS. Combining TD and the number of lymph node metastases, 104 of 1470 (7.1%) pN1 patients were re-staged as pN2, with worse outcomes than patients confirmed as pN1 (3-year DFS rate: 65.4% versus 80.5%, P = 0.0003; 5-year OS rate: 87.9% versus 69.1%, P = <0.0001). DFS was not different between patients re-staged as pN2 and those initially staged as pN2 (3-year DFS rate: 65.4% versus 62.3%, P = 0.4895).

CONCLUSION

Combining the number of TD and the number of lymph node metastases improved the prognostication accuracy of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging.

Silencing of long non-coding RNA LINC00958 inhibits head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression and AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by targeting miR-106a-5p

OBJECTIVE

The long non-coding RNA LINC00958 acts as an oncogenic regulator in many human tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and potential molecular biological mechanisms of LINC00958 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aberrantly expressed LINC00958 was screened out of TCGA database. The quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine LINC00958 and miR-106a-5p expression. Cellular biological behaviors were investigated using CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing and transwell assays. Xenograft mouse models were established to determine the role of LINC00958 in HNSCC growth in vivo. The interaction between LINC00958 and miR-106a-5p was validated by Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay. Additionally, the underlying pathways affected by LINC00958 were measured by Western blot.

RESULTS

LINC00958 expression was upregulated in HNSCC tissues and cells. High LINC00958 level was correlated with the poor prognosis of HNSCC patients. Functional assays showed that the knockdown of LINC00958 inhibited HNSCC malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-106a-5p was a potential target of LINC00958, and its expression was negatively regulated by LINC00958 in HNSCC. LINC00958 could activate AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which was mediated by miR-106a-5p.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our results suggest that LINC00958 acts as an oncogenic role in HNSCC and activates AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by sponging miR-106a-5p. LINC00958 may serve as a potential target for HNSCC diagnosis and treatment.

Pulsed Microfluid Force-Based On-Chip Modular Fabrication for Liver Lobule-Like 3D Cellular Models

In vitro three-dimensional (3D) cellular models with native tissue-like architectures and functions have potential as alternatives to human tissues in regenerative medicine and drug discovery. However, it is difficult to replicate liver constructs that mimic in vivo microenvironments using current approaches in tissue engineering because of the vessel-embedded 3D structure and complex cell distribution of the liver. This paper reports a pulsed microflow-based on-chip 3D assembly method to construct 3D liver lobule-like models that replicate the spatial structure and functions of the liver lobule. The heterogeneous cell-laden assembly units with hierarchical cell distribution are fabricated through multistep photopatterning of different cell-laden hydrogels. Through fluid force interaction by pulsed microflow, the hierarchical assembly units are driven to a stack, layer by layer, and thus spatially assemble into 3D cellular models in the closed liquid chamber of the assembly chip. The 3D models with liver lobule-like hexagonal morphology and radial cell distribution allow the dynamic perfusion culture to maintain high cell viability and functional expression during long-term culture in vitro. These results demonstrate that the fabricated 3D liver lobule-like models are promising for drug testing and the study of individual diagnoses and treatments.

Identification and validation of a hub gene prognostic index for hepatocellular carcinoma

Aims: We aim to provide new insights into the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify key genes as biomarkers for the prognosis of HCC. Materials & methods: Differentially expressed genes between HCC tissues and normal tissues were identified via the Gene Expression Omnibus tool. The top ten hub genes screened by the degree of the protein nodes in the protein-protein interaction network also showed significant associations with overall survival in HCC patients. Results: A prognostic model containing a five-gene signature was constructed to predict the prognosis of HCC via multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusion: This study identified a novel five-gene signature (CDK1, CCNB1, CCNB2, BUB1 and KIF11) as a significant independent prognostic factor.

XPG gene polymorphisms and glioma susceptibility: a two-centre case-control study

Background: Glioma, the most common tumour in children next to leukaemia, is difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Xeroderma pigmentosum group G (XPG) plays a key role in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which may modulate individual susceptibility to developing cancer. We hypothesized links between XPG variants and glioma in children.Methods: We tested our hypothesis in a study comparing 171 glioma cases with 228 age and sex matched controls, determining XPG polymorphisms rs2094258 C > T, rs751402 C > T, rs2296147 T > C, rs1047768 T > C, rs873601 G > A by standard molecular genetic methods.Results: rs2094258 C > T was associated with a decreased glioma risk, but carrying the rs1047768 C or rs873601 A allele brought an increased risk. Subjects carrying 5 risk genotypes had a significantly increased glioma risk at an adjusted odds ratio of 1.97 (95% confidence Interval 1.26-3.08)(p = 0.003) when compared with those carrying 0-4 risk genotypes. Furthermore, children with 5 risk genotypes had a higher glioma risk when aged >60 months, were more likely to be male, and with subtypes of astrocytic tumours, and low-grade clinical stage, when compared to those with 0-4 risk genotypes. Preliminary functional exploration suggested that rs2094258 is linked with the expression of its surrounding genes in the expression quantitative trait locus analysis.Conclusion: Certain variants of XPG are risk factors for paediatric glioma, and so may be useful in early diagnosis.

The role of liver metabolism in compensatory-growth piglets induced by protein restriction and subsequent protein realimentation

The aim of this work was to study the role of hepatic metabolism of compensatory growth in piglets induced by protein restriction and subsequent protein realimentation. Thirty-six weaned piglets were randomly distributed in a control group and a treatment group. The control group piglets were fed with a normal protein level diet (18.83% CP) for the entire experimental period (day 1-28). The treatment group piglets were fed with a protein-restriction diet (13.05% CP) for day 1 to day 14, and the diet was restored to normal protein level diet for day 15 to day 28. RNA-seq is used to analyze samples of liver metabolism on day 14 and day 28, respectively. Hepatic RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that some KEGG signaling pathways involved in glycolipid metabolism (eg, "AMPK signaling pathway," "insulin signaling pathway," and "glycolysis or gluconeogenesis") were significantly enriched on day 14 and day 28. On day 14, protein restriction promoted hepatic lipogenesis by increasing the genes expression level of ACACA, FASN, GAPM, and SREBP1C, decreasing protein phosphorylation levels of AMPKɑ and ACC in AMPK signaling pathway. In contrast, on day 28, protein realimentation promoted hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing the concentration of G6Pase and PEPCK, decreasing protein phosphorylation levels of IRS1, Akt, and FoXO1 in insulin signaling pathway. In addition, protein realimentation activated the GH-IGF1 axis between the liver and skeletal muscle. Overall, these findings revealed the importance of liver metabolism in achieving compensatory growth.

Hidden Quantum Hall Stripes in Al_{x}Ga_{1-x}As/Al_{0.24}Ga_{0.76}As Quantum Wells

We report on transport signatures of hidden quantum Hall stripe (hQHS) phases in high (N>2) half-filled Landau levels of Al_{x}Ga_{1-x}As/Al_{0.24}Ga_{0.76}As quantum wells with varying Al mole fraction x<10^{-3}. Residing between the conventional stripe phases (lower N) and the isotropic liquid phases (higher N), where resistivity decreases as 1/N, these hQHS phases exhibit isotropic and N-independent resistivity. Using the experimental phase diagram, we establish that the stripe phases are more robust than theoretically predicted, calling for improved theoretical treatment. We also show that, unlike conventional stripe phases, the hQHS phases do not occur in ultrahigh mobility GaAs quantum wells but are likely to be found in other systems.

[Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice]

OBJECTIVE

Studies have indicated that periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection may contributed to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation, oxidative stress and the mechanism on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice with P. gingivalis infection.

METHODS

Eight-week-old male ApoE-/- mice (C57BL/6) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions and fed regular chow and sterile water after 1 weeks of housing. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: (a) ApoE-/- + PBS (n=8); (b) ApoE-/- + P.gingivalis strain FDC381 (n=8). Both of the groups received intravenous injections 3 times per week for 4 weeks since 8 weeks of age. The sham control group received injections with phosphate buffered saline only, while the P. gingivalis-challenged group with P.gingivalis strain FDC381at the same time. After 4 weeks, oxidative stress mediators and inflammation cytokines were analyzed by oil red O in heart, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot in aorta.

RESULTS

In our study, we found accelerated development of atherosclerosis and plaque formation in aorta with oil red O staining, increased oxidative stress markers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 and NOX-4], as well as increased inflammation cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in the serum and aorta of the P. gingivalis-infected ApoE-/- mice. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase protein level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in aorta after P. gingivalis infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that chronic intravenous infection of P. gingivalis in ApoE-/- mice could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis by disturbing the lipid profile and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The NF-κB signaling pathway might play a potential role in the P. gingivalis-accelerated atherogenesis.

Proton transport enabled by a field-induced metallic state in a semiconductor heterostructure

Tuning a semiconductor to function as a fast proton conductor is an emerging strategy in the rapidly developing field of proton ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). The key challenge for PCFC researchers is to formulate the proton-conducting electrolyte with conductivity above 0.1 siemens per centimeter at low temperatures (300 to 600°C). Here we present a methodology to design an enhanced proton conductor by means of a Na _x CoO₂/CeO₂ semiconductor heterostructure, in which a field-induced metallic state at the interface accelerates proton transport. We developed a PCFC with an ionic conductivity of 0.30 siemens per centimeter and a power output of 1 watt per square centimeter at 520°C. Through our semiconductor heterostructure approach, our results provide insight into the proton transport mechanism, which may also improve ionic transport in other energy applications.