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Chang CC, Ciubotariu R, Manavalan JS, Yuan J, Colovai AI, Piazza F, Lederman S, Colonna M, Cortesini R, Dalla-Favera R, Suciu-Foca N. Tolerization of dendritic cells by T(S) cells: the crucial role of inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:237-43. [PMID: 11875462 DOI: 10.1038/ni760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) and ILT4 belong to a family of inhibitory receptors expressed by human monocytes and dendritic cells. We show here that CD8+CD28(-) alloantigen-specific T suppressor (TS) cells induce the up-regulation of ILT3 and ILT4 on monocytes and dendritic cells, rendering these antigen-presenting cells (APCs) tolerogenic. Tolerogenic APCs show reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness in CD4+ T helper cells. Studies of human heart transplant recipients showed that rejection-free patients have circulating TS cells, which induce the up-regulation of ILT3 and ILT4 in donor APCs. These findings demonstrate an important mechanism of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chang
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Suciu-Foca Cortesini N, Piazza F, Ho E, Ciubotariu R, LeMaoult J, Dalla-Favera R, Cortesini R. Distinct mRNA microarray profiles of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1065-72. [PMID: 11600212 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial to the activation as well as suppression of the immune response. Previous reports have illustrated that APC interacting with antigen-specific T suppressor cells become tolerogenic, inducing T helper anergy. To characterize the molecular changes occurring in tolerogenic APC, the mRNA profile of KG-1 dendritic cells exposed to allospecific T helper and T suppressor cells were analyzed. This study now provides evidence that immature dendritic cells stimulated by T suppressor cells differentiate into mature dendritic cells with a distinct phenotype. The identification of Ts induced pathways of dendritic cell differentiation is critical to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Cortesini R, LeMaoult J, Ciubotariu R, Cortesini NS. CD8+CD28- T suppressor cells and the induction of antigen-specific, antigen-presenting cell-mediated suppression of Th reactivity. Immunol Rev 2001; 182:201-6. [PMID: 11722635 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1820116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human CD8+CD28- suppressor T cells (Ts) are a subset of T cells generated in the course of in vitro and in vivo immunizations. Ts recognize MHC class I:peptide complexes and inhibit the reactivity of T helper cells (Th) with cognate antigen specificity. We have demonstrated for the first time that CD8+CD28- Ts represent a unique subset of regulatory cells that induces the differentiation of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, initiating a suppressive loop which results in the induction and spreading of Th unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cortesini
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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4
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Ciubotariu R, Li J, Colovai AI, Platt JL, Cortesini R, Suciu Foca Cortesini N. Human xenospecific T suppressor cells inhibit T helper cell proliferation to porcine aortic endothelial cells, and NF-kappaB activity in porcine APC. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:470-8. [PMID: 11334670 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T suppressor cells (Ts), capable of preventing autologous T helper cells (Th) from reacting against xenogeneic pig endothelial cells and pig APC can be generated in vitro. Ts derive from a population of CD3(+)CD8(+)CD28(-) T lymphocytes and specifically recognize the MHC class I antigens of the APC used for in vitro immunization. To study the mechanism that underlies suppression, we investigated whether Ts inhibit the expression of costimulatory molecules in xenogeneic professional and semiprofessional APC. We found that Ts down-regulate Th-induced expression of CD86 in pig APC, and that this effect occurs at the level of transcription, as indicated by nuclear run-on and Northern blot assays. EMSA results revealed that inhibition of CD86 expression is mediated by inactivation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Furthermore, transfection of pig APC with a vector expressing NF-kappaB p65 partially rescued Th-induced expression of the CD86 molecule. These results strongly support the concept that xenospecific Ts inhibit the APC function of xenogeneic cells by preventing activation of NF-kappaB.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Aorta
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cell Division
- Cell Transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Swine
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transplantation Immunology/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ciubotariu
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Ciubotariu R, Liu Z, Ho E, Vasilescu R, Foca-Rodi A, Colovai AI, Fisher P, Hardy M, Rose EA, Cortesini R, Suciu Foca Cortesini N. Indirect allorecognition in heart allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1612. [PMID: 11267441 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ciubotariu
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Ciubotariu R, Liu Z, Colovai AI, Li J, Cortesini R, Suciu Foca Cortesini N. Inhibition of NF-kB activation in pig APC by xenospecific human T-suppressor cells. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:708-9. [PMID: 11267030 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ciubotariu
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Colovai AI, Ciubotariu R, Liu Z, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. CD8(+)CD28(-) T suppressor cells represent a distinct subset in a heterogeneous population. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:104-7. [PMID: 11266729 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A I Colovai
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Ciubotariu R, Vasilescu R, Ho E, Cinti P, Cancedda C, Poli L, Late M, Liu Z, Berloco P, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca Cortesini N. Detection of T suppressor cells in patients with organ allografts. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:15-20. [PMID: 11165711 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific immunosuppression of host's immune response to donor HLA antigens has been a major goal to clinical transplantation. Recent evidence has been accumulating to show that a distinct population of T cells expressing the CD8(+) CD28(-) phenotype display suppressor function and inhibit Th activation and proliferation by modulating the APC function. To assess the presence of Ts in transplant recipient's circulation, we have developed a flow cytometry method that measures the expression of costimulatory molecules on donor APC exposed to recipient Th and Ts. Our results demonstrate that quantitation of the capacity of CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells from patient circulation to suppress the activation of costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86) on donor APC offers a reliable tool for monitoring specific immunosuppression against the graft in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ciubotariu
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanism of immune suppression mediated by regulatory T cells is not completely understood. In previous studies we have shown that antigen-specific human T suppressor cells (Ts) can be generated in vitro by multiple rounds of stimulation with allogeneic, xenogeneic, or antigen-pulsed autologous antigen-presenting cells (APC). Human Ts express the CD8+CD28- phenotype and require specific recognition of MHC class I/peptide complexes on the surface of APC to block proliferation of T helper cells (Th). The aim of the present study was to explore the activation requirements of Ts as well as the nature of Th unresponsiveness to xenogeneic (swine) antigens induced by Ts. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated whether specific antigenic stimulation of Ts is required for their ability to inhibit early activation of xenoreactive Th (up-regulation of CD40 ligand). Flow cytometry studies indicated that Ts function required specific recognition of MHC class I on the surface of the stimulating APC. However, neither proliferation nor protein synthesis was required for the ability of Ts to inhibit Th. Ts drastically reduced the capacity of xenoreactive Th cells to produce interleukin (IL)-2 in response to the specific APC, without affecting their surface expression of IL-2 receptor. The suppressor effect that Ts exerted on Th proliferation could not be circumvented by CD40 ligation on the surface of the APC but could be reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-2. CONCLUSION These data indicate that Ts induce anergy of xenoreactive human Th cells upon specific recognition of MHC class I antigens. Hence, Ts may prevent the activation of T cell-mediated immune responses against xenogeneic transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Colovai
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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10
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Abstract
The cellular basis of graft rejection and the development of strategies for specific suppression of T cell responses against allogeneic and xenogeneic transplants represents an area of active investigation. Recently, a population of MHC-class I restricted CD8+CD28- T suppressor cells (Ts) which are able to inhibit specifically the proliferative response of allospecific, xenospecific and nominal-antigen specific CD4+ T helper cells (Th) has been identified. We have studied the TCR V beta gene repertoire expressed by CD8+CD28- Ts isolated from allospecific, xenospecific, and nominal antigen-specific T cell lines (TCL). A limited V beta repertoire has been found in all TCLs studied. The most restricted TCR V beta usage was observed within the population of Ts from xenospecific TCLs. The TCR V beta usage within the Ts subset of TCL differs from the TCR repertoire expressed by the CD4+ Th subset of the same TCL. This is consistent with the fact that Ts and Th cells recognize distinct MHC/ antigen complexes. The finding that the TCR repertoire used by Ts is limited opens new avenues for studying the mechanisms of transplant rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Heterophile/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pennesi
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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11
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Suciu-Foca N, Ciubotariu R, Colovai A, Foca-Rodi A, Ho E, Rose E, Cortesini R. Persistent allopeptide reactivity and epitope spreading in chronic rejection. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:100-1. [PMID: 10083028 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Suciu-Foca
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Department of Pathology, New York, New York 10032, USA
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12
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Suciu-Foca N, Ciubotariu R, Colovai AI, Liu Z, Berloco P, Cortesini R. Generation and characterization of xenospecific human suppressor T cells. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:968-9. [PMID: 10083431 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Suciu-Foca
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Suciu-Foca N, Ciubotariu R, Itescu S, Rose EA, Cortesini R. Indirect allorecognition of donor HLA-DR peptides in chronic rejection of heart allografts. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:3999-4000. [PMID: 9865275 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Suciu-Foca
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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14
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Ciubotariu R, Colovai AI, Pennesi G, Liu Z, Smith D, Berlocco P, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. Specific suppression of human CD4+ Th cell responses to pig MHC antigens by CD8+CD28- regulatory T cells. J Immunol 1998; 161:5193-202. [PMID: 9820490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that T cells can down-regulate the immune response by producing or consuming certain cytokines or by lysing APCs or Th cells has been provided in various systems. However, the generation and characterization of suppressor T cell lines have met with limited success. Here we show that xenospecific suppressor T cells can be generated by in vitro stimulation of human T cells with pig APCs. Similar to allospecific suppressors, these xenospecific suppressor T cells carry the CD8+CD28- phenotype and react to MHC class I Ags expressed by the APCs used for priming. TCR spectratyping of T suppressor cells showed oligoclonal usage of TCR-Vbeta families, indicating that xenostimulation of CD8+CD28- T cells results in Ag-driven selection of a limited Vbeta repertoire. Xenospecific T suppressor cells prevent the up-regulation of CD154 molecules on the membrane of Th cells, inhibiting their ability to react against the immunizing MHC class II xenoantigens. The mechanism of this suppression, therefore, appears to be blockade of CD154/CD40 interaction required for efficient costimulation of activated T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Heterophile/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line
- Epitopes/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ciubotariu
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Department of Pathology, New York 10032, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suciu-Foca
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University Department of Pathology, New York, New York 10032, USA
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16
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Ciubotariu R, Liu Z, Colovai AI, Ho E, Itescu S, Ravalli S, Hardy MA, Cortesini R, Rose EA, Suciu-Foca N. Persistent allopeptide reactivity and epitope spreading in chronic rejection of organ allografts. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:398-405. [PMID: 9435312 PMCID: PMC508579 DOI: 10.1172/jci1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the indirect allorecognition pathway in acute allograft rejection has been documented both in organ recipients and in experimental models. However, it is unknown whether self-restricted recognition of donor alloantigens also contributes to chronic allograft rejection. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between allopeptide reactivity, epitope spreading, and chronic rejection. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the hypervariable region of 32 HLA-DR alleles, we have followed the specificity of self-restricted T cell alloresponses to the donor in a population of 34 heart allograft recipients. T cells from sequential samples of blood collected from the patients up to 36 mo after transplantation were studied in limiting dilution analysis for allopeptide reactivity. The incidence of coronary artery vasculopathy (CAV) was significantly higher in patients who displayed persistent alloreactivity late after transplantation than in patients who showed no alloreactivity after the first 6 mo after transplantation. Both intra- and intermolecular spreading of epitopes was observed with an increased frequency in patients developing CAV in less than 2 yr, compared with patients without CAV; this suggests that diversification of the immune response against the graft contributes to chronic rejection. These data provide a strategy for identifying patients at risk of developing CAV and a rationale for therapeutic intervention aimed to prevent the progression of the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ciubotariu
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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17
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Tugulea S, Ciubotariu R, Colovai AI, Liu Z, Itescu S, Schulman LL, Fisher PE, Hardy MA, Rose EA, Michler RE, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. New strategies for early diagnosis of heart allograft rejection. Transplantation 1997; 64:842-7. [PMID: 9326408 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199709270-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allograft rejection is mediated by T cells that recognize allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules via the direct and indirect pathway. The direct pathway involves T cells that react against MHC/peptide complexes expressed on the surface of donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In contrast, T cells involved in the indirect pathway recognize peptides derived from processing and presentation of allogeneic MHC molecules by self (recipient) APCs. To explore the relative contribution of these two pathways to rejection, we have evaluated the response of peripheral blood T cells from 50 heart transplant recipients against donor APCs (direct recognition) and against self APCs pulsed with synthetic peptides corresponding to the hypervariable region of the mismatched HLA-DR antigens of the donor (indirect recognition). METHODS T cell reactivity against donor APCs was quantitated by measuring the expression of CD69 on allostimulated CD3+ LDA1+ cells. Reactivity to synthetic allopeptides was determined in limited dilution assays. RESULTS Serial studies of the kinetics of direct and indirect recognition showed that both pathways contribute to early acute rejection episodes. Primary rejection was accompanied invariably by indirect recognition of a dominant allopeptide. Intermolecular spreading of T cell epitopes was observed during recurrent rejections. Enhanced recognition of donor alloantigens via the direct pathway was found predominantly during early rejection episodes. A single form of allorecognition was shown to occur in some rejection episodes. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of the direct and indirect pathway of allorecognition provides a reliable method for prediction and differential diagnosis of acute rejection of heart allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tugulea
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Lepidi H, Ciubotariu R, Bongrand P, Capo C, Barot-Ciorbaru R, Mege JL. Protein tyrosine kinases and TNF alpha secretion in human monocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1994; 16:407-12. [PMID: 7927986 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in TNF alpha secretion by human monocytes was investigated in this report. We showed that an immunomodulator such as Nocardia lysozyme digest (NLD) and a particulate agonist, zymosan, stimulated an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of several endogenous substrates including 53-56 kDa protein which was the predominant phosphoprotein. In addition, NLD and zymosan induced TNF alpha secretion which was impaired by a PTK inhibitor, tyrphostin. We suggest that a cascade of kinases including PTK is involved in NLD and zymosan signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lepidi
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, INSERM U 387, Hôpital de Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
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