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Wieder RK, Scott KD, Vile MA, Herron C. Are bog plant/lichen tissue concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and P affected by fugitive dust released from oil sands development in the Fort McMurray region of Alberta? Sci Total Environ 2022; 849:157684. [PMID: 35921926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bogs are ombrotrophic, relying solely on atmospheric deposition for new inputs of elements. Increased element deposition through anthropogenic activities has the potential to alter nutrient availability, and hence ecosystem function, in bogs. Further, because of efficient element retention, bogs may function as effective monitors of element deposition. To assess the potential effects of particulate fugitive dust from oil sands development in Alberta, Canada, we quantified plant/lichen tissue Ca, Mg, K, and P concentrations in 6 bogs ranging from 12 to 77 km from the oil sands industrial center. Deposition of Ca and Mg, but not K or P, quantified using ion exchange resin collectors, to bogs decreased with distance from the oil sands industrial center. Concentrations of Ca and Mg, but not K or P, in tissues of lichens (Cladonia mitis, Evernia mesomorpha) and Sphagnum (S. capillifolium, S. fuscum) decreased with distance from the oil sands industrial center. Tissue Ca concentrations were positively correlated with growing season Ca and Mg deposition in all species except Vaccinium oxycoccos, Rhododendron groenlandicum, and Picea mariana; leaf Mg concentrations were positively correlated with growing season Mg deposition for all species except P. mariana. Tissue concentrations of K and P were not correlated with growing season K and P deposition. For each species, receptor modeling identified two distinct sources, one dominated by Ca and Mg, presumed to represent particulate fugitive dust from oil sands activities, and a second dominated by K and P, which may reflect tight internal cycling and upward translocation of K and P in peat and/or K and P deposition as particulates generated in wildfires. Increasing Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition may acidify bog porewaters through cation exchange in peat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kelman Wieder
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, Canada.
| | - Kimberli D Scott
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Melanie A Vile
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, Canada; Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - Caitlyn Herron
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Wieder RK, Vile MA, Scott KD, Quinn JC, Albright CM, McMillen KJ, Herron C, Fillingim H. Is bog water chemistry affected by increasing N and S deposition from oil sands development in Northern Alberta, Canada? Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:766. [PMID: 34731304 PMCID: PMC8566411 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and sulfur emissions from oil sands operations in northern Alberta, Canada have resulted in increasing deposition of N and S to the region's ecosystems. To assess whether a changing N and S deposition regime affects bog porewater chemistry, we sampled bog porewater at sites at different distances from the oil sands industrial center from 2009 to 2012 (10-cm intervals to a depth of 1 m) and from 2009 to 2019 (top of the bog water table only). We hypothesized that: (1) as atmospheric N and S deposition increases with increasing proximity to the oil sands industrial center, surface porewater concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, DON, and SO42- would increase and (2) with increasing N and S deposition, elevated porewater concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, DON, and SO42- would be manifested increasingly deeper into the peat profile. We found weak evidence that oil sands N and S emissions affect bog porewater NH4+-N, NO3--N, or DON concentrations. We found mixed evidence that increasing SO42- deposition results in increasing porewater SO42- concentrations. Current SO42- deposition, especially at bogs closest to the oil sands industrial center, likely exceeds the ability of the Sphagnum moss layer to retain S through net primary production, such that atmospherically deposited SO42- infiltrates downward into the peat column. Increasing porewater SO42- availability may stimulate dissimilatory sulfate reduction and/or inhibit CH4 production, potentially affecting carbon cycling and gaseous fluxes in these bogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kelman Wieder
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
- Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada.
| | - Melanie A Vile
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kimberli D Scott
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - James C Quinn
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Cara M Albright
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kelly J McMillen
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Caitlyn Herron
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Hope Fillingim
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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Wieder RK, Vile MA, Scott KD, Albright CM, Quinn JC, Vitt DH. Bog plant/lichen tissue nitrogen and sulfur concentrations as indicators of emissions from oil sands development in Alberta, Canada. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:208. [PMID: 33755795 PMCID: PMC7987692 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing gaseous emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) associated with oil sands development in northern Alberta (Canada) has led to changing regional wet and dry N and S deposition regimes. We assessed the potential for using bog plant/lichen tissue chemistry (N and S concentrations, C:N and C:S ratios, in 10 plant/lichen species) to monitor changing atmospheric N and S deposition through sampling at five bog sites, 3-6 times per growing season from 2009 to 2016. During this 8-year period, oil sands N emissions steadily increased, while S emissions steadily decreased. We examined the following: (1) whether each species showed changes in tissue chemistry with increasing distance from the Syncrude and Suncor upgrader stacks (the two largest point sources of N and S emissions); (2) whether tissue chemistry changed over the 8 year period in ways that were consistent with increasing N and decreasing S emissions from oil sands facilities; and (3) whether tissue chemistry was correlated with growing season wet deposition of NH4+-N, NO3--N, or SO42--S. Based on these criteria, the best biomonitors of a changing N deposition regime were Evernia mesomorpha, Sphagnum fuscum, and Vaccinium oxycoccos. The best biomonitors of a changing S deposition regime were Evernia mesomorpha, Cladonia mitis, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Vaccinium oxycoccos, and Picea mariana. Changing N and S deposition regimes in the oil sands region appear to be influencing N and S cycling in what once were pristine ombrotrophic bogs, to the extent that these bogs may effectively monitor future spatial and temporal patterns of deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kelman Wieder
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
- Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada.
| | - Melanie A Vile
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA
| | - Kimberli D Scott
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Cara M Albright
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - James C Quinn
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Dale H Vitt
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
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Vitt DH, House M, Kitchen S, Wieder RK. A protocol for monitoring plant responses to changing nitrogen deposition regimes in Alberta bogs. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 192:743. [PMID: 33136233 PMCID: PMC7606289 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bogs are nutrient poor, acidic ecosystems that receive their water and nutrients entirely from precipitation (= ombrogenous) and as a result are sensitive to nutrient loading from atmospheric sources. Bogs occur frequently on the northern Alberta landscape, estimated to cover 6% of the Athabasca Oil Sands Area. As a result of oil sand extraction and processing, emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) to the atmosphere have led to increasing N and S deposition that have the potential to alter the structure and function of these traditionally nutrient-poor ecosystems. At present, no detailed protocol is available for monitoring potential change of these sensitive ecosystems. We propose a user-friendly protocol that will monitor potential plant and lichen responses to future environmental inputs of nutrients and provide a structured means for collecting annual data. The protocol centers on measurement of five key plant/lichen attributes, including changes in (1) plant abundances, (2) dominant shrub annual growth and primary production, (3) lichen health estimated through chlorophyll/phaeophytin concentrations, (4) Sphagnum annual growth and production, and (5) annual growth of the dominant tree species (Picea mariana). We placed five permanent plots in each of six bogs located at different distances from the center of oil sand extraction and sampled these for 2 years (2018 and 2019). We compared line intercept with point intercept plant assessments using NMDS ordination, concluding that both methods provide comparable data. These data indicated that each of our six bog sites differ in key species abundances. Structural differences were apparent for the six sites between years. These differences were mostly driven by changes in Vaccinium oxycoccos, not the dominant shrubs. We developed allometric growth equations for the dominant two shrubs (Rhododendron groenlandicum and Chamaedaphne calyculata). Equations developed for each of the six sites produced growth values that were not different from one another nor from one developed using data from all sites. Annual growth of R. groenlandicum differed between sites, but not years, whereas growth of C. calyculata differed between the 2 years with more growth in 2018 compared with 2019. In comparison, Sphagnum plant density and stem bulk density both had strong site differences, with stem mass density higher in 2019. When combined, annual production of S. fuscum was greater in 2019 at three sites and not different at three of the sites. Chlorophyll and phaeophytin concentrations from the epiphytic lichen Evernia mesomorpha also differed between sites and years. This protocol for field assessments of five key plant/lichen response variables indicated that both site and year are factors that must be accounted for in future assessments. A portion of the site variation was related to patterns of N and S deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale H Vitt
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Melissa House
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Samantha Kitchen
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - R Kelman Wieder
- Department Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
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Wieder RK, Vitt DH, Vile MA, Graham JA, Hartsock JA, Popma JMA, Fillingim H, House M, Quinn JC, Scott KD, Petix M, McMillen KJ. Experimental nitrogen addition alters structure and function of a boreal poor fen: Implications for critical loads. Sci Total Environ 2020; 733:138619. [PMID: 32446046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bogs and fens cover 6 and 21%, respectively, of the 140,329 km2 Oil Sands Administrative Area in northern Alberta. Regional background atmospheric N deposition is low (<2 kg N ha-1 yr-1), but oil sands development has led to increasing N deposition (as high as 17 kg N ha-1 yr-1). To examine responses to N deposition, over five years, we experimentally applied N (as NH4NO3) to a poor fen near Mariana Lake, Alberta, unaffected by oil sands activities, at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kg N ha-1 yr-1, plus controls (no water or N addition). At Mariana Lake Poor Fen (MLPF), increasing N addition: 1) progressively inhibited N2-fixation; 2) had no effect on net primary production (NPP) of Sphagnum fuscum or S. angustifolium, while stimulating S. magellanicum NPP; 3) led to decreased abundance of S. fuscum and increased abundance of S. angustifolium, S. magellanicum, Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, and of vascular plants in general; 4) led to an increase in stem N concentrations in S. angustifolium and S. magellanicum, and an increase in leaf N concentrations in Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andromeda polifolia, and Vaccinium oxycoccos; 5) stimulated root biomass and production; 6) stimulated decomposition of cellulose, but not of Sphagnum or vascular plant litter; and 7) had no or minimal effects on net N mineralization in surface peat, NH4+-N, NO3--N or DON concentrations in surface porewater, or peat microbial composition. Increasing N addition led to a switch from new N inputs being taken up primarily by Sphagnum to being taken up primarily by shrubs. MLPF responses to increasing N addition did not exhibit threshold triggers, but rather began as soon as N additions increased. Considering all responses to N addition, we recommend a critical load for poor fens in Alberta of 3 kg N ha-1 yr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kelman Wieder
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, Canada; Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| | - Dale H Vitt
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Melanie A Vile
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta T9S 3A3, Canada; Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Jeremy A Graham
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Michigan Tech Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jeremy A Hartsock
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Jacqueline M A Popma
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hope Fillingim
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Melissa House
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - James C Quinn
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Kimberli D Scott
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Meaghan Petix
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Kelly J McMillen
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; Texas Tech University, Climate Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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Wieder RK, Vitt DH, Vile MA, Graham JA, Hartsock JA, Fillingim H, House M, Quinn JC, Scott KD, Petix M, McMillen KJ. Experimental nitrogen addition alters structure and function of a boreal bog: critical load and thresholds revealed. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kelman Wieder
- Department of Biology Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania 19085 USA
- Faculty of Science and Technology Athabasca University Athabasca Alberta T9S 3A3 Canada
| | - Dale H. Vitt
- Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Melanie A. Vile
- Faculty of Science and Technology Athabasca University Athabasca Alberta T9S 3A3 Canada
- Department of Geography and the Environment Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania 19085 USA
| | - Jeremy A. Graham
- Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
- Michigan Tech Research Institute Ann Arbor Michigan 48105 USA
| | - Jeremy A. Hartsock
- Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Hope Fillingim
- Department of Geography and the Environment Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania 19085 USA
| | - Melissa House
- Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
| | - James C. Quinn
- Department of Biology Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania 19085 USA
| | - Kimberli D. Scott
- Department of Biology Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania 19085 USA
| | - Meaghan Petix
- Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Kelly J. McMillen
- Department of Geography and the Environment Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania 19085 USA
- Climate Science Center Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409‐3131 USA
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Wieder RK, Vile MA, Scott KD, Albright CM, McMillen KJ, Vitt DH, Fenn ME. Differential Effects of High Atmospheric N and S Deposition on Bog Plant/Lichen Tissue and Porewater Chemistry across the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:12630-12640. [PMID: 27766859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oil extraction and development activities in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of northern Alberta, Canada, release NOx, SOx, and NHy to the atmosphere, ultimately resulting in increasing N and S inputs to surrounding ecosystems through atmospheric deposition. Peatlands are a major feature of the northern Alberta landscape, with bogs covering 6-10% of the land area, and fens covering 21-53%. Bulk deposition of NH4+-N, NO3--N, dissolved inorganic N (DIN), and SO42--S, was quantified using ion-exchange resin collectors deployed at 23 locations, over 1-6 years. The results reveal maximum N and S deposition of 9.3 and 12.0 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively, near the oil sands industrial center (the midpoint between the Syncrude and Suncor upgrader stacks), decreasing with distance to a background deposition of 0.9 and 1.1 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. To assess potential influences of high N and S deposition on bogs, we quantified N and S concentrations in tissues of two Sphagnum species, two lichen species, and four vascular plant species, as well as surface porewater concentrations of H+, NH4+-N, NO3--N, SO42--S and dissolved organic N in 19 ombrotrophic bogs, distributed across a 3255 km2 sampling area surrounding the oil sands industrial center. The two lichen species (Evernia mesomorpha and Cladonia mitis), two vascular plant species (Rhododendron groenlandicum and Picea mariana), and to a lesser extent one moss (Sphagnum fuscum), showed patterns of tissue N and S concentrations that were (1) highest near the oil sands industrial center and (2) positively correlated with bulk deposition of N or S. Concentrations of porewater H+ and SO42--S, but not of NH4+-N, NO3--N, DIN, or dissolved inorganic N, also were higher near the oil sands industrial center than at more distant locations. The oil sands region of northern Alberta is remote, with few roads, posing challenges to the monitoring of oil sands-related N and S deposition. Quantification of N and S concentrations in bog plant/lichen tissues and porewaters may serve as a monitoring tool to assess both the local intensity and the spatial extent of bulk N and S deposition, and as harbingers of potential shifts in ecosystem structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dale H Vitt
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Mark E Fenn
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507, United States
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Turetsky MR, Wieder RK, Williams CJ, Vitt DH. Organic matter accumulation, peat chemistry, and permafrost melting in peatlands of boreal Alberta. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2000.11682608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bauer IE, Bhatti JS, Swanston C, Wieder RK, Preston CM. Organic Matter Accumulation and Community Change at the Peatland–Upland Interface: Inferences from 14C and 210Pb Dated Profiles. Ecosystems 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yavitt JB, Wright SJ, Wieder RK. Seasonal drought and dry-season irrigation influence leaf-litter nutrients and soil enzymes in a moist, lowland forest in Panama. AUSTRAL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Novák M, Emmanuel S, Vile MA, Erel Y, Véron A, Paces T, Wieder RK, Vanecek M, Stepánová M, Brízová E, Hovorka J. Origin of lead in eight Central European peat bogs determined from isotope ratios, strengths, and operation times of regional pollution sources. Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37:437-445. [PMID: 12630456 DOI: 10.1021/es0200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lead originating from coal burning, gasoline burning, and ore smelting was identified in 210Pb-dated profiles through eight peat bogs distributed over an area of 60,000 km2. The Sphagnum-dominated bogs were located mainly in mountainous regions of the Czech Republic bordering with Germany, Austria, and Poland. Basal peat 14C-dated at 11,000 years BP had a relatively high 206Pb/207Pb ratio (1.193). Peat deposited around 1800 AD had a lower 206Pb/207Pb ratio of 1.168-1.178, indicating that environmental lead in Central Europe had been largely affected by human activity (smelting) even before the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Five of the sites exhibited a nearly constant 206Pb/207Pb ratio (1.175) throughout the 19th century, resembling the "anthropogenic baseline" described in Northern Europe (1.17). At all sites, the 206Pb/207Pb ratio of peat decreased at least until 1980; at four sites, a reversal to more radiogenic values (higher 206Pb/207Pb), typical of easing pollution, was observed in the following decade (1980-1990). A time series of annual outputs for 14 different mining districts dispersing lead into the environment has been constructed for the past 200 years. The production of Ag-Pb, coal, and leaded gasoline peaked in 1900, 1980, and 1980, respectively. In contrast to other European countries, no peak in annual Pb accumulation rates was found in 1900, the year of maximum ore smelting. The highest annual Pb accumulation rates in peat were consistent with the highest Pb emission rates from coal-fired power plants and traffic (1980). Although maximum coal and gasoline production coincided in time, their isotope ratios were unique. The mean measured 206Pb/207Pb ratios of local coal, ores, and gasoline were 1.19, 1.16, and 1.11, respectively. A considerable proportion of coal emissions, relative to gasoline emisions, was responsible for the higher 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the recent atmosphere (1.15) compared to Western Europe (1.10). As in West European countries, the gasoline sold in the Czech Republic during the Communist era (1948-1989) contained an admixture of low-radiogenic Precambrian lead from Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novák
- Department of Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
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Williams CJ, Yavitt JB, Wieder RK, Cleavitt NL. Cupric oxide oxidation products of northern peat and peat-forming plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/b97-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline cupric oxide oxidation and proximate analysis were used to investigate the sources and diagenetic state of organic matter in six Sphagnum-dominated peatlands located between Alberta, Canada, and Ohio, U.S.A. Cupric oxide oxidation was also used to characterize vascular and nonvascular wetland plant species to provide a specific biological fingerprint of these plant tissues. Oxidation of 15 species of Sphagnum moss released large quantities of unsubstituted p-hydroxyl phenolic compounds as well as the species specific sphagnum acid (p-hydroxy-β-[carboxymethyl]-cinnamic acid). By contrast, vascular plant tissues released large amounts of lignin oxidation products. Cupric oxide oxidation of Sphagnum peat from more northerly sites produced mainly p-hydroxyl phenolic monomers with lesser amounts of vascular lignin derived phenols. In contrast, southern sites and those dominated by woody vegetation produced oxidation products characteristic of vascular plant lignin. A distinct relationship exists between the amount of acid-insoluble Klason lignin and both the diagenetically sensitive phenolic acid to aldehyde ratios as well as the total yield of vanillyl phenolic oxidation products. We found evidence of selective decay of phenolic lignin precursors. These relationships indicate the lignin component in surficial layers of Sphagnum-dominated peat is influenced by both Sphagnum and vascular plant lignin, and the structure of lignin appears to undergo diagenetic changes in these layers. Application of an end-member mixing model revealed that lignin oxidation products poorly predicted vegetational composition of the lignin in more decomposed peat, probably as a result of selective decay of lignin structural phenols. Key words: lignin, organic soil, proximate analysis, Sphagnum moss, wetland.
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Wieder RK, Carrel JE, Rapp JK, Kucera CL. Decomposition of Tall Fescue (Festuca elatior var. arundinacea) and Cellulose Litter on Surface Mines and a Tallgrass Prairie in Central Missouri, U.S.A. J Appl Ecol 1983. [DOI: 10.2307/2403394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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