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Hoyer P, Williams RR, Lopez M, Cabada MM. Human Nasal Myiasis Caused by Oestrus ovis in the Highlands of Cusco, Peru: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis 2016; 2016:2456735. [PMID: 28116184 PMCID: PMC5220410 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2456735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myiasis is the infestation by dipterous larvae. The larvae can infect intact or decaying tissue including the skin or epithelial surfaces of the orbits, nose, and genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. We report a case of primary obligatory nasal myiasis by Oestrus ovis in a 56-year-old man from Cusco in Peru. He presented with nasal pruritus, congestion, and sneezing white "cottony" material. The material was identified as O. ovis larvae. A literature review of publications reporting nasal myiasis caused by O. ovis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Hoyer
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - R. R. Williams
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - M. Lopez
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Cusco Branch, Cusco, Peru
| | - M. M. Cabada
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Cusco Branch, Cusco, Peru
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Williams RR, Arnold GM, Flook VA, Jefferies CJ. The effect of picking date on blossoming and fruit set in the following year for the apple cv Bramley’s Seedling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1980.11514946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Copas L, Williams RR, Arnold GM. The effect of paclobutrazol on the growth of cider apple trees, cv Michelin, when applied to orchard alleyway swards to suppress grass growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14620316.1985.11515651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hill-Cottingham DG, Williams RR. Effect of Time of Application of Fertilizer Nitrogen on the Growth, Flower Development and Fruit Set of Maiden Apple Trees, Var. Lord Lambourne, and on the Distribution of Total Nitrogen Within the Trees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1967.11514218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Church RM, Williams RR. Comparison of flower numbers and pollen production of several dessert apple and ornamentalMaluscultivars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1983.11515126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Church RM, Copas L, Williams RR. Changes in fruit set, leaf size and shoot growth of apple caused by some fungicides, insecticides and a plant growth regulator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1984.11515182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Williams RR, Brain P, Church RM, Floor VA. Flower receptivity, pollen transfer and fruit set variations during a single flowering period of Cox’s Orange Pippin apple. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1984.11515205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown major gene effects for obesity in randomly ascertained families. To investigate the familial aggregation of a specific subset of obesity, which is particularly prone to medical complications, families with morbid obesity were studied. This condition occurs in 1%-2% of the population and is defined as 45.5 kg (100 pounds) or more over ideal weight. First-degree relatives of 221 morbidly obese probands (1560 adults) were identified, and height and weight (current and greatest) were obtained from each family member. Morbid obesity occurred in the family members of the probands 8 times more often than in the general population. Of the morbidly obese probands, 48% had one or more first-degree relatives who were also morbidly obese compared to a 6% population estimate. By the ages of 20-24, 12% of the morbidly obese probands were already 45.5 kg or more overweight, and 45% were 22.7 kg (50 pounds) or more overweight. There was little difference in the prevalence of familial morbid obesity by the gender of the probands: 47% of the male probands and 48% of the female probands had another morbidly obese relative, while 67% and 53% of the early onset (before age 25) male and female probands, respectively, had one or more first-degree relatives who were also morbidly obese. In addition to the extreme degree of familial aggregation, the prevalence of morbid obesity in parent-offspring sets was calculated within the morbidly obese families. Morbidly obese families who have one or two morbidly obese parents have a 2.6 times increased risk (p<0.002) of having one or more morbidly obese adult offspring, compared to families who have neither parent morbidly obese. Evidence for trimodality of the body mass index distribution was found for each gender (p = 0.0006 for male relatives and p = 0.075 for female relatives). The strong familial aggregation of morbid obesity indicates the need for further understanding of the genetic determinants of this extreme clinical disorder and how environmental factors affect the genetic expression of the trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Adams
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Lightner DV, Redman RM, Williams RR, Mohney LL, Clerx JPM, Bell TA, Brock JA. RECENT ADVANCES IN PENAEID VIRUS DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1985.tb00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Williams
- The Laboratories of the Bell Telephone Co., New York, U.S.A
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Mylecraine KA, Zimmermann GL, Williams RR, Kuser JE. Atlantic White-Cedar Wetland Restoration on a Former Agricultural Site in the New Jersey Pinelands. ECOL RESTOR 2004. [DOI: 10.3368/er.22.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ramage CM, Williams RR. Mineral uptake in tobacco leaf discs during different developmental stages of shoot organogenesis. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:1047-53. [PMID: 12835997 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2002] [Revised: 02/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between mineral uptake and tobacco shoot organogenesis were investigated during three morphogenic phases: phase 1, days 0-10, pre-meristem formation; phase 2, days 10-20, meristem initiation and formation; and phase 3, days 20-35, growth and differentiation of induced meristems into leafy shoots. The mineral content of both shoot-forming (SF) and non-shoot-forming (NSF) media was examined over the 35-day culture period. Both SF and NSF explants rapidly consumed iron during phase 1. Nitrate uptake in SF explants was high and independent of explant growth during phases 1 and 2, but greatest and strongly correlated with growth during phase 3. Phosphorus uptake was highest in SF explants during phases 2 and 3, and correlated with explant growth. Uptake of potassium, calcium and sulphur was strongly associated with explant growth during phase 3 whereas magnesium uptake was only poorly correlated with growth. Results from this study indicate that particular minerals may have an important role in regulating development as well as generally supporting growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ramage
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, The University of Queensland-Gatton, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Barker R, Hamill WH, Williams RR. Ion–Molecule Reactions of 1,3-Butadiene, of Acetylene and of Acetylene–Methane Mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j150576a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eddy WH, Kerr RW, Williams RR. THE ISOLATION FROM AUTOLYZED YEAST OF A CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE MELTING AT 223°, HAVING THE PROPERTIES OF A BIOS. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01677a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roy JC, Williams RR, Hamill WH. Diffusion Kinetics of Atom-Radical Recombination in Radiative Neutron Capture by Halogens in Liquid Alkyl Halides1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01641a059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roy JC, Hamill WH, Williams RR. Diffusion Kinetics of the Photochemical and Thermal Dissociation-Recombination of Trihalide Ions1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01616a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nash JR, Williams RR, Hamill WH. Diffusion Kinetics in the Photolysis of Hydrogen Iodide in Hydrocarbon Solutions from 25° to - 196°1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01508a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chow AT, Chen A, Lattime H, Morgan N, Wong F, Fowler C, Williams RR. Penetration of levofloxacin into skin tissue after oral administration of multiple 750 mg once-daily doses. J Clin Pharm Ther 2002; 27:143-50. [PMID: 11975700 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To probe the pharmacokinetic basis for the use of levofloxacin for complicated skin and skin-structure infections (SSSIs) at a once-daily dosage of 750 mg by investigating its penetration into skin tissue. METHOD Ten healthy volunteers were administered three oral, once-daily 750 mg doses of levofloxacin, and levofloxacin concentrations were subsequently measured over time (0.5-24 h) in skin-punch biopsy tissue and plasma. RESULTS Skin tissue concentrations consistently exceeded those in plasma at every time point, with tissue/plasma ratios of 1.37 +/- 0.81 for peak concentration and 1.97 +/- 0.35 for area under the concentration versus time curve. Three of the ten subjects reported treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) that were considered unrelated to treatment. An 11th subject who had enrolled in the study withdrew after AEs of mild severity that were possibly related to the study drug. CONCLUSION The results support the clinical usage of levofloxacin 750 mg once-daily for complicated SSSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Chow
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Raritan, NJ 08869-0602, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Levofloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, may enhance digoxin bioavailability by eliminating intestinal flora that metabolize digoxin. Moreover, levofloxacin, which is eliminated primarily by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, may alter the elimination rate of digoxin. Because of the narrow therapeutic index of digoxin, it is important to evaluate the potential for interaction with levofloxacin when administered concomitantly. METHODS This was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, two-phase crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects (six males and six females) received 500 mg twice/day oral doses of levofloxacin or placebo for 6 days and a single oral dose of 0.4 mg digoxin on the morning of study day 5 along with levofloxacin or placebo. RESULTS There was no significant effect of levofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics (Cmax, AUC, and other disposition parameters) of oral digoxin. Steady-state levofloxacin absorption and disposition kinetics were also similar in the presence or absence of digoxin. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that an important pharmacokinetic interaction between levofloxacin and digoxin is unlikely to occur when administered concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Chien
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
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Johnson PT, Williams RR, Reese BE. Developmental patterns of protein expression in photoreceptors implicate distinct environmental versus cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Vis Neurosci 2001; 18:157-68. [PMID: 11347813 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523801181150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study has examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of various proteins associated with the structure and function of mature photoreceptor outer segments in the developing ferret's retina using immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. One set of proteins, including rod opsin, arrestin, and recoverin, was detected progressively in photoreceptors as they became postmitotic, being expressed well before the differentiation of outer segments. A second set of proteins, including beta- and gamma-transducin, cGMP-phosphodiesterase, phosducin, rhodopsin kinase, rod cGMP-gated cation channel protein, and peripherin, displayed a contrasting temporal onset and pattern of spatial emergence. These latter proteins first became detectable either shortly before or coincident with outer segment formation, and were expressed simultaneously in both older and younger photoreceptor cells. A third set, the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS) and medium wavelength-sensitive (MWS) cone opsin proteins, was the last to be detected, but materialized in a spatio-temporal pattern reminiscent of the neurogenetic gradient of the cones. These different spatial and temporal patterns indicate that cellular maturation must play a primary role in regulating the onset of expression of some of these proteins, while extrinsic signals must act to coordinate the expression of other proteins across photoreceptors of different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Johnson
- Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, 93106-5060, USA
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Williams RR, Hassan-Walker AF, Lavender FL, Morgan M, Faik P, Ragoussis J. The minisatellite of the GPI/AMF/NLK/MF gene: interspecies conservation and transcriptional activity. Gene 2001; 269:81-92. [PMID: 11376940 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Minisatellites are tandemly repeated DNA sequences found throughout the genomes of all eukaryotes. They are regions often prone to instability and hence hypervariability; thus repeat unit sequence is generally not conserved beyond closely related species. We have studied the minisatellite located in intron 9 of the human glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) gene (also known as neuroleukin, autocrine motility factor, maturation and differentiation factor) and have found, by Zoo blotting coupled with PCR amplification and DNA sequencing, that similar repeat units are present in seven other species of mammal. There is also evidence for the presence of the minisatellite in chicken. The repeat unit does not appear to be present at any other locus in these genomes. Minisatellite DNA has been reported to be involved in recombination activity, control of gene expression of nearby gene(s) (both transcriptional and translational), whilst others form protein coding regions. The high level of conservation exhibited by the GPI minisatellite, coupled with the unique location, strongly suggests a functional role. Our results from transient and stable transfections using luciferase reporter constructs have shown that the GPI minisatellite region can act to increase transcription from the SV40 promoter, CMV promoter and the human GPI promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Williams
- Genomics Laboratory, Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 7th Floor Guy's Tower, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK.
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Chow AT, Fowler C, Williams RR, Morgan N, Kaminski S, Natarajan J. Safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple 750-milligram doses of intravenous levofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2122-5. [PMID: 11408234 PMCID: PMC90611 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.7.2122-2125.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety and pharmacokinetics of a once-daily high intravenous dose of levofloxacin (750 mg) in 18 healthy volunteers were studied in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-center parallel group study. Levofloxacin was well tolerated, and higher maximum concentration of drug in serum and area under the concentration-time curve values were achieved. For difficult-to-treat infections, high daily doses of levofloxacin may be beneficial, and intravenous administration may be preferred in certain clinical settings, such as when treating patients in intensive care units, warranting further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Chow
- The Robert Wood Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, New Jersey 08869, USA.
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Williams RR, Cusato K, Raven MA, Reese BE. Organization of the inner retina following early elimination of the retinal ganglion cell population: effects on cell numbers and stratification patterns. Vis Neurosci 2001; 18:233-44. [PMID: 11417798 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523801182088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study has examined the effects of early ganglion cell elimination upon the organization of the inner retina in the ferret. The population of retinal ganglion cells was removed by optic nerve transection on the second postnatal day, and retinas were subsequently studied in adulthood. Numbers of amacrine and bipolar cells were compared in the nerve-transected and nerve-intact retinas of operated ferrets, while stratification patterns within the inner plexiform layer were compared in these and in normal ferret retinas. Early ganglion cell elimination was found to produce a 25% reduction in the population of glycine transporter-immunoreactive amacrine cells, and 18 and 15% reductions in the populations of parvalbumin and calbindin-immunoreactive amacrine cells, respectively. GABAergic amacrine cells were also reduced by 34%. The number of calbindin-immunoreactive displaced amacrine cells, by contrast, had increased in the ganglion cell-depleted retina, being three times their normal number. Other amacrine and bipolar cell types were unaffected. Despite these changes, the stratification patterns associated with these cell types remained largely intact within the inner plexiform layer. The present results demonstrate a class-specific dependency of inner retinal neurons upon the ganglion cell population in early postnatal life, but the ganglion cells do not appear to provide any critical signals for stratification within the inner plexiform layer, at least not after birth. Since they themselves do not produce stratified dendritic arbors until well after birth, the signals for stratification of the bipolar and amacrine cell processes should arise from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Williams
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, 93106-5060, USA
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Fogarty CM, Greenberg RN, Dunbar L, Player R, Marrie TJ, Kojak CM, Morgan N, Williams RR. Effectiveness of levofloxacin for adult community-acquired pneumonia caused by macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: integrated results from four open-label, multicenter, phase III clinical trials. Clin Ther 2001; 23:425-39. [PMID: 11318077 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates is rising. Coresistance to several unrelated classes of antimicrobial agents is common and may limit the treatment options available for the management of infections caused by this pathogen. Although the fluoroquinolones appear to retain activity against macrolide-resistant pneumococci, limited clinical data exist to support their use in this setting. OBJECTIVE This study integrated data from 4 clinical trials to determine whether the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin is an effective therapeutic agent for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae. METHODS Across the 4 trials, 271 adult patients with CAP were diagnosed with infections caused by S. pneumoniae; these constituted the intent-to-treat population. Clinical isolates obtained from each patient at admission were tested using broth microdilution for in vitro sensitivity to the macrolide erythromycin (minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints: susceptible, < or =0.25 microg/mL; intermediate, 0.5 microg/mL; resistant, > or =1.0 microg/mL). All patients received levofloxacin (500 mg once daily for 7-14 days) and were analyzed at a posttherapy visit (2-5 days after completion of therapy) for clinical and microbiologic outcomes; in 3 trials, patients were also examined at a poststudy visit (14-28 days after completion of treatment). Clinical and microbiologic outcomes were analyzed in patients infected with macrolide-resistant and macrolide-susceptible S. pneumoniae. RESULTS A total of 235 evaluable patients infected with S. pneumoniae were identified from the 4 trials. Twenty-seven (11.5%) patients were infected with isolates resistant to erythromycin, of whom 26 (96.3%) were clinical successes. By comparison, the clinical success rate in patients infected with erythromycin-susceptible isolates was 97.7%. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that if future studies demonstrate the clinical relevance of macrolide resistance, levofloxacin may be a useful therapeutic option in patients with CAP caused by macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae. However, caution may be warranted to prevent overprescription of levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, given the potential for the development of resistance in S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fogarty
- Spartanburg Regional Medical Center, South Carolina 29303, USA
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Williams RR, Hunt SC, Heiss G, Province MA, Bensen JT, Higgins M, Chamberlain RM, Ware J, Hopkins PN. Usefulness of cardiovascular family history data for population-based preventive medicine and medical research (the Health Family Tree Study and the NHLBI Family Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:129-35. [PMID: 11152826 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Detailed medical family history data have been proposed to be effective in identifying high-risk families for targeted intervention. With use of a validated and standardized quantitative family risk score (FRS), the degree of familial aggregation of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, hypertension, and diabetes was obtained from 122,155 Utah families and 6,578 Texas families in the large, population-based Health Family Tree Study, and 1,442 families in the NHLBI Family Heart Study in Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. Utah families with a positive family history of CHD (FRS > or =0.5) represented only 14% of the general population but accounted for 72% of persons with early CHD (men before age 55 years, women before age 65 years) and 48% of CHD at all ages. For strokes, 11% of families with FRS > or =0.5 accounted for 86% of early strokes (<75 years) and 68% of all strokes. Analyses of >5,000 families sampled each year in Utah for 14 years demonstrated a gradual decrease in the frequency of a strong positive family history of CHD (-26%/decade) and stroke (-15%/decade) that paralleled a decrease in incidence rates (r = 0.86, p <0.001 for CHD; r = 0.66, p <0.01 for stroke). Because of the collaboration of schools, health departments, and medical schools, the Health Family Tree Study proved to be a highly cost-efficient method for identifying 17,064 CHD-prone families and 13,106 stroke-prone families (at a cost of about $27 per high-risk family) in whom well-established preventive measures can be encouraged. We conclude that most early cardiovascular events in a population occur in families with a positive family history of cardiovascular disease. Family history collection is a validated and relatively inexpensive tool for family-based preventive medicine and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Williams
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84108, USA
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Kalina A, Császár A, Czeizel AE, Romics L, Szabóki F, Szalai C, Reiber I, Németh A, Stephenson S, Williams RR. Frequency of the R3500Q mutation of the apolipoprotein B-100 gene in a sample screened clinically for familial hypercholesterolemia in Hungary. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154:247-51. [PMID: 11137107 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) cause early onset of coronary heart diseases (CHD). According to the recommendations of the international MEDPED program, we tried to find FH cases. We analyzed 73 FH probands and their 304 first-degree relatives. A total of 39 probands were found from the 21000 subjects screened (1:538) from family doctors' registers recording all citizens, while the remaining 34 were derived from screened patients from lipid clinics. In our FH probands, four cases of FDB (R3500Q mutation) were diagnosed with allele-specific PCR, and the mutation was also detectable in five cases out of seven living family members. In the remaining 69 FH families, 156 people were diagnosed clinically with FH, and 31.8% of the males (against 13% of the not clinically diagnosed FH males, P<0.01), and 32.4% of the females (against 13.5% of the not clinically diagnosed FH females, P<0.01) suffered from early onset CHD. The plasma total cholesterol level of the FDB patients, especially in the younger patients, was very close to normal values. Therefore, the FDB patients seem to be under-represented in this type of survey. Because FDB is one of the independent causes of early onset CHD, the R3500Q mutation should be considered in families with a high frequency of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalina
- Cardiology Department, MAV Hospital, Táncsics M. 20, 1014, Budapest, Hungary.
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