Determinants of climate change adaptation strategies in South India: Empirical evidence

The phenomena of climate change pose multifaceted challenges to crop and livestock farming, with severe implications on smallholder farmers' income and livelihoods. Climate change has profound implications (economic, environmental, and social) predominantly on rainfed regions in developing countries like India, where agriculture constitutes the backbone of the economy. In this context, the current study analyzes how farmers perceive climate change in the rainfed ecosystem in India, farmers' adaptation strategies, and their major determinants in addressing climate change. Data were collected from 400 sample farmers in South India. Discriminant and multinomial logit models were employed to identify the adaptation strategies of the farmers. It was evident that the factors such as off-farm income, farm income, and farming experience significantly influenced the adaptation strategies for tackling climate change. Furthermore, access to climate change information and literacy level are vital determinants in different climate change adaptation strategies, including crop diversification, integrated farming system, contingency plans for farm operations, and adoption of soil and water conservation techniques. However, the study highlights the increasing role of institutions (government and private) in future to safeguard the interests of farmers by offering a wide range of policy, research, and technology interventions. In a nutshell, R&D focus on climate-resilient agriculture, application of ICTs in agro-advisory services, and creation off-farm employment opportunities for the farmers is crucial to sustaining their livelihoods as these serve as potential mitigation strategies to impart resilience to climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture in rainfed ecosystems in India or any other countries.

Advancing Computer-Aided Drug Discovery (ACADD): In-Silico Approach towards Nuclear Receptors by Big Data

The progression of drug discovery and development is time consuming and costly. Advancing Computer-aided drug discovery (ACADD) is an effective tool in reducing the time and cost of research and development. This study deals with the evaluation of the nuclear receptors for the in-silico biological activity using ligand betulinic acid and dexamethasone. Docking results showed that binding energy was -74.190 kcal/mol when compared with that of the standard (-51.551 kcal/mol). Interaction energy -44.16 & -25.14 kcal/mol) of the ligands also coincide with the binding energy. These ligands have shown the best ligand-receptor interaction based on their structural parameters.

Occurrence, sources and risk assessment of fluoroquinolones in dumpsite soil and sewage sludge from Chennai, India

Soil and sludge are major reservoirs of organic compounds such as fluoroquinolones (FQs) which are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Hence, we monitored three major FQs, namely, ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), and ofloxacin (OFL), in surface soil from two major dumpsites and dry and wet sludge from sewage treatment plants in Chennai city. The mean concentration of FQs in soil and sludge samples were 20 μg/g and 26 μg/g, respectively. Nearly 50% of the total FQs in dumpsite soil was contributed by CIP followed by NOR (32%) and OFL (13%). Similarly, CIP was the major contributor in sludge samples followed by NOR and OFL. The concentration of FQs was two folds higher in wet sludge than dry sludge most likely indicating that water solubility of these compounds might play an important role for elevated level of FQs in wet sludge. Solid waste from pharmaceutical industries, households, and sludge from wastewater treatment plants were expected to be the major source of FQs in dumpsite soil. Predicted risk assessment using soil to water migration concentrations via surface run off indicated high risk to aquatic organisms. However, risk quotient (RQ) was found less to earthworm in most of the soil samples. The findings from this study might help in future policies on disposal of household antibiotics in the solid waste stream.

REMOVAL OF DIVALENT CADMIUM IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING LANTANA CAMARA LEAVES BIOCARBON

The objective of this study is to investigate the removal of divalent cadmium ions from an aqueous solution using Lantana camara leaves biocarbon (LCBC). Batch experiments are conducted to test the effects of various parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, amount of biocarbon, and contact time on the cadmium removal process at room temperature, which allows establishing as the optimum conditions a pH value of 4.0 and 2.5g/100 mL of biocarbon dose at the equilibrium time of 180 min. The maximum percentage removal of cadmium is 93.30%. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms are used to verify the adsorption parameters, and the experimental data is well fitted to the Langmuir model. Analysis of the biosorption kinetics shows that the pseudo-second-order model is well fitted for Cd (II) ions removal. The correlation coefficient (r2) for the second-order model is 0.9848. The results reveal LCBC as an efficient, low cost, and harmless to environment adsorbent for the removal of Cd (II) ions in the biosorption process.

REMOVAL OF DIVALENT CADMIUM IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING LANTANA CAMARA LEAVES BIOCARBON

The objective of this study is to investigate the removal of divalent cadmium ions from an aqueous solution using Lantana camara leaves biocarbon (LCBC). Batch experiments are conducted to test the effects of various parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, amount of biocarbon, and contact time on the cadmium removal process at room temperature, which allows establishing as the optimum conditions a pH value of 4.0 and 2.5g/100 mL of biocarbon dose at the equilibrium time of 180 min. The maximum percentage removal of cadmium is 93.30%. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms are used to verify the adsorption parameters, and the experimental data is well fitted to the Langmuir model. Analysis of the biosorption kinetics shows that the pseudo-second-order model is well fitted for Cd (II) ions removal. The correlation coefficient (r2) for the second-order model is 0.9848. The results reveal LCBC as an efficient, low cost, and harmless to environment adsorbent for the removal of Cd (II) ions in the biosorption process.

4-Methylanilinium 2-carboxyacetate

In the crystal of the title salt, C7H10N+·C3H3O4 −, the cations are linked to the anions via N—H...O and trifurcated N—H...(O,O,O) hydrogen bonds. The anions are linked into [010] chains by O—H...O hydrogen bonds. Taken together, these interactions generate (100) sheets.

The effect of surgery report cards on improving radical prostatectomy quality: the SuRep study protocol

Background

The goal of radical prostatectomy is to achieve the optimal balance between complete cancer removal and preserving a patient’s urinary and sexual function. Performing a wider excision of peri-prostatic tissue helps achieve negative surgical margins, but can compromise urinary and sexual function. Alternatively, sparing peri-prostatic tissue to maintain functional outcomes may result in an increased risk of cancer recurrence. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of providing surgeons with detailed information about their patient outcomes through a surgical report card.

Methods

We propose a prospective cohort quasi-experimental study. The intervention is the provision of feedback to prostate cancer surgeons via surgical report cards. These report cards will be distributed every 3 months by email and will present surgeons with detailed information, including urinary function, erectile function, and surgical margin outcomes of their patients compared to patients treated by other de-identified surgeons in the study. For the first 12 months of the study, pre-operative, 6-month, and 12-month patient data will be collected but there will be no report cards distributed to surgeons. This will form the pre-feedback cohort. After the pre-feedback cohort has completed accrual, surgeons will receive quarterly report cards. Patients treated after the provision of report cards will comprise the post-feedback cohort. The primary comparison will be post-operative function of the pre-feedback cohort vs. post-feedback cohort. The secondary comparison will be the proportion of patients with positive surgical margins in the two cohorts. Outcomes will be stratified or case-mix adjusted, as appropriate. Assuming a baseline potency of 20% and a baseline continence of 70%, 292 patients will be required for 80% power at an alpha of 5% to detect a 10% improvement in functional outcomes. Assuming 30% of patients may be lost to follow-up, a minimum sample size of 210 patients is required in the pre-feedback cohort and 210 patients in the post-feedback cohort.

Discussion

The findings from this study will have an immediate impact on surgeon self-evaluation and we hypothesize surgical report cards will result in improved overall outcomes of men treated with radical prostatectomy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12894-018-0403-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

2-Aminoanilinium benzene-1,2-diaminium tris(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonate)

In the title molecular salt, C6H10N22+·C6H9N2+·3C7H7O3S−, one of the cations is doubly protonated and one is singly protonated with charge balance achieved by three sulfonate anions. The crystal packing features N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The ions are arranged into a two-dimensional network along the (010) plane and the structure is further consolidated by weak C—H...π interactions.

4-Methylanilinium trichloroacetate

The asymmetric unit of the title molecular salt, C7H10N+·C2Cl3O2−, consists of two cations and two anions. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the components into [100] chains incorporatingR23(10) loops and weak π–π stacking [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.865 (2) Å] is also observed.

2-Amino-1-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title molecular salt, C4H7N3O+·C7H5O6S−·H2O, contains a 5-sulfosalicylate anion, a creatininium cation and a water molecule of crystallization. The cation is protonated at the imidazole N atom and the anion is deprotonated at the sulfonic acid group. The creatininium is disordered over two sets of sites with refined site occupancies of 0.771 (3) and 0.229 (3). The benzene ring is approximately orthogonal to the disordered five-membered rings [dihedral angles of 89.7 (2) and 88.3 (8)° for the major and minor occupancy components, respectively]. In the crystal, the ions are connected through pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating anR22(8) ring-motif. An intraionic O—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) graph-set motif. Weak C—H...O contacts link the ions and water molecule into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). The structure was refined as a two-component twin.

The World Health Organization Measles Programmatic Risk Assessment Tool-Pilot Testing in India, 2014

Measles is a leading cause of child mortality, and reduction of child mortality is a key Millennium Development Goal. In 2014, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a measles programmatic risk assessment tool to support country measles elimination efforts. The tool was pilot tested in the State of Uttarakhand in August 2014 to assess its utility in India. The tool assessed measles risk for the 13 districts of Uttarakhand as a function of indicator scores in four categories: population immunity, surveillance quality, program delivery performance, and threat. The highest potential overall score was 100. Scores from each category were totaled to assign an overall risk score for each district. From this risk score, districts were categorized as low, medium, high, or very high risk. Of the 13 districts in Uttarakhand in 2014, the tool classified one district (Haridwar) as very high risk and three districts (Almora, Champawat, and Pauri Garhwal) as high risk. The measles risk in these four districts was largely due to low population immunity from high MCV1-MCV2 drop-out rates, low MCV1 and MCV2 coverage, and the lack of a supplementary immunization activity (SIA) within the past three years. This tool can be used to support measles elimination in India by identifying districts that might be at risk for measles outbreaks, and to guide risk mitigation efforts, including strengthening routine immunization services and implementing SIAs.

4-Methylanilinium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate

In the title molecular salt, C7H10N+·C7H5O6S−, the anion is deprotonated at the hydroxy O atom of the sulfonate group. In the anion, an intra-ionic O—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) graph-set motif. In the crystal, the inter-ionic N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds generate anR24(12) ring-set motif, linking the anions and cations into an infinite three-dimensional framework. The crystal structure also features C—H...π and π–π [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.5946 (11) Å] interactions.

4-Methylpyridinium 2-carboxy-6-nitrobenzoate

In the title molecular salt, C6H8N+·C8H4NO6−, the anion is deprotonated at the carboxylic acid group adjacent to the nitro group. In the crystal, the anions are linked into an [001] chain by O—H...O hydrogen bonds. The cations are linked to these chains by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H...O contacts, generating a three-dimensional network.

Benzene-1,2-diaminium bis(hydrogen phosphonate)

The asymmetric unit of the title molecular salt, C6H10N2 2+·2H2PO3 −, contains half of a benzene-1,2-diaminium cation and a phosphite anion, the complete cation being generated by a crystallographic mirror plane. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 2(9) and R 2 2(8) ring motifs and O—H...O hydrogen bonds generate an R 2 2(8) ring motif. Overall, these generate a three-dimensional framework. The crystal structure also features π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.8642 (7) Å].

2-Aminopyridinium 2,4-dinitrophenolate

The asymmetric unit of the title organic salt, C5H7N2+·C6H3N2O5−, comprises two 2-aminopyridinium cations and two 2,4-dinitrophenolate anions. The cations are protonated at the pyridine N atoms, while the anions are deprotonated at hydroxyl O atoms. In the crystal, bifurcated N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate twoR12(6), twoR21(6), and oneR21(4) ring motifs. Adjacent anions and cations are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into infinite chains along [110]. Weak C—H...O contacts and π–π interactions further link the components, forming a complex three-dimensional supramolecular network.

4-Methylanilinium 3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate

The title molecular salt, C7H10N+·C4H5O5−, contains a 4-methylanilinium cation and a 3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate (hydrogen 2-hydroxysuccinate) anion in the asymmetric unit. The cation is protonated at the amine N atom and the anion is deprotonated at one of the hydroxy O atoms of the carboxylic acid groups. An O—H...O hydrogen bond in the anion generates anS(5) graph-set motif. An N—H...O hydrogen bond links the anion and cation in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds link adjacent anions and cations, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to theacplane and enclosingR23(12),R23(14) andR32(10) ring motifs.

Chromosomal Aberrations and Sister-Chromatid Exchange Frequencies in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Textile Dyes

The peripheral lymphocytes of 11 male and seven female workers occupationally exposed to textile dyes were studied for cytogenetic change. A significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were recorded regardless of the duration of the workers' exposure to the dyes.

3-Carboxy-2-(piperidin-1-ium-1-yl)propanoate

In the zwitterionic title compound, C9H15NO4, the piperidinium N atom is protonated and the OH group of one of the carboxylate groups is deprotonated. The piperidinium ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds generate anR33(15) ring motif and link the molecules into infinite chains propagating along [010]. The structure is further consolidated by weak C—H...O interactions to form a three-dimensional network.

Utility of portable monitoring in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but underdiagnosed sleep disorder, which is associated with systemic consequences such as hypertension, stroke, metabolic syndrome, and ischemic heart disease. Nocturnal laboratory-based polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard test for diagnosis of OSA. PSG consists of a simultaneous recording of multiple physiologic parameters related to sleep and wakefulness including electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), surface electromyography (EMG), airflow measurement using thermistor and nasal pressure transducer, pulse oximetry and respiratory effort (thoracic and abdominal). Multiple alternative and simpler methods that record respiratory parameters alone for diagnosing OSA have been developed in the past two decades. These devices are called portable monitors (PMs) and enable performing sleep studies at a lower cost with shorter waiting times. It has been observed and reported that comprehensive sleep evaluation coupled with the use of PMs can fulfill the unmet need for diagnostic testing in various out-of-hospital settings in patients with suspected OSA. This article reviews the available medical literature on PMs in order to justify the utility of PMs in the diagnosis of OSA, especially in resource-poor, high-disease burden settings. The published practice parameters for the use of these devices have also been reviewed with respect to their relevance in the Indian setting.

In Situ Hydrothermal Synthesis of Graphene-CuO Nanocomposites for Lithium Battery Applications

Graphene-CuO nanocomposites were prepared by in situ hydrothermal method. The properties of the prepared nanocomposites have been studied by XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, FT-IR, TGA and CV technqiues. The prepared nanocomposites show uniform dispersion of CuO nanoparticles in between the graphene sheets. The interlayer spacing of the graphene sheets has been increased due to the inclusion of CuO nanoparticles as revealed by TEM analysis. The modification in the interlayer spacing and the CuO functionalization in between the layers would be useful in designing high performance lithium ion battery electrodes.

Anion assisted supramolecular self-assemblies of succinate and malate adducts: crystal structures and theoretical modelling

A series of five dicarboxylic acid complexes of succinic acid and malic acid with various substituted amines have been synthesized and structurally analyzed; also the supramolecular organizations within their crystalline solids have been studied.

Studies on visible light photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of nanostructured cobalt doped ZnO thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating method

Nanostructured cobalt doped ZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrate by sol-gel spin coating technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The XRD results showed that the thin films were well crystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The results of EDAX and XPS revealed that Co was doped into ZnO structure. FESEM images revealed that the films possess granular morphology without any crack and confirm that Co doping decreases the grain size. UV-Vis transmission spectra show that the substitution of Co in ZnO leads to band gap narrowing. The Co doped ZnO films were found to exhibit improved photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light in comparison with the undoped ZnO film. The decrease in grain size and extending light absorption towards the visible region by Co doping in ZnO film contribute equally to the improved photocatalytic activity. The bactericidal efficiency of Co doped ZnO films were investigated against a Gram negative (Escherichia coli) and a Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The optical density (OD) measurement showed better bactericidal activity at higher level of Co doping in ZnO.

Crystal structure of 2-phenylethanaminium 3-carboxyprop-2-enoate

The title mol­ecular salt, C₈H₁₂N⁺·C₄H₃O₄⁻, crystallized with two independent cations and anions in the asymmetric unit. The ethanaminium side chains of the cations exhibit anti conformations [C—C—C—N torsion angles = 176.5 (3) and −179.4 (3)°]. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect adjacent anions and cations, and , O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect adjacent anions, generating sheets parallel to (001).

Structural, optical, thermal and mechanical properties of Urea tartaric acid single crystals

Urea tartaric acid (UT) an organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized from aqueous solution and the crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique. The single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the UT crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system. The functional groups of UT have been identified by the Fourier transform infrared spectral studies. The optical transparent window in the visible and near the IR regions was investigated. The transmittance of UT has been used to calculate the refractive index (n) as a function of the wavelength. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by the Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test. The birefringence of the crystal was determined using a tungsten halogen lamp source. The laser induced surface damage threshold for the grown crystal was measured using the Nd:YAG laser. The anisotropic in mechanical property of the grown crystals was studied using Vicker's microhardness tester at different planes. The etch pit density of UT crystals was investigated. The thermal behavior of UT was investigated using the TG-DTA and DSC studies.

Synthesis, growth, structural, thermal and optical studies of pyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate-4-nitrophenol single crystals

Organic nonlinear optical material, pyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate-4-nitrophenol (PCN) was synthesized and single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the structure and lattice parameters of PCN crystals. Infrared, Raman and NMR spectral analyses were used to elucidate the functional groups present in the compound. The thermal behavior of synthesized compound was studied by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analyses. The photoluminescence property was studied by exciting the crystal at 360 nm. The relative second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of grown crystal was estimated by using Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm.

Studies on the growth, spectral, structural, electrical, optical and mechanical properties of Uronium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate single crystal for third-order nonlinear optical applications

Organic Uronium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (UCHBS) nonlinear optical single crystal was grown by solution growth technique. The solubility and nucleation studies were performed for UCHBS at different temperatures 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55°C. The crystal structure of UCHBS was elucidated from single crystal X-ray diffraction study. High resolution X-ray diffraction technique was employed to study the perfection and internal defects of UCHBS crystal. Infrared and Raman spectra were recorded to analyze the vibrational behavior of chemical bonds and its functional groups. The physico-chemical changes, stability and decomposition stages of the UCHBS compound were established by TG-DTA studies. The dielectric phenomenon of UCHBS crystal was studied at different temperatures with respect to frequency. Linear optical properties of transmittance, cut-off wavelength, band gap of UCHBS were found from UV-visible spectral studies. Third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear optical absorption coefficient values were measured by Z-scan technique. The mechanical properties of UCHBS crystal was studied by using Vicker's microhardness test. The growth features of UCHBS crystal were analyzed from etching studies.

Synthesis, growth, structural and optical studies of a novel organic Piperazine (bis) p-toluenesulfonate single crystal

A novel organic single crystal of Piperazinium (bis) p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) was grown by a slow evaporation solution growth technique. The structure of the grown crystal was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The PPTS crystal belongs to the triclinic crystal system with space group of P1¯. The presence of functional groups was confirmed by FTIR spectral analysis. The optical transmittance range and cut-off wavelength were identified by UV-vis-NIR spectral studies. The luminescent properties of PPTS crystal were investigated. The thermal behavior of PPTS crystal was studied by TG-DT analyses.

Crystal structure of 4-bromoanilinium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

In the crystal of the title mol­ecular salt, C₆H₇BrN⁺·C₇H₇O₃S⁻, the anions and cations are linked via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming layers, enclosing R₂²(4) ring motifs, lying parallel to (001). Within the layers there are short O⋯O contacts of 2.843 (2) Å.

Crystal structure of 4-aminobenzoic acid–4-methylpyridine (1/1)

In the title 1:1 adduct, C6H7N·C7H7NO2, the carboxylic acid group is twisted at an angle of 4.32 (18)° with respect to the attached benzene ring. In the crystal, the carboxylic acid group is linked to the pyridine ring by an O—H...N hydrogen bond, forming a dimer. The dimers are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating (010) sheets.

Studies on the growth, structural, spectral and third-order nonlinear optical properties of ammonium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxy benzenesulfonate monohydrate single crystal

An organic nonlinear optical bulk single crystal, Ammonium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxy benzenesulfonate monohydrate (ACHBS) was successfully grown by solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study confirms that, the grown crystal belongs to P21/c space group. Powder X-ray diffraction and high resolution X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the crystallinity of the grown crystal. Infrared spectral analysis showed the vibrational behavior of chemical bonds and its functional groups. The thermal stability and decomposition stages of the grown crystal were studied by TG-DTA analysis. UV-Visible transmittance studies showed the transparency region and cut-off wavelength of the grown crystal. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of the grown crystal was estimated by Z-scan technique using He-Ne laser source. The mechanical property of the grown crystal was studied by using Vicker's microhardness test.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Ceria Based Bi-Layer Films by Dip Coating Technique

Ceria based bi-layer films of CeO2-CdS and CeO2-TiO2 were prepared by sol-gel based hydrothermal route combined with dip-coating. The synthesized samples were subjected to various characterizations such as X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence studies. The prepared materials were dissolved in naffion solution and disposed as a thin film on glassy carbon electrode by dip coating technique. Electrochemical Li+ intercalation/deintercalation was performed by cyclic voltammetry and these results indicate that the CeO2/LiClO4 system is electrochemically reversible. The total intercalation/deintercalation of the CeO2 film, CeO2-CdS and CeO2-TiO2 bi-layer films was determined by cyclic voltammetry, which showed increased charge storage capacity.

Crystal structure of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium 4-aminobenzoate dihydrate

In the title hydrated molecular salt, C7H11N2+·C7H6NO2−·2H2O, the cation is protonated at the pyridine N atom and the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the CO2−group in the anion is 8.5 (2)°. In the crystal, the cation forms an N—H...O hydrogen bond to the anion and the anion forms two N—H...O hydrogen bonds to adjacent water molecules. Both water molecules form two O—H...O hydrogen bonds to carboxylate O atoms. In combination, these hydrogen bonds generate a three-dimensional network and two weak C—H...π interactions are also observed.

Crystal structure of 2-phenyl-ethyl-amin-ium 4-nitro-phenolate monohydrate

In the title hydrated mol­ecular salt, C₈H₁₂N⁺·C₆H₄NO₃⁻·H₂O, the conformation of the side chain in the cation is anti [C—C—C—N = 179.62 (12)°] and the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the nitro group in the anion is 3.34 (11)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating (10-1) sheets, which feature R₄⁴(21) loops. The sheets inter­act by weak aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.896 (3) Å], forming a three-dimensional network.

Crystal structure of piperidinium 4-nitro-phenolate

In the title mol-ecular salt, C5H12N(+)·C6H4NO3 (-), the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation and the cation is protonated at the N atom. In the anion, the nitro group is twisted at an angle of 10.30 (11)° with respect to the attached benzene ring. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link adjacent anions and cations into infinite chains propagating along [100]. The chains are linked by C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming sheets lying parallel to (001).

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma without evidence of a primary renal tumour

Although metastases are common in patients with renal cell carcinoma (rcc), it is extremely rare for patients to present with metastatic rcc (mrcc) without evidence of a primary mass in the kidney. Two cases of mrcc with no detectable primary renal mass are reported here. Both patients had bilateral native kidneys in situ and no significant prior urologic history. The first patient presented with a hip fracture and was found to have multiple radiologic bony and lung metastases. Biopsy of a mass involving the pubic bone demonstrated clear cell mrcc. Multiple scans by computed tomography (ct) and confirmatory imaging by magnetic resonance demonstrated no renal mass. This first patient had disease stabilization for 18 months on sunitinib and was still alive at last follow-up. The second patient was diagnosed with clear-cell mrcc after thickened synovium was discovered and biopsied during a knee arthroplasty. Multiple scans by ct in this second patient demonstrated no primary renal mass. Sunitinib and radiotherapy to the knee lesion were initiated, but unfortunately, the patient deteriorated clinically and passed away from disease progression shortly after diagnosis. Because of the rare nature of these cases, a standardized course of action has not yet been established. However, we hypothesize that it is reasonable to manage metastases in these patients by following established mrcc protocols.

Crystal growth, spectral, structural and optical studies of π-conjugated stilbazolium crystal: 4-bromobenzaldehyde-4'-N'-methylstilbazolium tosylate

Nonlinear optical (NLO) organic compound, 4-bromobenzaldehyde-4'-N'-methylstilbazolium tosylate was synthesized by reflux method. The formation of molecular complex was confirmed from (1)H NMR, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral analyses. The single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method and the crystal structure and atomic packing of grown crystal was identified. The morphology and growth axis of grown crystal were determined. The crystal perfection was analyzed using high resolution X-ray diffraction study on (001) plane. Thermal stability, decomposition stages and melting point of the grown crystal were analyzed. The optical absorption coefficient (α) and energy band gap (E(g)) of the crystal were determined using UV-visible absorption studies. Second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal was examined by Kurtz powder method with different particle size using 1064 nm laser. Laser induced damage threshold study was carried out for the grown crystal using Nd:YAG laser.

Glycinium 3-carb-oxy-4-hy-droxy-benzene-sulfonate

In the anion of the title salt, C₂H₆NO₂⁺·C₇H₅O₆S⁻, the dihedral angle between the carb­oxy­lic acid group and the benzene ring is 5.02 (12)°. In the crystal, the anions are linked into inversion dimers through pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the carb­oxy­lic acid groups and sulfonate O atoms. A pair of C—H⋯O inter­actions is also observed within each dimer. The anion dimers and the cations are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Benzotriazolium 4-methyl-benzene-sulfonate

In the title molecular salt, C₆H₆N₃⁺·C₇H₇O₃S⁻, the components are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains along [100]. These chains are further connected by weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and π–π (centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.510, 3.701 and 3.754 Å) inter­actions into a three-dimensional network.

Synthesis, crystal growth, structural, thermal, optical and mechanical properties of solution grown 4-methylpyridinium 4-hydroxybenzoate single crystal

Organic nonlinear optical material, 4-methylpyridinium 4-hydroxybenzoate (4MPHB) was synthesized and single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the structure and crystalline perfection of 4MPHB crystal. Infrared, Raman and NMR spectroscopy techniques were used to elucidate the functional groups present in the compound. TG-DTA analysis was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere to study the decomposition stages, endothermic and exothermic reactions. UV-visible and Photoluminescence spectra were recorded for the grown crystal to estimate the transmittance and band gap energy respectively. Linear refractive index, birefringence, and SHG efficiency of the grown crystal were studied. Laser induced surface damage threshold and mechanical properties of grown crystal were studied to assess the suitability of the grown crystals for device applications.