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Woodroffe R, Donnelly CA, Chapman K, Ham C, Moyes K, Stratton NG, Cartwright SJ. Successive use of shared space by badgers and cattle: implications for
Mycobacterium bovis
transmission. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Statistics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - K. Chapman
- Institute of Zoology Regent’s Park London UK
| | - C. Ham
- Institute of Zoology Regent’s Park London UK
| | - K. Moyes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. McNutt
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
| | - R. Groom
- Institute of Zoology London UK
- African Wildlife Conservation Fund Birchenough Bridge Zimbabwe
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Ford AT, Goheen JR, Otieno TO, Bidner L, Isbell LA, Palmer TM, Ward D, Woodroffe R, Pringle RM. Large carnivores make savanna tree communities less thorny. Science 2014; 346:346-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1252753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Durant SM, Wacher T, Bashir S, Woodroffe R, De Ornellas P, Ransom C, Newby J, Abáigar T, Abdelgadir M, El Alqamy H, Baillie J, Beddiaf M, Belbachir F, Belbachir-Bazi A, Berbash AA, Bemadjim NE, Beudels-Jamar R, Boitani L, Breitenmoser C, Cano M, Chardonnet P, Collen B, Cornforth WA, Cuzin F, Gerngross P, Haddane B, Hadjeloum M, Jacobson A, Jebali A, Lamarque F, Mallon D, Minkowski K, Monfort S, Ndoassal B, Niagate B, Purchase G, Samaïla S, Samna AK, Sillero-Zubiri C, Soultan AE, Stanley Price MR, Pettorelli N. Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara's megafauna. DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Creel S, Becker MS, Durant SM, M'Soka J, Matandiko W, Dickman AJ, Christianson D, Dröge E, Mweetwa T, Pettorelli N, Rosenblatt E, Schuette P, Woodroffe R, Bashir S, Beudels-Jamar RC, Blake S, Borner M, Breitenmoser C, Broekhuis F, Cozzi G, Davenport TRB, Deutsch J, Dollar L, Dolrenry S, Douglas-Hamilton I, Fitzherbert E, Foley C, Hazzah L, Henschel P, Hilborn R, Hopcraft JGC, Ikanda D, Jacobson A, Joubert B, Joubert D, Kelly MS, Lichtenfeld L, Mace GM, Milanzi J, Mitchell N, Msuha M, Muir R, Nyahongo J, Pimm S, Purchase G, Schenck C, Sillero-Zubiri C, Sinclair ARE, Songorwa AN, Stanley-Price M, Tehou CA, Trout C, Wall J, Wittemyer G, Zimmermann A. Conserving large populations of lions - the argument for fences has holes. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:1413, e1-3. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Creel
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - M. S. Becker
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - S. M. Durant
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - J. M'Soka
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambia Wildlife Authority; Private Bag 1 Chilanga Zambia
| | - W. Matandiko
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - A. J. Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - D. Christianson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - E. Dröge
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - T. Mweetwa
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - N. Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - E. Rosenblatt
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - P. Schuette
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - R. Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - S. Bashir
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - R. C. Beudels-Jamar
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; 29 Vautier str. Bruxelles 1000 Belgium
- CMS Scientific Council, UNEP/CMS; Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 Bonn 53113 Germany
| | - S. Blake
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis 63130 USA
| | - M. Borner
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - C. Breitenmoser
- IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group; c/o KORA, Thunstrasse 31 Muri 3074 Switzerland
| | - F. Broekhuis
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - G. Cozzi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; Zurich University; Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zürich CH 8057 Switzerland
| | - T. R. B. Davenport
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program; PO Box 922 Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - J. Deutsch
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - L. Dollar
- Big Cats Initiative, National Geographic Society; 1145 17th Street NW Washington DC 20036-4688 USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
- Department of Biology; Pfeiffer University; Misenheimer North Carolina 28109 USA
| | - S. Dolrenry
- Lion Guardians; PO Box 15550 Langata 00509 Kenya
| | - I. Douglas-Hamilton
- Save the Elephants; PO Box 54667 Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - E. Fitzherbert
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
- Chester Zoo; Chester CH2 1LH UK
| | - C. Foley
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program; PO Box 922 Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - L. Hazzah
- Lion Guardians; PO Box 15550 Langata 00509 Kenya
| | - P. Henschel
- Panthera; 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor New York NY 10018 USA
| | - R. Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - J. G. C. Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - D. Ikanda
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Box 661 Arusha Tanzania
| | - A. Jacobson
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - B. Joubert
- Big Cats Initiative, National Geographic Society; 1145 17th Street NW Washington DC 20036-4688 USA
| | - D. Joubert
- Big Cats Initiative, National Geographic Society; 1145 17th Street NW Washington DC 20036-4688 USA
| | - M. S. Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation; Virginia Tech; 146 Cheatham Hall Blacksburg VA 24061-0321 USA
| | - L. Lichtenfeld
- African People & Wildlife Fund; PO Box 624 Bernardsville NJ 07924 USA
| | - G. M. Mace
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - J. Milanzi
- Zambia Wildlife Authority; Private Bag 1 Chilanga Zambia
| | - N. Mitchell
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - M. Msuha
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Box 661 Arusha Tanzania
| | - R. Muir
- Africa Programme, Frankfurt Zoological Society Africa Regional Office; Serengeti National Park; Serengeti Tanzania
| | | | - S. Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
- Department of Biology; Pfeiffer University; Misenheimer North Carolina 28109 USA
| | - G. Purchase
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - C. Schenck
- Frankfurt Zoological Society; Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1 Frankfurt 60316 Germany
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Department of Zoology; IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - A. R. E. Sinclair
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | | | - M. Stanley-Price
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
- IUCN/SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - C. A. Tehou
- Coordonnateur WAP/UNOPS Bénin; B.P. 527 Cotonou, République Bénin
| | - C. Trout
- African People & Wildlife Fund; PO Box 624 Bernardsville NJ 07924 USA
| | - J. Wall
- Laboratory for Advanced Spatial Analysis; Department of Geography; University of British Columbia; 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada
| | - G. Wittemyer
- Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - A. Zimmermann
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
- Chester Zoo; Chester CH2 1LH UK
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, long-term studies have shown that mammalian fathers, brothers and even unrelated males may contribute substantially to the care of the young. Recently, more field studies of mammals with male care have further expanded interest in male care potential. Male mammals can never be sole care-givers because offspring depend on maternal milk, but assistance provided by males may allow females to produce more energetically costly litters. The need for such male care contributes to the development of obligate social monogamy or communal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Woodroffe
- Rosie Woodroffe is at the Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK NW1 4RY
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Durant SM, Pettorelli N, Bashir S, Woodroffe R, Wacher T, De Ornellas P, Ransom C, Abaigar T, Abdelgadir M, El Alqamy H, Beddiaf M, Belbachir F, Belbachir-Bazi A, Berbash AA, Beudels-Jamar R, Boitani L, Breitenmoser C, Cano M, Chardonnet P, Collen B, Cornforth WA, Cuzin F, Gerngross P, Haddane B, Hadjeloum M, Jacobson A, Jebali A, Lamarque F, Mallon D, Minkowski K, Monfort S, Ndoassal B, Newby J, Ngakoutou BE, Niagate B, Purchase G, Samaila S, Samna AK, Sillero-Zubiri C, Soultan AE, Stanley Price MR, Baillie JEM. Forgotten Biodiversity in Desert Ecosystems. Science 2012; 336:1379-80. [DOI: 10.1126/science.336.6087.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Marsden CD, Mable BK, Woodroffe R, Rasmussen GSA, Cleaveland S, McNutt JW, Emmanuel M, Thomas R, Kennedy LJ. Highly Endangered African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus) Lack Variation at the Major Histocompatibility Complex. J Hered 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Clifford DL, Woodroffe R, Garcelon DK, Timm SF, Mazet JAK. Using pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality to evaluate the success of recovery strategies for endangered island foxes. Anim Conserv 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Woodroffe R, Gilks P, Johnston WT, Le Fevre AM, Cox DR, Donnelly CA, Bourne FJ, Cheeseman CL, Gettinby G, McInerney JP, Morrison WI. Effects of culling on badger abundance: implications for tuberculosis control. J Zool (1987) 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Johnston WT, Gettinby G, Cox DR, Donnelly CA, Bourne J, Clifton-Hadley R, Le Fevre AM, McInerney JP, Mitchell A, Morrison WI, Woodroffe R. Herd-level risk factors associated with tuberculosis breakdowns among cattle herds in England before the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic. Biol Lett 2007; 1:53-6. [PMID: 17148126 PMCID: PMC1629052 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study of the factors associated with the risk of a bovine tuberculosis (TB) breakdown in cattle herds was undertaken within the randomized badger culling trial (RBCT). TB breakdowns occurring prior to the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in three RBCT triplets were eligible to be cases; controls were selected from the same RBCT area. Data from 151 case farms and 117 control farms were analysed using logistic regression. The strongest factors associated with an increased TB risk were movement of cattle onto the farm from markets or farm sales, operating a farm over multiple premises and the use of either covered yard or 'other' housing types. Spreading artificial fertilizers or farmyard manure on grazing land were both associated with decreased risk. These first case-control results from the RBCT will be followed by similar analyses as more data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Johnston
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Bourne FJ, Donnelly CA, Cox DR, Gettinby G, McInerney JP, Morrison WI, Woodroffe R. TB policy and the badger culling trials. Vet Rec 2006; 158:418. [PMID: 16565344 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.12.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Woodroffe R, Yao GL, Meads C, Bayliss S, Ready A, Raftery J, Taylor RS. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of newer immunosuppressive regimens in renal transplantation: a systematic review and modelling study. Health Technol Assess 2005; 9:1-179, iii-iv. [PMID: 15899149 DOI: 10.3310/hta9210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the newer immunosuppressive drugs for renal transplantation: basiliximab, daclizumab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate (mofetil and sodium) and sirolimus. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases. Industry submissions. Current Clinical Trials register. Cochrane Collaboration Renal Disease Group. REVIEW METHODS The review followed the InterTASC standards. Each of the five company submissions to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) contained cost-effectiveness models, which were evaluated by using a critique covering (1) model checking, (2) a detailed model description and (3) model rerunning. RESULTS For induction therapy, three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) found that daclizumab significantly reduced the incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection and patient survival at 6 months/1 year compared with placebo, but not compared with the monoclonal antibody OKT3. There was no significant gain in patient survival or graft loss at 3 years. The incidence of side-effects with daclizumab reduced compared to OKT3. Eight RCTs found that basiliximab significantly improved 6-month/1-year biopsy-confirmed acute rejection compared to placebo, but not compared to either ATG or OKT3. There was no significant gain in either 1-year patient survival or graft loss. The incidence of side-effects with basiliximab was not significantly different compared to OKT3/ATG. For initial/maintenance therapy, 13 RCTs found that tacrolimus reduced the 6-month/1-year incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection compared to ciclosporin. There was no significant improvement in either 1-year or long-term (up to 5 years) graft loss or patient survival. The acute rejection benefit of tacrolimus over ciclosporin appeared to be equivalent for Sandimmun and Neoral. There were important differences in the side-effect profile of tacrolimus and ciclosporin. Seven RCTs found that mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) reduced the incidence of acute rejection. There was no significant difference in patient survival or graft loss at 1-year or 3-year follow-up. There appeared to be differences in the side-effect profiles of MMF and azathioprine (AZA). No RCTs comparing MMF with AZA were identified. One RCT compared mycophenolate sodium (MPS) to MMF and reported no difference between the two drugs in 1-year acute rejection rate, graft survival, patient survival or side-effect profile. Two RCTs suggest that addition of sirolimus to a ciclosporin-based initial/maintenance therapy reduces 1-year acute rejections in comparison to a ciclosporin (Neoral) dual therapy alone and substituting azathioprine with sirolimus in initial/maintenance therapy reduces the incidence of acute rejection. Graft and patient survival were not significantly different with either sirolimus regimen. Adding sirolimus increases the incidence of side-effects. The side-effect profiles of azathioprine and sirolimus appear to be different. For the treatment of acute rejection, three RCTs suggested that both tacrolimus and MMF reduce the incidence of subsequent acute rejection and the need for additional drug therapy. Only one RCT and one subgroup analysis in children (<18 years) were identified comparing ciclosporin to tacrolimus and sirolimus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The newer immunosuppressant drugs (basiliximab, daclizumab, tacrolimus and MMF) consistently reduced the incidence of short-term (1-year) acute rejection compared with conventional immunosuppressive therapy. The independent use of basiliximab, daclizumab, tacrolimus and MMF was associated with a similar absolute reduction in 1-year acute rejection rate (approximately 15%). However, the effects of these drugs did not appear to be additive (e.g. benefit of tacrolimus with adjuvant MMF was 5% reduction in acute rejection rate compared with 15% reduction with adjuvant AZA). Thus, the addition of one of these drugs to a baseline immunosuppressant regimen was likely to affect adversely the incremental cost-effectiveness of the addition of another. The trials did not assess how the improvement in short-term outcomes (e.g. acute rejection rate or measures of graft function), together with the side-effect profile associated with each drug, translated into changes in patient-related quality of life. Moreover, given the relatively short duration of trials, the impact of the newer immunosuppressants on long-term graft loss and patient survival remains uncertain. The absence of both long-term outcome and quality of life from trial data makes assessment of the clinical and cost-effectiveness on the newer immunosuppressants contingent on modelling based on extrapolations from short-term trial outcomes. The choice of the most appropriate short-term outcome (e.g. acute rejection rate or measures of graft function) for such modelling remains a matter of clinical and scientific debate. The decision to use acute rejection in the meta-model in this report was based on the findings of a systematic review of the literature of predictors of long-term graft outcome. Only a very small proportion of the RCTs identified in this review assessed patient-focused outcomes such as quality of life. Since immunosuppressive drugs have both clinical benefits and specific side-effects, the balance of these harms and benefits could best be quantified through future trials using quality of life measures. The design of future trials should be considered with a view to the impact of drugs on particular renal transplant groups, particularly higher risk individuals and children. Finally, there is a need for improved reporting of methodological details of future trials, such as the method of randomisation and allocation concealment. A number of issues exist around registry data, for example the use of multiple drug regimens and the need to assess the long-term outcomes. An option is the use of observational registry data including, if possible, prospective data on all consecutive UK renal transplant patients. Data capture for each patient should include immunosuppressant regimens, clinical and patient-related outcomes and patient demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Woodroffe
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
CT colonography has been used to detect colonic polyps and cancers, but its effect in practice will also be influenced by the frequency with which extracolonic lesions of various types are detected. We performed a systematic review of the types of incidental lesions found on CT colonography. This is necessary to model the benefits and harms of detecting extracolonic lesions. Primary clinical studies of extracolonic findings on CT colonography were identified from electronic databases, scanning reference lists and hand searches of relevant journals and conference proceedings. A data collection proforma was used to collect information on extracolonic findings. 17 discreet studies were identified, involving 3488 patients. In total 40% of patients were recorded to have abnormalities and many had more than one abnormality. Nearly 14% of patients had further investigations and 0.8% were given immediate treatment. Extracolonic cancers were detected in 2.7% (0.9% had N0M0 cancers) and 0.9% had an aortic aneurysm. The number of extracolonic findings was high in all studies. While only a small population were judged "important", the prevalence of serious lesions outside the colon was nevertheless higher than in many other screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Xiong
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health Building, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Morrison WI, Bourne FJ, Cox DR, Donnelly CA, Gettinby G, McInerney PJ, Woodroffe R. Potential use of vaccination in cattle or badgers to control bovine tuberculosis. Dev Biol (Basel) 2004; 119:351-9. [PMID: 15742646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of regular herd testing to identify and remove infected animals has proved to be a highly successful method of controlling bovine tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world. However, in some countries, notably the United Kingdom, Ireland and New Zealand, the disease has continued to pose a significant problem, despite intensive herd testing. Persistence of disease in these countries is associated with the presence of wildlife reservoirs of infection. Attempts to control bovine TB by culling of wildlife have been, at best, only partially successful and have proved difficult to sustain. This has led to considering of vaccination either of wildlife or cattle as a potential control measure. However, there are a number of obstacles that need to be overcome before vaccination can be considered a practical option. Vaccine efficacy, methods used for vaccine delivery in wildlife, potential interference of vaccination with diagnostic tests for cattle and appropriate design of field trials are among the issues that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Morrison
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
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Domingo-Roura X, Macdonald DW, Roy MS, Marmi J, Terradas J, Woodroffe R, Burke T, Wayne RK. Confirmation of low genetic diversity and multiple breeding females in a social group of Eurasian badgers from microsatellite and field data. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:533-9. [PMID: 12535103 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) is a facultatively social carnivore that shows only rudimentary co-operative behaviour and a poorly defined social hierarchy. Behavioural evidence and limited genetic data have suggested that more than one female may breed in a social group. We combine pregnancy detection by ultrasound and microsatellite locus scores from a well-studied badger population from Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK, to demonstrate that multiple females reproduce within a social group. We found that at least three of seven potential mothers reproduced in a group that contained 11 reproductive age females and nine offspring. Twelve primers showed variability across the species range and only five of these were variable in Wytham. The microsatellites showed a reduced repeat number, a significantly higher number of nonperfect repeats, and moderate heterozygosity levels in Wytham. The high frequency of imperfect repeats and demographic phenomena might be responsible for the reduced levels of variability observed in the badger.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Domingo-Roura
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
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Morrison WI, Bourne FJ, Cox DR, Donnelly CA, Gettinby G, McInerney JP, Woodroffe R. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of infections with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB. Vet Rec 2000; 146:236-42. [PMID: 10737292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
In last week's Veterinary Record, members of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB discussed the approach they are adopting in attempting to develop sustainable strategies for controlling bovine tuberculosis in cattle (VR, February 19, pp 207-210). In this second, complementary article, they consider the extent to which efforts to control the disease may be constrained by limitations in current testing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Morrison
- The Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Berkshire
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Bourne J, Donnelly CA, Cox DR, Gettinby G, McInerney JP, Morrison I, Woodroffe R. Bovine tuberculosis: towards a future control strategy. Vet Rec 2000; 146:207-10. [PMID: 10731068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB was appointed by the Government in 1998 to implement and develop the research recommendations of the 1997 Krebs report on bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers. In this article, members of the group discuss the approach they are adopting in attempting to ensure that future control strategies are scientifically based. In a second article, to be published in next week's Veterinary Record, the group will consider the extent to which efforts to control the disease in cattle may be constrained by limitations in current testing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bourne
- The Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB, London
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Macdonald DW, Anwar M, Newman C, Woodroffe R, Johnson PJ. Inter-annual differences in the age-related prevalences of Babesia and Trypanosoma parasites of European badgers (Meles meles). J Zool (1987) 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Theory predicts that small populations may be driven to extinction by random fluctuations in demography and loss of genetic diversity through drift. However, population size is a poor predictor of extinction in large carnivores inhabiting protected areas. Conflict with people on reserve borders is the major cause of mortality in such populations, so that border areas represent population sinks. The species most likely to disappear from small reserves are those that range widely-and are therefore most exposed to threats on reserve borders-irrespective of population size. Conservation efforts that combat only stochastic processes are therefore unlikely to avert extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Woodroffe
- R. Woodroffe, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. J. R. Ginsberg, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA
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Krebs JR, Anderson RM, Clutton-Brock T, Donnelly CA, Frost S, Morrison WI, Woodroffe R, Young D. Badgers and bovine TB: conflicts between conservation and health. Science 1998; 279:817-8. [PMID: 9480550 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5352.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Krebs
- Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, Wilts, SN2 1EU, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Falloon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Woodroffe R. Formulation studies on slow-release phosphate tablets for high-dosage administration in renal transplant patients [proceedings]. J Pharm Pharmacol 1976; 28 Suppl:68P. [PMID: 12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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