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Ishikita A, Karur GR, Hanneman K, Yuen DA, Chaturvedi RR, Friedberg MK, Epelman S, He X, Roche SL, Wald RM. Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction Varies With Hemodynamic Load and After Pulmonary Valve Replacement in TOF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2024:S1936-878X(24)00080-9. [PMID: 38639696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
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Reuter MS, Sokolowski DJ, Javier Diaz-Mejia J, Keunen J, de Vrijer B, Chan C, Wang L, Ryan G, Chiasson DA, Ketela T, Scherer SW, Wilson MD, Jaeggi E, Chaturvedi RR. Decreased left heart flow in fetal lambs causes left heart hypoplasia and pro-fibrotic tissue remodeling. Commun Biol 2023; 6:770. [PMID: 37481629 PMCID: PMC10363152 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Low blood flow through the fetal left heart is often conjectured as an etiology for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). To investigate if a decrease in left heart flow results in growth failure, we generate left ventricular inflow obstruction (LVIO) in mid-gestation fetal lambs by implanting coils in their left atrium using an ultrasound-guided percutaneous technique. Significant LVIO recapitulates important clinical features of HLHS: decreased antegrade aortic valve flow, compensatory retrograde perfusion of the brain and ascending aorta (AAo) from the arterial duct, severe left heart hypoplasia, a non-apex forming LV, and a thickened endocardial layer. The hypoplastic AAo have miRNA-gene pairs annotating to cell proliferation that are inversely differentially expressed by bulk RNA-seq. Single-nucleus RNA-seq of the hypoplastic LV myocardium shows an increase in fibroblasts with a reciprocal decrease in cardiomyocyte nuclei proportions. Fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells from hypoplastic myocardium have increased expression of extracellular matrix component or fibrosis genes with dysregulated fibroblast growth factor signaling. Hence, a severe sustained ( ~ 1/3 gestation) reduction in fetal left heart flow is sufficient to cause left heart hypoplasia. This is accompanied by changes in cellular composition and gene expression consistent with a pro-fibrotic environment and aberrant induction of mesenchymal programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Reuter
- CGEn, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dustin J Sokolowski
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Javier Diaz-Mejia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johannes Keunen
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barbra de Vrijer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cadia Chan
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liangxi Wang
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Greg Ryan
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Chiasson
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edgar Jaeggi
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Ontario Fetal Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Chetan D, Szabo AB, Fan CPS, Morgan CT, Villemain O, Chaturvedi RR, Benson LN, Honjo O. Melody Mitral Valve Is a Promising Alternative to Mechanical Valve Replacement for Young Children. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 115:778-783. [PMID: 36470568 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of Melody mitral valve to mechanical mitral valve replacement (MVR) for young children. DESCRIPTION Children who underwent Melody MVR from 2014 to 2020 were case-matched to mechanical MVR patients. Transplant-free survival and cumulative incidence of reintervention were compared. A subanalysis was performed for infants aged < 1 year (9 Melody MVRs and their matches). EVALUATION Twelve children underwent Melody MVR. Two children (17%) salvaged from mechanical support died. Five of 10 survivors (50%) had subsequent MVR. At 1 and 3 years, transplant-free survival (Melody: 83%, 83%; mechanical: 83%, 67%; P = .180) and reintervention (Melody: 9%, 39%; mechanical: 0%, 18%; P = .18) were equivalent between groups. For children < 1 year of age, Melody MVR had a modest survival benefit (Melody: 89%, 89%; mechanical: 80%, 60%; P = .046), while rate of reintervention remained equivalent (Melody: 13%, 32%; mechanical: 0%, 22%; P = .32). CONCLUSIONS For patients < 1 year old, Melody MVR offers a promising alternative and is a reasonable bridge to mechanical MVR, which can be performed safely at an older age. Further studies are necessary to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Chetan
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienn B Szabo
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun-Po S Fan
- Rogers Computational Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conall T Morgan
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Villemain
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee N Benson
- Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Osami Honjo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Lam CZ, David D, Acosta Izquierdo L, Pezeshkpour P, Dipchand AI, Jean-St-Michel E, Chaturvedi RR, Ling SC, Wald RM, Chavhan GB, Seed M, Yoo SJ. MRI Phase-Contrast Blood Flow in Fasting Pediatric Patients with Fontan Circulation Correlates with Exercise Capacity. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2022; 4:e210303. [PMID: 35506132 PMCID: PMC9059244 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.210303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess regional blood flow in fasting pediatric patients with Fontan circulation by using MRI and to explore associations with clinical parameters. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, pediatric patients who had undergone the Fontan procedure (<18 years of age) and had undergone clinical cardiac MRI, performed after at least 4 hours of fasting, between 2018 and 2021 were included. Regional blood flow was compared with published healthy volunteer data (n = 19) and assessed in relation to hemodynamic parameters and clinical status. Data are presented as medians, with first to third quartiles in parentheses. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, χ2, and Spearman rank correlation tests were used. Results Fifty-five patients (38 boys) with median age at MRI of 14 years (IQR, 11-16 years) and median time from Fontan procedure to MRI of 10 years (IQR, 8-12 years) were included. Patients after Fontan procedure had lower ascending aortic, inferior vena cava, and total systemic blood flow compared with healthy volunteers (3.00 L/min/m2 [IQR, 2.75-3.30 L/min/m2] vs 3.61 L/min/m2 [IQR, 3.29-4.07 L/min/m2]; 1.73 L/min/m2 [IQR, 1.40-1.94 L/min/m2] vs 2.24 L/min/m2 [IQR, 2.06-2.75 L/min/m2]; 2.78 L/min/m2 [IQR, 2.45-3.10 L/min/m2] vs 3.95 L/min/m2 [IQR, 3.20-4.30 L/min/m2], respectively; P < .001). Portal vein flow was greater than hepatic vein flow in 25% of patients. Fontan blood flow was inversely correlated with pre-Fontan mean pulmonary artery pressure (Spearman rank correlation coefficient [rs ]= -0.42, P = .005) and ventricular end diastolic pressure (rs = -0.33, P = .04) and positively correlated with post-Fontan percent predicted oxygen consumption at peak workload (rs = 0.34, P = .02). Conclusion Reference ranges are provided for regional systemic blood flow derived by using MRI in fasting pediatric patients with Fontan circulation, who had lower systemic blood flow compared with healthy volunteers. Lower fasting Fontan blood flow correlated with lower exercise capacity.Keywords: Pediatrics, Heart, Congenital, MR Imaging, Hemodynamics/Flow Dynamics, Cardiac Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Z. Lam
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Dawn David
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Laura Acosta Izquierdo
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Parneyan Pezeshkpour
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Anne I. Dipchand
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Emilie Jean-St-Michel
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Simon C. Ling
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Rachel M. Wald
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Govind B. Chavhan
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Michael Seed
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (C.Z.L., D.D., L.A.I.,
P.P., G.B.C., M.S., S.J.Y.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics
(A.I.D., E.J.S.M., R.R.C., R.M.W., M.S., S.J.Y.), and Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics (S.C.L.), Hospital for Sick
Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G
1X8; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
(C.Z.L., L.A.I., G.B.C., S.J.Y.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging,
University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (R.M.W.); and Peter Munk Cardiac
Centre, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
(R.M.W.)
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Kang SL, Ramroop R, Manojlovich L, Runeckles K, Fan S, Chaturvedi RR, Lee KJ, Benson LN. Is there a role for endovascular stent implantation in the management of postoperative right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in the era of transcatheter valve implantation? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 99:1138-1148. [PMID: 34967102 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal management pathway for the dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is uncertain. We evaluated the long-term outcomes and clinical impact of stent implantation for obstructed RVOTs in an era of rapidly progressing transcatheter pulmonary valve technology. METHODS Retrospective review of 151 children with a biventricular repair who underwent stenting of obstructed RVOT between 1991 and 2017. RESULTS RVOT stenting resulted in significant changes in peak right ventricle (RV)-to-pulmonary artery (PA) gradient (39.4 ± 17.1-14.9 ± 8.3; p < 0.001) and RV-to-aortic pressure ratio (0.78 ± 0.22-0.49 ± 0.13; p < 0.001). Subsequent percutaneous reinterventions in 51 children to palliate recurrent stenosis were similarly effective. Ninety-nine (66%) children reached the primary outcome of subsequent pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Freedom from PVR from the time of stent implantation was 91%, 51%, and 23% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Small balloon diameters for stent deployment were associated with shorter freedom from PVR. When additional children without stent palliation (with RV-to-PA conduits) were added to the stent cohort (total 506 children), the multistate analysis showed the longest freedom from PVR in those with stent palliation and subsequent catheter reintervention. Pulmonary regurgitation was well-tolerated clinically. Indexed RV dimensions and function estimated by echocardiography remained stable at last follow up or before primary outcome. CONCLUSION Prolongation of conduit longevity with stent implant remains an important strategy to allow for somatic growth to optimize the risk-benefit profile for subsequent surgical or transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement performed at an older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Leng Kang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ronand Ramroop
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Wendy Fitzwilliam's Childrens' Hospital, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Larissa Manojlovich
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Runeckles
- Ted Rogers Computational Program, Cardiovascular Data Management Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steve Fan
- Ted Rogers Computational Program, Cardiovascular Data Management Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Ted Rogers Computational Program, Cardiovascular Data Management Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kyong-Jin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lee N Benson
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Rahman A, DeYoung T, Cahill LS, Yee Y, Debebe SK, Botelho O, Seed M, Chaturvedi RR, Sled JG. A mouse model of hypoplastic left heart syndrome demonstrating left heart hypoplasia and retrograde aortic arch flow. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049077. [PMID: 34514502 PMCID: PMC8592017 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), the mechanisms leading to left heart hypoplasia and their associated fetal abnormalities are largely unknown. Current animal models have limited utility in resolving these questions as they either do not fully reproduce the cardiac phenotype, do not survive to term and/or have very low disease penetrance. Here, we report the development of a surgically induced mouse model of HLHS that overcomes these limitations. Briefly, we microinjected the fetal left atrium of embryonic day (E)14.5 mice with an embolizing agent under high-frequency ultrasound guidance, which partially blocks blood flow into the left heart and induces hypoplasia. At term (E18.5), all positively embolized mice exhibit retrograde aortic arch flow, non-apex-forming left ventricles and hypoplastic ascending aortas. We thus report the development of the first mouse model of isolated HLHS with a fully penetrant cardiac phenotype and survival to term. Our method allows for the interrogation of previously intractable questions, such as determining the mechanisms of cardiac hypoplasia and fetal abnormalities observed in HLHS, as well as testing of mechanism-based therapies, which are urgently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Rahman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Taylor DeYoung
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Lindsay S. Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Yohan Yee
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Debebe
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Owen Botelho
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada
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7
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Reuter MS, Chaturvedi RR, Jobling RK, Pellecchia G, Hamdan O, Sung WW, Nalpathamkalam T, Attaluri P, Silversides CK, Wald RM, Marshall CR, Williams S, Keavney BD, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Scherer SW, Bassett AS. Clinical Genetic Risk Variants Inform a Functional Protein Interaction Network for Tetralogy of Fallot. Circ Genom Precis Med 2021; 14:e003410. [PMID: 34328347 PMCID: PMC8373675 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)-the most common cyanotic heart defect in newborns-has evidence of multiple genetic contributing factors. Identifying variants that are clinically relevant is essential to understand patient-specific disease susceptibility and outcomes and could contribute to delineating pathomechanisms. METHODS Using a clinically driven strategy, we reanalyzed exome sequencing data from 811 probands with TOF, to identify rare loss-of-function and other likely pathogenic variants in genes associated with congenital heart disease. RESULTS We confirmed a major contribution of likely pathogenic variants in FLT4 (VEGFR3 [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3]; n=14) and NOTCH1 (n=10) and identified 1 to 3 variants in each of 21 other genes, including ATRX, DLL4, EP300, GATA6, JAG1, NF1, PIK3CA, RAF1, RASA1, SMAD2, and TBX1. In addition, multiple loss-of-function variants provided support for 3 emerging congenital heart disease/TOF candidate genes: KDR (n=4), IQGAP1 (n=3), and GDF1 (n=8). In total, these variants were identified in 63 probands (7.8%). Using the 26 composite genes in a STRING protein interaction enrichment analysis revealed a biologically relevant network (P=3.3×10-16), with VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; KDR) and NOTCH1 (neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1) representing central nodes. Variants associated with arrhythmias/sudden death and heart failure indicated factors that could influence long-term outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The results are relevant to precision medicine for TOF. They suggest considerable clinical yield from genome-wide sequencing, with further evidence for KDR (VEGFR2) as a congenital heart disease/TOF gene and for VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and Notch signaling as mechanisms in human disease. Harnessing the genetic heterogeneity of single gene defects could inform etiopathogenesis and help prioritize novel candidate genes for TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S. Reuter
- CGEn, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Ctr for Applied Genomics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- Labatt Family Heart Ctr, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Fetal Ctr, Mt Sinai Hospital, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Ctr for Heart Rsrch, Cardiac Genome Clinic, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rebekah K. Jobling
- Ted Rogers Ctr for Heart Rsrch, Cardiac Genome Clinic, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genome Diagnostics, Dept of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Omar Hamdan
- The Ctr for Applied Genomics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wilson W.L. Sung
- The Ctr for Applied Genomics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pratyusha Attaluri
- Medical Genomics Program, Dept of Molecular Genetics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Candice K. Silversides
- Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Ctr for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Ctr, Dept of Medicine, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel M. Wald
- Labatt Family Heart Ctr, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Ctr for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Ctr, Dept of Medicine, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Ctr for Applied Genomics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genome Diagnostics, Dept of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The Univ of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Univ NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Ctr, Manchester, UK
| | - Bernard D. Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The Univ of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Univ NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Ctr, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Ctr for Applied Genomics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Molecular Genetics, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Ctr, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Ctr for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Ctr, Dept of Medicine, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Ctr for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Dept of Psychiatry & Toronto General Rsrch Inst, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Psychiatry, Univ of Toronto, Univ Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Alsagheir A, Koziarz A, Makhdoum A, Contreras J, Alraddadi H, Abdalla T, Benson L, Chaturvedi RR, Honjo O. Duct stenting versus modified Blalock–Taussig shunt in neonates and infants with duct-dependent pulmonary blood flow: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 161:379-390.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Balloon angioplasty for native coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is successful in children and adults but in neonates results in frequent restenosis. The efficacy of balloon angioplasty for native CoA during infancy beyond the neonatal period was examined in infants aged 3 to 12 months of age. METHODS A retrospective review of 68 infants who underwent balloon angioplasty for native CoA. 95% CI are in parentheses. RESULTS Procedural age was (mean±SD) 6±3.4 months and weight was 7±1.8 kg. Balloon angioplasty produced a large decrease in both the noninvasive arm-to-leg blood pressure gradient (41.2±18.7 to 5.6±9.6 mm Hg) and the invasive peak systolic pressure gradient (34±12 to 11±9 mm Hg). Balloon angioplasty increased the CoA diameter from 2.7±1 mm to 4.6±1.2 mm. One patient was lost to follow-up. A catheter reintervention was required in 11.8% and surgery in 10.3%. The hazard of reintervention was highest early. Median freedom from reintervention was 89% (95% CI, 80%-96%) at 1 year, 83% (95% CI, 73%-92%) at 5 years, and 81% (95% CI, 69%-90%) at 10 years. Femoral artery thrombosis was documented in 6 (9%) infants without any long-term consequence. One patient developed a small aortic aneurysm late and has not required treatment. A robust estimate of the frequency of aortic aneurysms remains to be determined as the majority of subjects have not had cross-sectional imaging. CONCLUSIONS Balloon angioplasty of native CoA is effective and safe in infants aged 3 to 12 months with outcomes comparable to those in older children and adults. Catheter reinterventions can avoid the need for surgery in most patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Sandoval
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada
| | - Sok-Leng Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada
| | - Kyong-Jin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada
| | - Lee Benson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada
| | - Kentaro Asoh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada
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10
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Kang SL, Contreras J, Chaturvedi RR. Transcatheter creation of a Potts shunt with the Occlutech Atrial Flow Regulator: Feasibility in a pig model. Int J Cardiol 2020; 327:63-65. [PMID: 33171168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creation of a Potts shunt, a connection between the left pulmonary artery (LPA) and descending aorta (DAo), improves functional status and survival in drug-refractory suprasystemic pulmonary arterial hypertension. We investigated a new approach to transcatheter Potts shunt creation in pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS In six pigs, a steerable SureFlex sheath was used to optimize the trajectory of perforation from the DAo into LPA using a 0.035″ radiofrequency wire. The combination of a larger perforation, stiffer radiofrequency wire and smooth dilator-to-sheath transition allowed sheath entry into the LPA without requiring an arterio-venous wire circuit. The Occlutech Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR), a double-disc device with a central fenestration, was deployed through this sheath with apposition of the distal disc to the posterior LPA wall and the proximal disc to the anterior DAo wall. The AFR is compliant and crumpling of the central fenestration was resolved by balloon dilation. It was feasible to implant a stent within the fenestration (n = 3). Aortography confirmed a left-to-right shunt through the AFR without contrast extravasation. Autopsy demonstrated anchoring of both discs against the vessel walls, patency of the fenestration and secure placement of the stent with no intra-thoracic bleeding. CONCLUSIONS In an acute pig model, we have demonstrated the feasibility of creating a transcatheter Potts shunt with a simplified technique using a steerable sheath, a double-disc device with a central fenestration that acts as the shunt channel and optional stenting of the fenestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Leng Kang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, AlderHey Children's Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Contreras
- The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Kang SL, Shkumat N, Dragulescu A, Guerra V, Padfield N, Krutikov K, Chiasson DA, Chaturvedi RR, Yoo SJ, Benson LN. Mixed-reality view of cardiac specimens: a new approach to understanding complex intracardiac congenital lesions. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:1610-1616. [PMID: 32613358 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital reality is an emerging platform for three-dimensional representation of medical imaging data. In this technical innovation paper, the authors evaluated the accuracy and utility of mixed-reality technology in the morphological evaluation of complex congenital heart disease. The authors converted CT datasets of 12 heart specimens with different subtypes of double-outlet right ventricle to stereoscopic images and interrogated them using a mixed-reality system. The morphological features identified on the stereoscopic models were compared with findings at macroscopic examination of the actual heart specimens. The results showed that the mixed-reality system provided highly accurate stereoscopic display of spatially complex congenital cardiac lesions, with interactive features that might enhance 3-D understanding of morphology. Additionally, the authors found that high-resolution digital reproduction of cardiac specimens using clinical CT scanners is feasible for preservation and educational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Leng Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Nicholas Shkumat
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andreea Dragulescu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Vitor Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Nancy Padfield
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Konstantin Krutikov
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Chiasson
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lee N Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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12
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Kang SL, Jaeggi E, Ryan G, Chaturvedi RR. An Overview of Contemporary Outcomes in Fetal Cardiac Intervention: A Case for High-Volume Superspecialization? Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:479-485. [PMID: 32198586 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fetal cardiac interventions (FCI) offer the opportunity to rescue a fetus at risk of intrauterine death, or more ambitiously to alter disease progression. Most of these fetuses require multiple additional postnatal procedures, and it is difficult to disentangle the effect of the fetal procedure from that of the postnatal management sequence. The true clinical impact of FCI may only be discernible in large-volume institutions that can commit to a standardized postnatal approach and have sufficient case volume to overcome their FCI learning curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Leng Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Edgar Jaeggi
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Greg Ryan
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.
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13
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Reuter MS, Chaturvedi RR, Liston E, Manshaei R, Aul RB, Bowdin S, Cohn I, Curtis M, Dhir P, Hayeems RZ, Hosseini SM, Khan R, Ly LG, Marshall CR, Mertens L, Okello JBA, Pereira SL, Raajkumar A, Seed M, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Scherer SW, Kim RH, Jobling RK. The Cardiac Genome Clinic: implementing genome sequencing in pediatric heart disease. Genet Med 2020; 22:1015-1024. [PMID: 32037394 PMCID: PMC7272322 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the diagnostic utility of nontargeted genomic testing in patients with pediatric heart disease. Methods We analyzed genome sequencing data of 111 families with cardiac lesions for rare, disease-associated variation. Results In 14 families (12.6%), we identified causative variants: seven were de novo (ANKRD11, KMT2D, NR2F2, POGZ, PTPN11, PURA, SALL1) and six were inherited from parents with no or subclinical heart phenotypes (FLT4, DNAH9, MYH11, NEXMIF, NIPBL, PTPN11). Outcome of the testing was associated with the presence of extracardiac features (p = 0.02), but not a positive family history for cardiac lesions (p = 0.67). We also report novel plausible gene–disease associations for tetralogy of Fallot/pulmonary stenosis (CDC42BPA, FGD5), hypoplastic left or right heart (SMARCC1, TLN2, TRPM4, VASP), congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (UBXN10), and early-onset cardiomyopathy (TPCN1). The identified candidate genes have critical functions in heart development, such as angiogenesis, mechanotransduction, regulation of heart size, chromatin remodeling, or ciliogenesis. Conclusion This data set demonstrates the diagnostic and scientific value of genome sequencing in pediatric heart disease, anticipating its role as a first-tier diagnostic test. The genetic heterogeneity will necessitate large-scale genomic initiatives for delineating novel gene–disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Reuter
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,CGEn, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Labatt Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eriskay Liston
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roozbeh Manshaei
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ritu B Aul
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Bowdin
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iris Cohn
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meredith Curtis
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Priya Dhir
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Z Hayeems
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Mohsen Hosseini
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reem Khan
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linh G Ly
- Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luc Mertens
- Labatt Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John B A Okello
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio L Pereira
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Akshaya Raajkumar
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Labatt Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond H Kim
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Fred A. Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Rebekah K Jobling
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Kang SL, Lee KJ, Stanisic A, Chaturvedi RR. Using the arterial cannula for cardiac catheterization in neonates and small infants supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 159:e79-e81. [PMID: 31126658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Yamamura K, Yuen D, Hickey EJ, He X, Chaturvedi RR, Friedberg MK, Grosse-Wortmann L, Hanneman K, Billia F, Farkouh ME, Wald RM. Right ventricular fibrosis is associated with cardiac remodelling after pulmonary valve replacement. Heart 2018; 105:855-863. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe relationship between right ventricular (RV) fibrosis and right heart reverse remodelling following pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) has not been well studied in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). Our aims were to histologically quantify RV fibrosis and to explore the relationship between fibrosis severity and cardiac remodelling post-PVR.MethodsAdults with rTOF and pre-PVR cardiovascular (CMR) imaging were consented to procurement of RV muscle during PVR. Samples were stained with picrosirius red to quantify collagen volume fraction. Clinical data at baseline and at last follow-up were reviewed. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes included death, sustained arrhythmia and heart failure.ResultsFifty-three patients (male 58%, 38±11 years) were studied. Those with severe fibrosis (collagen volume fraction >11.0%, n=13) had longer aortic cross-clamp times at initial repair compared with the remainder of the population (50 vs 33 min, p=0.018) and increased RV mass:volume ratio pre-PVR (0.20 vs 0.18 g/mL, p=0.028). Post-PVR, the severe fibrosis group had increased indexed RV end-systolic volume index (RVESVi) (74 vs 66 mL/m2, p=0.044), decreased RVESVi change (Δ29 vs Δ45 mL/m2, p=0.005), increased RV mass (34 vs 25 g/m2, p=0.023) and larger right atrial (RA) area (21 vs 17 cm2, p=0.021). A trend towards increased heart failure events was observed in the severe fibrosis group (15% vs 0%, p=0.057).ConclusionsSevere RV fibrosis was associated with increased RVESVi, RV mass and RA area post-PVR in rTOF. Further study is required to define the impact of fibrosis and persistent right heart enlargement on clinical outcomes.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jaeggi
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - R R Chaturvedi
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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17
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Ide S, Riesenkampff E, Chiasson DA, Dipchand AI, Kantor PF, Chaturvedi RR, Yoo SJ, Grosse-Wortmann L. Histological validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping markers of myocardial fibrosis in paediatric heart transplant recipients. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017; 19:10. [PMID: 28143545 PMCID: PMC5286863 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-017-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse fibrotic remodeling is detrimental to myocardial health and a reliable method for monitoring the development of fibrotic remodeling may be desirable during the follow-up of patients after heart transplantation (HTx). Quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been increasingly applied and validated histologically in adult patients with heart disease. However, comparisons of CMR findings with histological fibrosis burden in children are lacking. This study aimed to compare native T1 times and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) derived from CMR with the degree of collagen on endomyocardial biopsy (EmBx), and to investigate the association between myocardial fibrosis and clinical as well as functional markers in children after HTx. METHODS EmBx and CMR were performed on the same day. All specimens were stained with picrosirius red. The collagen volume fraction (CVF) was calculated as ratio of stained collagen area to total myocardial area on EmBx. Native T1 values and ECV were measured by CMR on a mid-ventricular short axis slice, using a modified look-locker inversion recovery approach. RESULTS Twenty patients (9.9 ± 6.2 years of age; 9 girls) after HTx were prospectively enrolled, at a median of 1.3 years (0.02-12.6 years) post HTx, and compared to 24 controls (13.9 ± 2.6 years of age; 12 girls). The mean histological CVF was 10.0 ± 3.4%. Septal native T1 times and ECV were higher in HTx patients compared to controls (1008 ± 32 ms vs 979 ± 24 ms, p < 0.005 and 0.30 ± 0.03 vs 0.22 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001, respectively). CVF showed a moderate correlation with native T1 (r = 0.53, p < 0.05) as well as ECV (r = 0.46, p < 0.05). Native T1 time, but not ECV and CVF, correlated with ischemia time (r = 0.46, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CMR-derived fibrosis markers correlate with histological degree of fibrosis on EmBx in children after HTx. Further, native T1 times are associated with longer ischemia times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Ide
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Eugenie Riesenkampff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - David A. Chiasson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Anne I. Dipchand
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Paul F. Kantor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Lars Grosse-Wortmann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Grotenhuis HB, Nyns ECA, Kantor PF, Dipchand AI, Greenway SC, Yoo SJ, Tomlinson G, Chaturvedi RR, Grosse-Wortmann L. Abnormal Myocardial Contractility After Pediatric Heart Transplantation by Cardiac MRI. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:1198-1205. [PMID: 28555404 PMCID: PMC5514218 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute cellular rejection (ACR) compromises graft function after heart transplantation (HTX). The purpose of this study was to describe systolic myocardial deformation in pediatric HTX and to determine whether it is impaired during ACR. Eighteen combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)/endomyocardial biopsy (EMBx) examinations were performed in 14 HTX patients (11 male, age 13.9 ± 4.7 years; 1.2 ± 1.3 years after HTX). Biventricular function and left ventricular (LV) circumferential strain, rotation, and torsion by myocardial tagging CMR were compared to 11 controls as well as between patients with and without clinically significant ACR. HTX patients showed mildly reduced biventricular systolic function when compared to controls [LV ejection fraction (EF): 55 ± 8% vs. 61 ± 3, p = 0.02; right ventricular (RV) EF: 48 ± 7% vs. 53 ± 6, p = 0.04]. Indexed LV mass was mildly increased in HTX patients (67 ± 14 g/m2 vs. 55 ± 13, p = 0.03). LV myocardial deformation indices were all significantly reduced, expressed by global circumferential strain (-13.5 ± 2.3% vs. -19.1 ± 1.1%, p < 0.01), basal strain (-13.7 ± 3.0% vs. -17.5 ± 2.4%, p < 0.01), mid-ventricular strain (-13.4 ± 2.7% vs. -19.3 ± 2.2%, p < 0.01), apical strain (-13.5 ± 2.8% vs. -19.9 ± 2.0%, p < 0.01), basal rotation (-2.0 ± 2.1° vs. -5.0 ± 2.0°, p < 0.01), and torsion (6.1 ± 1.7° vs. 7.8 ± 1.1°, p < 0.01). EMBx demonstrated ACR grade 0 R in 3 HTX cases, ACR grade 1 R in 11 HTX cases and ACR grade 2 R in 4 HTX cases. When comparing clinically non-significant ACR (grades 0-1 R vs. ACR 2 R), basal rotation, and apical rotation were worse in ACR 2 R patients (-1.4 ± 1.8° vs. -4.2 ± 1.4°, p = 0.01 and 10.2 ± 2.9° vs. 2.8 ± 1.9°, p < 0.01, respectively). Pediatric HTX recipients demonstrate reduced biventricular systolic function and decreased myocardial contractility. Myocardial deformation indices by CMR may serve as non-invasive markers of graft function and, perhaps, rejection in pediatric HTX patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heynric B Grotenhuis
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Emile C A Nyns
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Paul F Kantor
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anne I Dipchand
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Steven C Greenway
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Departments of Paediatrics and Cardiac Sciences, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital and Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lars Grosse-Wortmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Greenway SC, Dallaire F, Kantor PF, Dipchand AI, Chaturvedi RR, Warade M, Riesenkampff E, Yoo SJ, Grosse-Wortmann L. Magnetic resonance imaging of the transplanted pediatric heart as a potential predictor of rejection. World J Transplant 2016; 6:751-758. [PMID: 28058227 PMCID: PMC5175235 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i4.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) as a non-invasive tool to detect acute cellular rejection (ACR) in children after heart transplant (HT).
METHODS Thirty pediatric HT recipients underwent CMR at the time of surveillance endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and results were compared to 14 non-transplant controls. Biventricular volumes, ejection fractions (EFs), T2-weighted signal intensities, native T1 times, extracellular volumes (ECVs) and presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) were compared between patients and controls and between patients with International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) grade ≥ 2R rejection and those with grade 0/1R. Heart rate (HR) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were assessed as potential biomarkers.
RESULTS Significant ACR (ISHLT grade ≥ 2R) was an infrequent event in our population (5/30, 17%). Ventricular volumes, EFs, LGE prevalence, ECVs, native T1 times, T2 signal intensity ratios, HR and BNP were not associated with the presence of ≥ 2R ACR.
CONCLUSION In this pilot study CMR did not reliably identify ACR-related changes in pediatric HT patients.
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Sandoval JP, Chaturvedi RR, Benson L, Morgan G, Van Arsdell G, Honjo O, Caldarone C, Lee KJ. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenting in Tetralogy of Fallot Infants With Risk Factors for Early Primary Repair. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9:CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.003979. [DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.116.003979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Tetralogy of Fallot with cyanosis requiring surgical repair in early infancy reflects poor anatomy and is associated with more clinical instability and longer hospitalization than those who can be electively repaired later. We bridged symptomatic infants with risk factors for early primary repair by right ventricular outflow tract stenting (stent).
Methods and Results—
Four groups of tetralogy of Fallot with confluent central pulmonary arteries were studied: stent group (n=42), primary repair (aged <3 months) with pulmonary stenosis (early-PS group; n=44), primary repair (aged <3 months) with pulmonary atresia (early-PA group; n=49), and primary repair between 3 and 11 months of age (surg>3mo group; n=45). Stent patients had the smallest pulmonary arteries with a median (95% credible intervals) Nakata index (mm
2
/m
2
) of 79 (66–85) compared with the early-PA 139 (129–154), early-PS 136 (121–153), and surg>3mo 167 (153–200) groups. Only stent infants required unifocalization of aortopulmonary collaterals (17%). Stent and early-PA infants had younger age and lower weight than early-PS infants. Stent infants had the most multiple comorbidities. Stenting allowed deferral of complete surgical repair to an age (6 months), weight (6.3 [5.8–7.0] kg), and Nakata index (147 [132–165]) similar to the low-risk surg>3mo group. The 3 early treatment groups had similar intensive care unit/hospital stays and high reintervention rates in the first 12 months after repair, compared with the surg>3mo group.
Conclusions—
Right ventricular outflow tract stenting of symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot with poor anatomy (small pulmonary arteries) and adverse factors (multiple comorbidities, low weight) relieves cyanosis and defers surgical repair. This allowed pulmonary arterial and somatic growth with clinical results comparable to early surgical repair in more favorable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Sandoval
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Benson
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gareth Morgan
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen Van Arsdell
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Osami Honjo
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Caldarone
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyong-Jin Lee
- From the Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
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Khoury M, Sandoval JP, Grosse-Wortmann L, Jaeggi E, Chaturvedi RR. Catheter-Based Palliation in an Infant With Obstructed Cor Triatriatum. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:1575.e13-1575.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Treibel TA, Duca F, Schwitter J, Ide S, Sandrini C, Fridman Y, Fridman Y, Hackman B, Kadakkal A, Sayeed A, Maanja M, Daya HA, Moon JC, Wong TC, Schelbert EB, Kammerlander AA, Zotter-Tufaro C, Aschauer S, Bonderman D, Mascherbauer J, Beigelman-Aubry C, Peguret N, Stuber M, Delacoste J, Belmondo B, Lovis A, Simons J, Long O, Grant K, Berchier G, Rohner C, Bonanno G, Coppo S, Ozsahin EM, Qanadli S, Meuli R, Bourhis J, Riesenkampff E, Chiasson D, Dipchand AI, Kantor PF, Chaturvedi RR, Yoo SJ, Grosse-Wortmann L, Aquaro GD, De Marchi D, Ait Ali L, Khraiche D, Boddaert N, Bonnet D, Raimondi F, Hackman BE, Kadakkal A, Daya HA, Wong TC, Schelbert EB. BEST ORAL ABSTRACTS1575Extracellular volume associates with outcomes more strongly than native or post-contrast myocardial T11507Cardiac Magnetic Resonance measured Extracellular Volume Independently Predicts Adverse Outcome in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction1457Cardiac MRI Under Percussive Ventilation: A New Promising Technique1644Histological Validation of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Myocardial Fibrosis after Heart Transplantation in Children1493First Pass Perfusion Reserve Index in Paediatric Patients with Arterial Switch for Transposition of Great Arteries1652Myocardial Fibrosis is Prevalent in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Associated with Hospitalization for Heart Failure or Death. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jew178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Radiofrequency (RF) assisted perforation of the atrial septum was performed successfully in three infants using a 0.035” RF wire deployed through a Williams right posterior catheter. Balloon atrial septoplasty was performed over the 0.035” RF wire in two of them, shortening the procedural time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Diagnostic and Interventional Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Diagnostic and Interventional Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Background—
Sirolimus-eluting stents may have clinical advantages over bare-metal stents in the extremely proliferative environment of the neonatal arterial duct. However, sirolimus has immunosuppressive actions and little is known regarding sirolimus pharmacokinetics in the newborn.
Methods and Results—
This is a retrospective review of sirolimus pharmacokinetics in neonates who underwent sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in the arterial duct for pulmonary blood flow augmentation. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by noncompartmental analysis and by a Bayesian one-compartment nonlinear mixed model. Nine neonates received a single sirolimus-eluting stent with a total sirolimus dose of 245 μg (n=1), 194 μg (n=5), or 143 μg (n=3). Peak sirolimus concentrations were 13.6±4.5 μg/L (24.8 μg/L highest) and clearance was 0.042±0.03 L/hour (noncompartmental analysis) and 0.051 L/hour (95% credible intervals 0.037–0.069, nonlinear mixed model). Sirolimus remained >5 μg/L, the trough level used in oral immunosuppressive therapy, for (95% credible interval) 15.9 (11.4, 22.8), 12.9 (7.6, 19.0), and 8.4 (2.3, 14.5) days for the 245, 194, and 143 μg sirolimus dose stents, respectively. Estimates of the duration of systemic immunosuppression are provided for combinations of 2 stents.
Conclusions—
In neonates after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation, peak sirolimus levels were 20× higher and clearance 30× lower than previously reported in older children and adults. Sirolimus levels were within the immunosuppressive range for a prolonged period, but with no observable clinically significant adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Jin Lee
- From The Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology (K.-J.L., L.B., R.R.C.) and the Department of Pharmacy (W.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Winnie Seto
- From The Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology (K.-J.L., L.B., R.R.C.) and the Department of Pharmacy (W.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lee Benson
- From The Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology (K.-J.L., L.B., R.R.C.) and the Department of Pharmacy (W.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- From The Labatt Family Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology (K.-J.L., L.B., R.R.C.) and the Department of Pharmacy (W.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
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Rahkonen O, Chaturvedi RR, Benson L, Honjo O, Caldarone CA, Lee KJ. Pulmonary artery stenosis in hybrid single-ventricle palliation: High incidence of left pulmonary artery intervention. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:1102-10.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chaturvedi RR, Ryan G, Seed M, van Arsdell G, Jaeggi ET. Fetal stenting of the atrial septum: Technique and initial results in cardiac lesions with left atrial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2029-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baud D, Windrim R, Kachura JR, Jefferies A, Pantazi S, Shah P, Langer JC, Forsey J, Chaturvedi RR, Jaeggi E, Keating S, Chiu P, Ryan G. Minimally invasive fetal therapy for hydropic lung masses: three different approaches and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 42:440-448. [PMID: 23712922 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report three different antenatal therapeutic approaches for fetal lung masses associated with hydrops. METHODS Three prospectively followed cases are described, and all 30 previously published minimally invasive cases of fetal therapy for hydropic lung masses are reviewed. RESULTS Three hydropic fetuses with large intrathoracic lung masses presented at 17, 25 and 21 weeks of gestation, respectively. An aortic feeding vessel was identified in each case and thus a bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) was suspected. Under ultrasound guidance, the feeding vessel was successfully occluded with interstitial laser (Case 1), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (Case 2) and thrombogenic coil embolization (Case 3). Complete (Cases 1 and 2) or partial (Case 3) resolution of the lung mass and hydrops was observed. A healthy infant was born at term after laser therapy (Case 1), and the involved lung lobe was resected on day 2 of postnatal life. In Case 2, hydrops resolved completely following RFA, but an iatrogenic congenital diaphragmatic hernia and abdominal wall defect became apparent 4 weeks later. The neonate died from sepsis following spontaneous preterm labor at 33 weeks. In Case 3, despite technical success in complete vascular occlusion with coils, a stillbirth ensued 2 days after embolization. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of large microcystic or echogenic fetal chest masses associated with hydrops is dismal. This has prompted attempts at treatment by open fetal surgery, with mixed results, high risk of premature labor and consequences for future pregnancies. We have demonstrated the possibility of improved outcome following ultrasound-guided laser ablation of the systemic arterial supply. Despite technical success, RFA and coil embolization led to procedure-related complications and need further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baud
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Stevens KR, Ungrin MD, Schwartz RE, Ng S, Carvalho B, Christine KS, Chaturvedi RR, Li CY, Zandstra PW, Chen CS, Bhatia SN. InVERT molding for scalable control of tissue microarchitecture. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1847. [PMID: 23673632 PMCID: PMC3660041 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex tissues contain multiple cell types that are hierarchically organized within morphologically and functionally distinct compartments. Construction of engineered tissues with optimized tissue architecture has been limited by tissue fabrication techniques, which do not enable versatile microscale organization of multiple cell types in tissues of size adequate for physiological studies and tissue therapies. Here we present an 'Intaglio-Void/Embed-Relief Topographic molding' method for microscale organization of many cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cell-derived progeny, within a variety of synthetic and natural extracellular matrices and across tissues of sizes appropriate for in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. We demonstrate that compartmental placement of non-parenchymal cells relative to primary or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, compartment microstructure, and cellular composition modulate hepatic functions. Configurations found to sustain physiological function in vitro also result in survival and function in mice for at least 4 weeks, demonstrating the importance of architectural optimization before implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- KR Stevens
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - MD Ungrin
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - RE Schwartz
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - S Ng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - B Carvalho
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - KS Christine
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - RR Chaturvedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - CY Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - PW Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - CS Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - SN Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Chaturvedi RR, Van Arsdell GS, Jacques F, Lee KJ. Delayed repair of right atrial isomerism with obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage by hybrid stent insertion between the left-sided atrium and pulmonary venous confluence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:271-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee KJ, Yoo SJ, Holtby H, Grant B, Mroczek D, Wong D, Grosse-Wortmann L, Benson LN, Chaturvedi RR. Acute effects of the ACE inhibitor enalaprilat on the pulmonary, cerebral and systemic blood flow and resistance after the bidirectional cavopulmonary connection. Heart 2011; 97:1343-8. [PMID: 21646245 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2011.225656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bidirectional cavopulmonary connection (BCPC) is used in the staged palliation of univentricular hearts and places the cerebral and pulmonary vascular beds in series. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are often used in this complex circulation, but the effects of their vasodilation are unclear. OBJECTIVE Assessment of the acute response of perfusion pressure, flow and resistance across the systemic, cerebral and pulmonary vascular beds to ACEI in patients with a BCPC. DESIGN Prospective interventional study. SETTING Single tertiary care centre. PATIENTS 12 patients with a BCPC (median age 28 months, weight 11.8 kg) undergoing a pre-Fontan catheterisation with MRI measurement of flows. INTERVENTION Intravenous enalaprilat 0.005 or 0.01 mg/kg. RESULTS Enalaprilat increased descending aorta flow (median 21.6%, p=0.0005), decreased total pulmonary vein flow (median 10.6%, p=0.025), and both superior caval vein flow (median 8.6%, p=0.065) and aortopulmonary collateral flow (median 15.5%, p=0.077) tended to decrease. Total cardiac output was unchanged (p=0.57). Systemic vascular resistance (median 41.9%, p=0.0005) and cerebral vascular resistance (median 23.4%, p=0.0005) decreased, but pulmonary vascular resistance (p=0.73) showed little change. There was evidence of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. The proportion of descending aortic flow to total cardiac output increased (median 27 to 35%, p=0.001). Systemic oxygen saturation decreased from 87% to 83% (p=0.02). CONCLUSION Enalaprilat did not increase total cardiac output but redistributed flow to the lower body, with a concomitant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation. It is difficult to increase cardiac output in patients with a BCPC and ACEI should be used with caution in those with borderline aortic saturations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Jin Lee
- The Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Canada.
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Chaturvedi RR, Herron T, Simmons R, Shore D, Kumar P, Sethia B, Chua F, Vassiliadis E, Kentish JC. Passive Stiffness of Myocardium From Congenital Heart Disease and Implications for Diastole. Circulation 2010; 121:979-88. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.850677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R. Chaturvedi
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Todd Herron
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Robert Simmons
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Darryl Shore
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Babulal Sethia
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Felix Chua
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Efstathios Vassiliadis
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
| | - Jonathan C. Kentish
- From the King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre (R.R.C., T.H., R.S., E.V., J.C.K.); Royal Brompton Hospital (R.R.C., D.S., P.K., B.S.); and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College (F.C.), London, UK. Dr Chaturvedi is currently at the Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Dr Herron is currently at the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Kumar is currently at the Cardiac Centre, Morriston
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Lee KJ, Hinek A, Chaturvedi RR, Almeida CL, Honjo O, Koren G, Benson LN. Rapamycin-eluting stents in the arterial duct: experimental observations in the pig model. Circulation 2009; 119:2078-85. [PMID: 19349326 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.737734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining arterial duct patency by stent implantation may be advantageous in congenital heart disease management algorithms. Rapamycin, an immunosuppressant drug that demonstrates antiproliferative properties and inhibits smooth muscle cell migration, may deter the intimal hyperplasia that occurs during spontaneous closure and after-stent implantation of the arterial duct. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-eight Yorkshire piglets (7 to 11 days old; weight, 2.2 to 4.9 kg) underwent stent implantation of the arterial duct (rapamycin-eluting (n=14) or bare metal (n=14) stents, 3.5-mm diameter) and were euthanized at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Dissected arterial ducts were analyzed for lumen diameter, smooth muscle cell, and extracellular matrix components. Isolated arterial duct-derived smooth muscle cells were cultured in the presence or absence of rapamycin. Cellular proliferation rates were assessed by Ki-67 detection and [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. No significant neointimal proliferation was present in either stent type at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, the median luminal diameters of the bare metal stents were 87% (P=0.009), 54% (P=0.004), and 77% (P=0.004) that of the drug-eluting stents at the middle and aortic and pulmonary artery ends, respectively. At 6 weeks, the median luminal diameters of the bare metal stents were 0% (P=0.18), 5% (P=0.25), and 61% (P=0.13) that of the drug-eluting stents at the same respective levels. Complete histological occlusion was found in at least 1 level of the lumen in 9 pigs: 1 (17%) in the BMS group at 4 weeks, 5 (83%) in the BMS group at 6 weeks, and 3 (50%) in the DES group at 6 weeks. In vitro studies demonstrated 50%-lower proliferation rates in rapamycin-treated cultures of duct-derived smooth muscle cell cultures (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin has antiproliferative actions on the arterial duct. Drug-eluting stents may be a more efficient tool than current palliative options for maintaining patency in critically duct-dependent states, but there may be a finite time-related benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Jin Lee
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Schmidt M, Jaeggi E, Ryan G, Hyldebrandt J, Lilly J, Peirone A, Benson L, Chaturvedi RR. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided stenting of the atrial septum in fetal sheep. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 32:923-928. [PMID: 18839405 DOI: 10.1002/uog.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with a restricitive foramen ovale is associated with high mortality related to fetal left atrial hypertension. Fetal atrial balloon septoplasty has largely failed to achieve adequate decompression due to the small size of the holes produced. We attempted to produce larger atrial communications by stenting the atrial septum in fetal sheep using a minimally invasive technique. METHODS We used a percutaneous, ultrasound-guided transpulmonary or transhepatic approach to attempt deployment of coronary stents (2-5 mm in diameter and 13-23 mm in length) in the atrial septum primum of 10 normal fetal sheep. RESULTS Coronary stents were deployed in eight of the 10 fetal sheep (119-139 days' gestation). The transhepatic route was unsuccessful (n = 2). Transpulmonary implantation was only possible in prone fetuses, so three initially supine fetuses underwent external version. Small coronary stents (2.0-2.5 mm in diameter) were deployed rapidly without complication via an 18G needle (n = 4). Larger coronary stents (5 mm in diameter) were delivered through a 4F sheath, but a right pleural effusion occurred in three of the four cases, related to inferior vena cava injury by the balloon. One stent dislodged from a floppy septum. Another was partially occluded within a week by endocardial cells. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous ultrasound-guided deployment of coronary stents into the septum primum is feasible without laparotomy or uterine exteriorization in fetal sheep. Partial luminal occlusion by rapid proliferation of endocardial cells is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Dohlen G, Chaturvedi RR, Benson LN, Ozawa A, Van Arsdell GS, Fruitman DS, Lee KJ. Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract in the symptomatic infant with tetralogy of Fallot. Heart 2008; 95:142-7. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2007.135723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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MESH Headings
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/mortality
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/mortality
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/therapy
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Heart Defects, Congenital/complications
- Heart Defects, Congenital/mortality
- Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy
- Humans
- Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency/etiology
- Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency/mortality
- Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency/therapy
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R Chaturvedi
- Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chaturvedi RR, Macrae D, Brown KL, Schindler M, Smith EC, Davis KB, Cohen G, Tsang V, Elliott M, de Leval M, Gallivan S, Goldman AP. Cardiac ECMO for biventricular hearts after paediatric open heart surgery. Heart 2004; 90:545-51. [PMID: 15084554 PMCID: PMC1768194 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2002.003509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate predictors of hospital survival in a large series of children with biventricular physiology supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after open heart surgery. RESULTS 81 children were placed on ECMO after open heart surgery. 58% (47 of 81) were transferred directly from cardiopulmonary bypass to ECMO. Hospital survival was 49% (40 of 81) but there were seven late deaths among these survivors (18%). Factors that improved the odds of survival were initiation of ECMO in theatre (64% survival (30 of 47)) rather than the cardiac intensive care unit (29% survival (10 of 34)) and initiation of ECMO for reactive pulmonary hypertension. Important adverse factors for hospital survival were serious mechanical ECMO circuit problems, renal support, residual lesions, and duration of ECMO. CONCLUSIONS Hospital survival of children with biventricular physiology who require cardiac ECMO is similar to that found in series that include univentricular hearts, suggesting that successful cardiac ECMO is critically dependent on the identification of hearts with reversible ventricular dysfunction. In our experience of postoperative cardiac ECMO, the higher survival of patients cannulated in the operating room than in the cardiac intensive care unit is due to early effective support preventing prolonged hypoperfusion and the avoidance of a catastrophic cardiac arrest.
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White PA, Brookes CI, Ravn H, Hjortdal V, Chaturvedi RR, Redington AN. Validation and utility of novel volume reduction technique for determination of parallel conductance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280:H475-82. [PMID: 11123265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.1.h475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The parallel conductance volume, created by the conductivity of structures surrounding the ventricular blood pool, can be estimated by using a saline dilution technique. This paper examines the use of a novel volume reduction method, during a standard vena caval preload reduction maneuver, as an alternative to the routinely used saline dilution method to calibrate conductance catheter measurements in the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) of animals and humans. The serial reproducibility of both methods was examined by measurement of percent difference, and by assessing the coefficient of repeatability 1) between two measurements within the same subject, 2) between the two techniques, and 3) interobserver variability. The effect of ventricular size and contractile state on the volume reduction technique was also observed. It was essential to ensure the technique was not affected by inotropic state. The volume reduction technique and saline dilution method were repeated at three different loading states (baseline, 5, and 10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) of dobutamine). The coefficient of repeatability between serial measurements was similar for both the volume reduction and saline dilution methods, and good interobserver variability was demonstrated. The volume reduction technique was compared with the saline dilution technique over a large range of ventricular sizes. No significant difference was observed in the RV or LV of adult humans or in the LV of neonatal pigs and children. There was no significant effect on either the saline dilution or the volume reduction technique as the inotropic state increased. In conclusion, the volume reduction technique is neither affected by ventricular size nor contractile state, is repeatable between different observers, and can be used to substitute the saline dilution method when preload reduction of the ventricle is being employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A White
- Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
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Mumby S, Chaturvedi RR, Brierley J, Lincoln C, Petros A, Redington AN, Gutteridge JM. Iron overload in paediatrics undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1500:342-8. [PMID: 10699376 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathological changes in iron status are known to occur during bypass and will be superimposed upon physiological abnormalities in iron distribution, characteristic of the neonatal period. We have sought to define the severity of iron overload in these patients. Plasma samples from 65 paediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were analysed for non-haem iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin and bleomycin-detectable iron. Patients were divided into four age groups for analysis. Within each age group, patients who were in iron overload at any time point were statistically compared to those who were not. The most significant changes in iron chemistry were seen in the plasma of neonates, with 25% in a state of plasma iron overload. 18.5% of infants and 14.3% of children at 1-5 years were also in iron overload at some time point during CPB. No children over 5 years, however, went into iron overload. Increased iron saturation of transferrin eliminates its ability to bind reactive forms of iron and to act as an antioxidant. When transferrin is fully saturated with iron, reactive forms of iron are present in the plasma which can stimulate iron-driven oxidative reactions. Our data suggest that paediatric patients are at greater risk of iron overload during CPB, and that some form of iron chelation therapy may be advantageous to decrease oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mumby
- Directorate of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Sydney Street, London, UK
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Chaturvedi RR, Hjortdal VE, Stenbog EV, Ravn HB, White P, Christensen TD, Thomsen AB, Pedersen J, Sorensen KE, Redington AN. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis improves left ventricular contractility in neonatal pigs late after cardiopulmonary bypass. Heart 1999; 82:740-4. [PMID: 10573504 PMCID: PMC1729213 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.82.6.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following neonatal open heart surgery a nadir occurs in left ventricular function six to 12 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. Although initiated by intraoperative events, little is known about the mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the involvement of nitric oxide in this late phase dysfunction in piglets. DESIGN Piglets aged 2 to 3 weeks (4-5 kg) underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (1 h) and cardioplegic arrest (0.5 h) and then remained ventilated with inotropic support. Twelve hours after bypass, while receiving dobutamine (5 microg/kg/min), the left ventricular response to non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibition (l-N(G)-monomethylarginine (l-NMMA)) was evaluated using load dependent and load independent indices (E(es), the slope of the end systolic pressure-volume relation; M(w), the slope of the stroke work-end diastolic volume relation; [dP/dt(max)](edv), the slope of the dP/dt(max)-end diastolic volume relation), derived from left ventricular pressure-volume loops generated by conductance and microtip pressure catheters. RESULTS 10 pigs received 7.5 mg l-NMMA intravenously and six of these received two additional doses (37.5 mg and 75 mg). E(es) (mean (SD)) increased with all three doses, from 54.9 (40.1) mm Hg/ml (control) to 86.3 (69.5) at 7.5 mg, 117.9 (65.1) at 37.5 mg, and 119 (80.4) at 75 mg (p < 0.05). At the two highest doses, [dP/dt(max)](edv) increased from 260.8 (209.3) (control) to 470.5 (22.8) at 37.5 mg and 474.1 (296.6) at 75 mg (p < 0.05); and end diastolic pressure decreased from 16.5 (5.6) mm Hg (control) to 11.3 (5.0) at 37.5 mg and 11.4 (4.9) at 75 mg (p < 0. 05). CONCLUSIONS In neonatal pigs 12 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass with ischaemic arrest, low dose l-NMMA improved left ventricular function, implying that there is a net deleterious cardiac action of nitric oxide at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Chaturvedi
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
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Chaturvedi RR, Shore DF, Lincoln C, Mumby S, Kemp M, Brierly J, Petros A, Gutteridge JM, Hooper J, Redington AN. Acute right ventricular restrictive physiology after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: association with myocardial injury and oxidative stress. Circulation 1999; 100:1540-7. [PMID: 10510058 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.14.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute right ventricular (RV) restrictive physiology after tetralogy of Fallot repair results in low cardiac output and a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, its mechanism remains uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS In the first 24 hours after tetralogy of Fallot repair (n=11 patients), serial prospective measurements were performed of cardiac troponin T, indexes of NO production (NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) combined as NOx), and iron metabolism and antioxidants. RV diastolic function was assessed by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Patients who had a long stay in the ICU were characterized by restrictive RV physiology (nonrestrictive group [n=7]: 3.0+/-0.6 days [mean+/-SD]; restrictive group [n=4]: 10.7+/-3.1 days). Troponin T peak concentration and the area under its concentration-time curve (AUC) were higher in the restrictive RV group (peak: restrictive group 17. 0+/-2.8 microg/L, nonrestrictive group 10.4+/-4.6 microg/L, P<0.03; AUC: restrictive group 268.8+/-73.6 microg. h(-1). L(-1), nonrestrictive group 136.2+/-48.3 microg. h(-1). L(-1), P<0.03). Plasma NOx/creatinine concentrations were higher in the restrictive group than the nonrestrictive group at 2 hours after bypass (restrictive group 1.3+/-0.4, nonrestrictive group 0.8+/-0.2; P=0. 04) but were similar by 24 hours. Iron loading peaked 2 to 10 hours after bypass and was more severe in the restrictive group (peak transferrin saturation: restrictive group 83.9+/-13.0%, nonrestrictive group 58.3+/-16.2%, P=0.05; minimum total iron-binding capacity: restrictive group 0.59+/-0.21%, nonrestrictive group 0.76+/-0.06%, P=0.04; minimum iron-binding antioxidant activity to oxyorganic radicals: restrictive group 9. 5+/-22.4%, nonrestrictive group 50.6+/-11.4%, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS After tetralogy of Fallot repair, acute restrictive RV physiology is associated with greater intraoperative myocardial injury and postoperative oxidative stress with severe iron loading of transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Chaturvedi
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London. UK
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Chaturvedi RR, Shore DF, White PA, Scallan MH, Gothard JW, Redington AN, Lincoln C. Modified ultrafiltration improves global left ventricular systolic function after open-heart surgery in infants and children. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 15:742-6. [PMID: 10431852 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modified ultrafiltration increases blood pressure and cardiac index following open-heart surgery in children, but it is unclear if this is secondary to an improvement in global left ventricular function. A previous report has suggested that left ventricular systolic function as assessed in a single chord is improved by ultrafiltration (Davies MJ, Nguyen K, Gaynor JW, Elliott MJ. Modified ultrafiltration improves left ventricular systolic function in infants after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:361--370). The prominent vascular actions of modified ultrafiltration necessitate left ventricular assessment using load-independent indices of systolic and diastolic function. METHODS In 22 consecutive infants and children undergoing open-heart surgery, left ventricular function was assessed following bypass and then 10 min later. Sixteen children (median weight 8.1 kg) underwent modified ultrafiltration during this period, the remainder (median weight 7.3 kg) were controls for spontaneous recovery without ultrafiltration. Real-time pressure-volume loops, with transient inferior caval vein snaring were generated from conductance and microtip pressure catheters inserted through the LV apex. From these, load-independent (slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume [Ees] and end-diastolic pressure-volume [Eed] relationships) and load-dependent (Pmax, maximum LV pressure; Ped, end-diastolic LV pressure; maximum [dP/dtmax] and minimum [dP/dtmax] time derivatives of LV pressure; tau, time constant of isovolumic relaxation) indices of left ventricular function were measured. RESULTS Haemoconcentration was achieved in all modified ultrafiltration patients, median increase in haematocrit 34% (interquartile range 21%, 42%), final haematocrit 0.40 (0.35, 0.41). Ees increased 58% (9, 159, P = 0.005). The changes in Eed, Pmax, Ped, dP/dtmax, dP/dtmin, and tau were not significantly different from the control group. CONCLUSION Modified ultrafiltration improves global left ventricular systolic function in infants and children following open-heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Chaturvedi
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Chaturvedi RR, Lincoln C, Gothard J, Scallan M, White P, Shore D, Redington A. Left ventricular dysfunction after open repair of simple congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116:881-4. [PMID: 9806401 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(98)00433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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White PA, Brookes CI, Ravn HB, Stenbøg EE, Christensen TD, Chaturvedi RR, Sorensen K, Hjortdal VE, Redington AN. The effect of changing excitation frequency on parallel conductance in different sized hearts. Cardiovasc Res 1998; 38:668-75. [PMID: 9747434 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An important component of the ventricular volume measured using the conductance catheter technique is due to parallel conductance (Vc), which results from the extension of the electric field beyond the ventricular blood pool. Parallel conductance volume is normally estimated using the saline dilution method (Vc(saline dilution)), in which the conductivity of blood in the ventricle is transiently increased by injection of hypertonic saline. A simpler alternative has been reported by Gawne et al. [12]. Vc(dual frequency) is estimated from the difference in total conductance measured at two exciting frequencies and the method is based on the assumption that parallel conductance is mainly capacitive and hence is negligible at low frequency. The objective of this study was to determine whether the dual frequency technique could be used to substitute the saline dilution method to estimate Vc in different sized hearts. METHODS The accuracy and linearity of a custom-built conductance catheter (CC) system was initially assessed in vitro. Subsequently, a CC and micromanometer were inserted into the left ventricle of seven 5 kg pigs (group 1) and six 50 kg pigs (group 2). Cardiac output was determined using thermodilution (group 1) and an ultrasonic flow probe (group 2) from which the slope coefficient (alpha) was determined. Steady state measurements and Vc estimated using saline dilution were performed at frequencies in the range of 5-40 kHz. All measurements were made at end-expiration. Finally, Vc was estimated from the change in end-systolic conductance between 5 kHz and 40 kHz using the dual frequency technique of Gawne et al. [12]. RESULTS There was no change in measured volume of a simple insulated cylindrical model when the stimulating frequency was varied from 5-40 kHz. Vc(saline dilution) varied significantly with frequency in group 1 (8.63 +/- 2.74 ml at 5 kHz; 11.51 +/- 2.65 ml at 40 kHz) (p = 0.01). Similar results were obtained in group 2 (69.43 +/- 27.76 ml at 5 kHz; 101.24 +/- 15.21 ml at 40 kHz) (p < 0.001). However, the data indicate that the resistive component of the parallel conductance is substantial (Vc at 0 Hz estimated as 8.01 ml in group 1 and 62.3 ml in group 2). There was an increase in alpha with frequency in both groups but this did not reach significance. The correspondence between Vc(dual frequency) and Vc(saline dilution) methods was poor (group 1 R2 = 0.69; group 2 R2 = 0.22). CONCLUSION At a lower excitation frequency of 5 kHz a smaller percentage of the electric current extends beyond the blood pool so parallel conductance is reduced. While parallel conductance is frequency dependent, it has a substantial resistive component. The dual frequency method is based on the assumption that parallel conductance is negligible at low frequencies and this is clearly not the case. The results of this study confirm that the dual frequency technique cannot be used to substitute the saline dilution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A White
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Chaturvedi RR, Lincoln C, Gothard JW, Scallan MH, White PA, Redington AN, Shore DF. Left ventricular dysfunction after open repair of simple congenital heart defects in infants and children: quantitation with the use of a conductance catheter immediately after bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115:77-83. [PMID: 9451049 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(98)70446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantification of myocardial injury after the simplest pediatric operations by load-independent indices of left ventricular function, using conductance and Mikro-Tip pressure catheters (Millar Instruments, Inc., Houston, Tex.) inserted through the left ventricular apex. METHODS Sixteen infants and children with intact ventricular septum undergoing cardiac operations had left ventricular function measured, immediately before and after bypass. Real-time pressure-volume loops were generated by conductance and Mikro-Tip pressure catheters placed in the long-axis via the left ventricular apex, and preload was varied by transient snaring of the inferior vena cava. RESULTS Good quality pressure-volume loops were generated in 13 patients (atrial septal defects, n = 11; double-chambered right ventricle, n = 1; supravalvular aortic stenosis, n = 1; age 0.25 to 14.4 years, weight 3.1 to 46.4 kg). Their mean bypass time was 41 +/- 14 minutes and mean aortic crossclamp time 27 +/- 11 minutes. End-systolic elastance decreased by 40.7% from 0.34 +/- 0.17 to 0.21 +/- 0.15 mm Hg-1.ml-1.kg-1 (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the slope of the stroke work-end-diastolic volume relationship, end-diastolic elastance, time constant of isovolumic relaxation, and normalized values of the maxima and minima of the first derivative of developed left ventricular pressure. CONCLUSION Load-independent indices of left ventricular function can be derived from left ventricular pressure-volume loops generated by conductance and Mikro-Tip pressure catheters during the perioperative period in infants and children undergoing cardiac operations. Incomplete myocardial protection was demonstrated by a deterioration in systolic function after even short bypass and crossclamp times.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Chaturvedi
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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White PA, Chaturvedi RR, Shore D, Lincoln C, Szwarc RS, Bishop AJ, Oldershaw PJ, Redington AN. Left ventricular parallel conductance during cardiac cycle in children with congenital heart disease. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:H295-302. [PMID: 9249503 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.1.h295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the accuracy of the conductance catheter technique and, in particular, parallel conductance [expressed as offset volume (Vc)] changes during the cardiac cycle in the human left ventricle. Two groups of patients were assessed: group 1, with an open atrial septal defect, and group 2, with an interventricular communication. In a subgroup, pre- and postoperative data were compared to assess the possible impact of shunting or anatomic considerations on our measurements. Vc is normally obtained by a saline-dilution technique previously described by Baan et al. [Vc(Baan); J. Baan, E. T. Van der velde, H. G. Debruin, G. J. Smeenk, J. Koops, A. D. Van Dijk, D. Temmerman, P. J. Senden, and B. Buis. Circulation 70: 812-823, 1984]. This does not take into account potential changes during the cardiac cycle. Four cardiac cycles were taken from the hypertonic saline washin and were divided into six equal isochrones between the maximum and minimum first derivatives of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin, respectively). The apparent ventricular volume was regressed against stroke volume for the corresponding cardiac cycle. The volume at the gamma-intercept corresponds to the Vc at each time interval [Vc(t)]. In group 1, there was a variation in Vc(t) during systole, but the temporal changes were quite small, on the order of 4.28% (SD = 5.18%) of total corrected end-diastolic volume (mean maximal variation of 2.60 ml). Furthermore, the value of Vc obtained at dP/dtmax was not significantly different from that obtained at dP/dtmin. For group 2 as a whole, mean Vc(Baan) did not change significantly with ventricular septal defect closure (preoperative, 8.85 +/- 11.1 ml; postoperative, 9.82 +/- 11.84 ml). Group 2 children also exhibited a systolic cyclical variation in Vc(t) similar to group 1. Finally, Vc(t) as a percentage of end-diastolic volume was no different when group 1 and group 2 were compared. We conclude that in the left ventricle, even in the presence of a left-to-right shunt, there is a small but insignificant difference in parallel conductance during ventricular ejection. The magnitude of this cyclical change does not preclude ventricular volume measurement in congenital heart disease by the conductance catheter technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A White
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Chaturvedi RR, Kilner PJ, White PA, Bishop A, Szwarc R, Redington AN. Increased airway pressure and simulated branch pulmonary artery stenosis increase pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Real-time analysis with a conductance catheter technique. Circulation 1997; 95:643-9. [PMID: 9024152 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.95.3.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) is an important determinant of outcome after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Baseline PR was measured by magnetic resonance (MR) phase velocity mapping and from real-time right ventricular pressure-volume loops with a conductance catheter. Subsequently, the impact of two loading maneuvers (increased airway pressure, simulated branch pulmonary artery stenosis) on PR was assessed by the conductance catheter method. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen patients, 3 to 35 years after tetralogy of Fallot repair or pulmonary valvotomy, had PR measured by MR phase velocity mapping while breathing spontaneously. During catheterization under general anesthesia. PR was estimated from right ventricular pressure-volume loops generated by conductance and microtip pressure catheters. The effect of increased airway pressure (continuous positive airway pressure, 20 cm H2O; n = 12) and simulated branch pulmonary artery stenosis (transient balloon occlusion of a branch pulmonary artery, n = 7) was measured. Basal PR fraction derived by MR and from right ventricular pressure-volume loops had a correlation coefficient of .76 and mean of differences of 2.0 +/- 18.2% (95% limits of agreement). Increased airway pressure increased PR (16.3 +/- 11.4% to 25.7 +/- 17.3%, P < .01). Simulated branch pulmonary artery stenosis increased right ventricular end-systolic pressure (69.1 +/- 21.4 to 78.7 +/- 23.1 mm Hg, P < .05) and PR (27.5 +/- 11.3% to 36.9 +/- 12.8%, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS There was reasonable agreement between MR phase velocity-derived PR fraction and that obtained from right ventricular pressure-volume loops generated by use of conductance and pressure-microtip catheters. Exacerbation of PR by increased airway pressure and branch pulmonary stenosis may be relevant to the acute postoperative and long-term management, respectively, of patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
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White PA, Chaturvedi RR, Bishop AJ, Brookes CI, Oldershaw PJ, Redington AN. Does parallel conductance vary during systole in the human right ventricle? Cardiovasc Res 1996; 32:901-8. [PMID: 8944821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Right ventricular (RV) contractile performance remains poorly characterised, particularly in humans. Conductance catheter techniques have the potential to overcome the geometric difficulties in RV volume measurement that have hindered systematic studies of RV pressure volume relations. The present study examines changes in parallel conductance (Vc) that may occur during the cardiac cycle in the human right ventricle. METHODS Using signals obtained from custom-built conductance catheters, six isochronal systolic values of Vc (Vc(t)) were measured during hypertonic saline wash-in. Studies were performed in nine patients undergoing right heart catheterisation. Their ages ranged from 7 to 39 years (median = 16) and their weights ranged from 20.3 to 84.7 kg (median = 50.0 kg). Measurements of mean Vc and isochronal Vc(t) and its variability during systole were assessed. Mean Vc was measured using the Baan technique (Vc(Baan)), Vc(t) was measured from six systolic isochrones obtained during the same period of hypertonic saline wash-in. RESULTS The temporal changes in Vc(t) were small (mean 5.8%, median = 4.4%, range = 0.6-17.9%) of total corrected end-diastolic volume (mean maximal variation of 7.7 ml). The value of Vc(t) obtained at dp/dtmax (mean = 99.1 ml; median = 104.75 ml; range 20.15-196.7 ml) was not significantly different to that obtained at dp/dtmin (mean = 100.0 ml; median = 110.87 ml; range = 20.0-204.2 ml) (P > 0.05), but both were higher than the single Vc measurement (Vc(Baan)) obtained using the standard approach (P = 0.02). The correlation between Vc(Baan) and Vc(t) for group data; (Vc(Baan) = 89.69 ml, s.d. = 43.73 ml; Vc(t) = 98.16 ml, s.d. = 50.16 ml) produces a regression slope of 0.99 for all studies (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION We conclude that parallel conductance does vary during systole in the human right ventricle of adults and older children after repair of congenital abnormalities but there is no significant difference in Vc(t) at dp/dtmin and dp/dtmax. However, there was a significant difference when the isochronal Vc(t) measurement is compared with the standard single value technique (Vc(Baan)) obtained using the hypertonic saline wash-in method. The excellent correlation between Vc(t) and Vc(Baan) suggests that the correction of Vc for the phase of the cardiac cycle is unnecessary for most purposes when studying the human right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A White
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative apical ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure using a modified Rashkind double umbrella. DESIGN Descriptive study of all patients in whom intraoperative device closure of apical VSDs was attempted. SETTING A tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS Four patients with an apical VSD requiring closure, during the period January 1993 to May 1995. INTERVENTIONS Intraoperative placement of a modified Rashkind umbrella. RESULTS Four successful placements resulting in apical VSD closure, as judged by transoesophageal colour flow mapping. Three patients received a 17 mm and one a 12 mm umbrella. Early complete closure was achieved in three patients. There was a small residual leak around the 12 mm device that had resolved at 5 month follow up. There was one early death, which was unrelated to VSD closure. CONCLUSION Apical ventricular septal defects can be closed safely and effectively with intraoperative use of a modified Rashkind umbrella.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Chaturvedi
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London
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Chaturvedi RR, Lincoln C, Shore D, White PA, Bishop A, Szwarc R, Redington A. Modified ultrafiltration improves cardiac systolic and diastolic function immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(96)82522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chaturvedi RR, White PA, Redington AN. 794–3 Development and Validation of a Conductance Method to Measure Pulmonary Regurgitation in Patients Late After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)93025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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