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Zhang Y, Garcia-Ibanez L, Ulbricht C, Lok LSC, Pike JA, Mueller-Winkler J, Dennison TW, Ferdinand JR, Burnett CJM, Yam-Puc JC, Zhang L, Alfaro RM, Takahama Y, Ohigashi I, Brown G, Kurosaki T, Tybulewicz VLJ, Rot A, Hauser AE, Clatworthy MR, Toellner KM. Recycling of memory B cells between germinal center and lymph node subcapsular sinus supports affinity maturation to antigenic drift. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2460. [PMID: 35513371 PMCID: PMC9072412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection or vaccination leads to the development of germinal centers (GC) where B cells evolve high affinity antigen receptors, eventually producing antibody-forming plasma cells or memory B cells. Here we follow the migratory pathways of B cells emerging from germinal centers (BEM) and find that many BEM cells migrate into the lymph node subcapsular sinus (SCS) guided by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). From the SCS, BEM cells may exit the lymph node to enter distant tissues, while some BEM cells interact with and take up antigen from SCS macrophages, followed by CCL21-guided return towards the GC. Disruption of local CCL21 gradients inhibits the recycling of BEM cells and results in less efficient adaption to antigenic variation. Our findings thus suggest that the recycling of antigen variant-specific BEM cells and transport of antigen back to GC may support affinity maturation to antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Garcia-Ibanez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carolin Ulbricht
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence S C Lok
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Thomas W Dennison
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cameron J M Burnett
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan C Yam-Puc
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Raul Maqueda Alfaro
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Penzak SR, Kabuye G, Mugyenyi P, Mbamanya F, Natarajan V, Alfaro RM, Kityo C, Formentini E, Masur H. Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) G516T influences nevirapine plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients in Uganda. HIV Med 2007; 8:86-91. [PMID: 17352764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 gene have been shown to influence nevirapine plasma concentrations in HIV-infected European Caucasians. Although nevirapine is used extensively in Africa, the influence of CYP2B6 genotype on nevirapine exposure has not been assessed in this population. We aimed to determine the influence of CYP2B6 genotype at position 516 on nevirapine trough concentrations in HIV-infected patients in Kampala, Uganda. Additional polymorphisms in the CYP and multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR-1) genes were also assessed for their impact on nevirapine concentrations. METHODS The following genotypes were determined in all subjects using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism: CYP2B6 G516T, MDR-1 C3435T and G2677T, CYP3A4(*)1B and CYP3A5(*)3. Nevirapine plasma concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography in 23 HIV-infected patients who were generally healthy and had been taking nevirapine 200 mg twice daily for at least 14 days. Analysis of variance with post hoc testing was used to compare nevirapine concentrations among CYP2B6 genotype groups. RESULTS The median nevirapine trough concentration in individuals homozygous for the variant allele (TT) was 7607 ng/mL vs 4181 and 5559 ng/mL for GG and GT individuals, respectively (GG vs TT median ratio=1.82; P=0.011). The mean ratio for TT vs GG individuals (95% confidence interval) was 1.51 (1.18, 1.84). No associations were observed between the other polymorphisms studied and nevirapine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS CYP2B6 G516T significantly influenced nevirapine trough concentrations in HIV-infected patients in Uganda. Additional studies in larger patient populations are necessary to further define the potential clinical impact of these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Penzak
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center Pharmacy Department, Bldg. 10, Room 1 N 257, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Burstein AH, Horton RL, Dunn T, Alfaro RM, Piscitelli SC, Theodore W. Lack of effect of St John's Wort on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 68:605-12. [PMID: 11180020 DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2000.111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND St John's Wort is a popular herbal product used by approximately 7% of patients with epilepsy. Previous reports have described reductions in concentrations of CYP3A4 substrates indinavir and cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin) associated with St John's Wort. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the effect of St John's Wort on steady state carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide pharmacokinetics. METHODS AND SUBJECTS Eight healthy volunteers (5 men; age range, 24-43 years) participated in this unblinded study. Subjects received 100 mg of carbamazepine twice daily for 3 days, 200 mg twice daily for 3 days, and then 400 mg once daily for 14 days. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after the dose on day 21. The subjects then took 300 mg of St John's Wort (0.3% hypericin standardized tablet) 3 times daily with meals and with carbamazepine for 14 days. On day 35, blood sampling was repeated. Plasma samples were analyzed for carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide with HPLC. We compared carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameter values before and after St John's Wort with a paired Student t test. RESULTS We found no significant differences before or after the administration of St John's Wort in carbamazepine peak concentration (7.2 +/- 1 mg/L before versus 7.6 +/- 1.3 mg/L after), trough concentration (4.8 +/- 0.5 mg/L before versus 4.3 +/- 0.8 mg/L after), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (142.4 +/- 12.9 mg x h/L before versus 143.8 +/- 27.2 mg x h/L after), or oral clearance (2.8 +/- 0.3 L/h before versus 2.9 +/- 0.6 L/h after). Similarly, no differences were found in peak concentration (2 +/- 0.5 mg/L before versus 2.1 +/- 0.4 mg/L after), trough concentration (1.3 +/- 0.3 mg/L before versus 1.4 +/- 0.3 mg/L after), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (37.5 +/- 7.4 mg x h/L before versus 41.9 +/- 10.3 mg x h/L after) of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that treatment with St John's Wort for 14 days did not further induce the clearance of carbamazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Burstein
- Clinical Center Pharmacy Department, Epilepsy Research Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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