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Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, Azevedo LCP, Veiga VC, Avezum A, Damiani LP, Marcadenti A, Kawano-Dourado L, Lisboa T, Junqueira DLM, de Barros E Silva PGM, Tramujas L, Abreu-Silva EO, Laranjeira LN, Soares AT, Echenique LS, Pereira AJ, Freitas FGR, Gebara OCE, Dantas VCS, Furtado RHM, Milan EP, Golin NA, Cardoso FF, Maia IS, Hoffmann Filho CR, Kormann APM, Amazonas RB, Bocchi de Oliveira MF, Serpa-Neto A, Falavigna M, Lopes RD, Machado FR, Berwanger O. Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2041-2052. [PMID: 32706953 PMCID: PMC7397242 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2019014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, evidence on the safety and efficacy of these therapies is limited. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized, open-label, three-group, controlled trial involving hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed Covid-19 who were receiving either no supplemental oxygen or a maximum of 4 liters per minute of supplemental oxygen. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive standard care, standard care plus hydroxychloroquine at a dose of 400 mg twice daily, or standard care plus hydroxychloroquine at a dose of 400 mg twice daily plus azithromycin at a dose of 500 mg once daily for 7 days. The primary outcome was clinical status at 15 days as assessed with the use of a seven-level ordinal scale (with levels ranging from one to seven and higher scores indicating a worse condition) in the modified intention-to-treat population (patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19). Safety was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 667 patients underwent randomization; 504 patients had confirmed Covid-19 and were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. As compared with standard care, the proportional odds of having a higher score on the seven-point ordinal scale at 15 days was not affected by either hydroxychloroquine alone (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 2.11; P = 1.00) or hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.73; P = 1.00). Prolongation of the corrected QT interval and elevation of liver-enzyme levels were more frequent in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine, alone or with azithromycin, than in those who were not receiving either agent. CONCLUSIONS Among patients hospitalized with mild-to-moderate Covid-19, the use of hydroxychloroquine, alone or with azithromycin, did not improve clinical status at 15 days as compared with standard care. (Funded by the Coalition Covid-19 Brazil and EMS Pharma; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04322123.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Cavalcanti
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Fernando G Zampieri
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Regis G Rosa
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Luciano C P Azevedo
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Viviane C Veiga
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Lucas P Damiani
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Aline Marcadenti
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Letícia Kawano-Dourado
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Thiago Lisboa
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Debora L M Junqueira
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Pedro G M de Barros E Silva
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Lucas Tramujas
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Erlon O Abreu-Silva
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Ligia N Laranjeira
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Aline T Soares
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Leandro S Echenique
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Adriano J Pereira
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Flávio G R Freitas
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Otávio C E Gebara
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Vicente C S Dantas
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Remo H M Furtado
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Eveline P Milan
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Nicole A Golin
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Israel S Maia
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Conrado R Hoffmann Filho
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Adrian P M Kormann
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Roberto B Amazonas
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Monalisa F Bocchi de Oliveira
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Ary Serpa-Neto
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Maicon Falavigna
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Renato D Lopes
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Flávia R Machado
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
| | - Otavio Berwanger
- From HCor Research Institute (A.B.C., F.G.Z., L.P.D., A.M., L.K.-D., T.L., D.L.M.J., P.G.M.B.S., L.T., E.O.A.-S., L.N.L., I.S.M.), Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (A.B.C., F.G.Z., R.G.R., L.C.P.A., V.C.V., T.L., F.G.R.F., A.S.-N., F.R.M.), Hospital Sírio Libanês Research and Education Institute (L.C.P.A.), BP-A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo (V.C.V.), International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (A.A.), Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (P.G.M.B.S., R.D.L.), Hospital São Camilo (A.T.S.), Hospital Moriah (L.S.E.), Academic Research Organization of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (R.H.M.F., O.B.), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (L.S.E., A.J.P., A.S.-N.), Hospital Sepaco (F.G.R.F.), and Hospital Santa Paula (O.C.E.G.), São Paulo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (R.G.R., M.F.), Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Rio de Janeiro (V.C.S.D.), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal (E.P.M.), Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde, Hospital Tacchini, Bento Gonçalves (N.A.G.), Hospital Bruno Born, Lajeado (F.F.C.), Hospital Baia Sul, Florianópolis (I.S.M.), Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville (C.R.H.F.); Angiocor Blumenau, Blumenau (A.P.M.K.), and EMS Pharma, Hortolândia (R.B.A., M.F.B.O.) - all in Brazil; and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.D.L.)
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